The Vocabulary Builder Workbook - Magoosh-1 q2i3g

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ISBN: Print 978-1-93975-481-3 | eBook 978-1-93975-482-0

To my Dad, for showing me the power of words.

CONTENTS (n.) kənˈtents Introduction How to Use This Book For Parents and Teachers Pronunciation Guide

200 LESSONS 1

Prefix: Pre- (Part 1)

2

Prefix: Pre- (Part 2)

3

Eponymous Parts of Speech from Antiquity (Part 1)

4

Eponymous Parts of Speech from Antiquity (Part 2)

5

Words from French (Part 1)

6

Words from French (Part 2)

7

Words from French (Part 3)

8

Compound Words and Phrases from French

9

Words from German

10

Words with an Italian Origin (Part 1)

11

Words with an Italian Origin (Part 2)

12

Words from India

13

Traveling Words

14

Misleading Words (Part 1)

15

Misleading Words (Part 2)

16

Quiet to Noisy

17

Only Fools Rush In

18

Speaking Words

19

Just How Much? (Part 1)

20

Just How Much? (Part 2)

21

In My Opinion

22

How Big Is Your Appetite?

23

A Question of Trust

24

Is That a Compliment? (Part 1)

25

Is That a Compliment? (Part 2)

26

From Lazy to Lively

27

Hard at Work?

28

Words About Words (Part 1)

29

Words About Words (Part 2)

30

Where Did You Go to School?

31

Mind Your Manners

32

Is It Clear?

33

Words Describing Character

34

Musical Words

35

Animal Words

36

Words Describing Animals

37

Religious Words (Part 1)

38

Religious Words (Part 2)

39

Prefix Ex-

40

Commonly Confused Pairs (Part 1)

41

Commonly Confused Pairs (Part 2)

42

Commonly Confused Pairs (Part 3)

43

Annoying Words

44

What Did You Call Me?

45

Courtroom Words

46

Give Peace a Chance

47

Frightening Words

48

Group Dynamics

49

Governmental Words

50

Words of Scale

51

How’s It Going?

52

Attention to Detail

53

The Facts of Life

54

It’s Debatable

55

It’s a Party!

56

Describing the Landscape

57

It’s About Time (Part 1)

58

It’s About Time (Part 2)

59

The Times They Are A-Changing

60

Secondary Meanings (Part 1)

61

Secondary Meanings (Part 2)

62

Secondary Meanings (Part 3)

63

Secondary Meanings (Part 4)

64

How Are You Feeling?

65

Time Periods

66

Flavor

67

Fun

68

False Friends (Part 1)

69

False Friends (Part 2)

70

Color Words

71

Colorful Words

72

Spending Words

73

Let’s Party

74

Words from the Body

75

Words from Myth

76

Heavenly Words

77

Two-Faced Words

78

A Matter of Trust

79

How Much Do You Know?

80

Money, Money, Money

81

Political Words (Part 1)

82

Political Words (Part 2)

83

It’s a Rebellion!

84

Biblical Words

85

What’s the Big Joke?

86

It’s No Laughing Matter

87

Recognition

88

Make Up Your Mind

89

Something Wicked This Way Comes

90

Are You the Boss or the Bossed?

91

Commonly Confused Words

92

Words from Yiddish

93

Words from Other Languages

94

Order and Leveling

95

Words from Science

96

Is It Everywhere or Anywhere?

97

Thou Doth Complain Too Much

98

Nothing Is Going to Stop Us Now . . . or Is It?

99

Spoils of War

100 Are You Likeable? 101 Hurtful Words 102 How Pure? 103 How Do I Express Myself? 104 Getting Better or Getting Worse?

105 It’s All About the Self 106 Three-Letter Words 107 Four-Letter Words 108 Very Long Words 109 Can You Feel It? 110 What’s All the Fuss? 111 What’s the Bright Idea? (Part 1) 112 What’s the Bright Idea? (Part 2) 113 Get Off the Couch! 114 Is This Confusing? 115 Anyone’s Guess 116 Harmful or Harmless? 117 The Anger Meter 118 From Cowardly to Courageous 119 I Have an Official Announcement to Make 120 Hold On to Your Wits! From Dull to Sharp 121 Prefix: Ben122 Prefix: Mal123 Prefix: Phon-

124 Prefix: Eu125 Prefix: Anthro126 Prefix: Circum127 Suffix: -Cracy 128 Prefix: Di129 Prefix: Dia130 Prefix: Epi131 Prefix: Ex- (Part 1) 132 Prefix: Ex- (Part 2) 133 Prefix: Ex- (Part 3) 134 Prefix: Im- (Part 1) 135 Prefix: Im- (Part 2) 136 Prefix: In- (Part 1) 137 Prefix: In- (Part 2) 138 Prefix: In- (Part 3) 139 Prefix: In- (Part 4) 140 Prefix: In- (Part 5) 141 Prefix: Inter- (Part 1) 142 Prefix: Inter- (Part 2)

143 Prefix: Sub144 Root: -Pathy 145 Root: Fract-, Frag146 Prefix: Bell147 Prefix: Carn148 Prefix: Cogn149 Root: Min150 Prefix: Apo151 Root: -Mit 152 Prefix: Pan153 Prefix: Para154 Prefix: Peri155 Root: -Scribe, -Script 156 Prefix: Trans157 Prefix: Pro158 Root: Punct159 Root: Put160 Root: Quisit161 Root: Rog-

162 Root: Sequ163 Root: Ec164 Prefix: A- (Part 1) 165 Prefix: A- (Part 2) 166 Root: Cit167 Prefix: Con- (Part 1) 168 Prefix: Con- (Part 2) 169 Prefix: De170 Prefix: En- (Part 1) 171 Prefix En- (Part 2) 172 Root: E173 Root: Fact174 Root: Fic175 Root: Gen176 Suffix: -Gress 177 Root: -Graph 178 Root: Ig179 Root: Pend180 Root: Reg-

181 Words Beginning with A 182 Words Beginning with B 183 Words Beginning with C 184 Words Beginning with D 185 Words Beginning with E 186 Words Beginning with F 187 Words Beginning with G 188 Words Beginning with H 189 Words Beginning with I 190 Words Beginning with L 191 Words Beginning with M 192 Words Beginning with N 193 Words Beginning with O 194 Words Beginning with P 195 Words Beginning with Q 196 Words Beginning with R 197 Words Beginning with S 198 Words Beginning with T 199 Words Beginning with U

200 Words Beginning with V Further Resources Answer Key

INTRODUCTION People tend to assume I’ve always excelled at words. I’m a decent Scrabble player, include SAT words in conversation without realizing it, and do anagrams in my head for fun. Now that I’m a “vocabulary expert” at Magoosh, my innate verbal ability seems like a foregone conclusion. But it wasn’t always this way. When I was in middle school, I having to study for vocabulary quizzes and dreading the experience. To make matters worse, my father would get excited every time he saw me with the vocabulary book open. “Ask me any word,” he’d exclaim. No matter how many syllables the word contained, he’d toss off definitions with aplomb, pressing me for another, the way a small child might ask for candy. I assumed he’d always known such words, and that this knowledge came easily to him. Meanwhile, I would be condemned to uttering no more than three-syllable words—and to poor grades on vocabulary quizzes. I redoubled my efforts at studying, and while my quiz scores did inch up slightly, I felt that my father existed on some vocabulary plane that I’d never attain. What I didn’t realize then was that my father’s level of knowledge was very much within my grasp, but not from trying to

memorize lists of words in a vocabulary book. For that’s all our school gave us: books containing lists of words, with no exercises or examples providing context, just dry definitions to be parroted back for a ing grade. As I grew older, I became an avid reader. First I tried to figure out words in context and then always (and I mean always) consulted the dictionary. Now the previously dry, boring definition contained a special resonance: It unlocked the meaning of a word I had encountered “in the wild.” And learning words begot more words. Soon, I was actively seeking to grow my vocabulary, picking up books that would offer vivid example sentences, colorful descriptions of a word’s history, and synonyms galore. While providing riveting reading material (at least for a word lover), these books typically did not contain exercises to reinforce what I learned. It was only through sheer time and effort that I was able to build a strong vocabulary. What I hope to give to you, the reader, is a book that extends beyond mere examples of words in sentences and word history—however colorful—and allows you to engage in activities that reinforce the words you’ve studied. Using this book, you will learn not merely to parrot a definition but to understand how a word functions in context. That way, you won’t only recognize words— you’ll be able to use them yourself. By the time you’ve completed the lessons and activities in this book, you’ll be a testament to what took me many years to realize: A large

vocabulary is not built from memorizing word lists or from some innate verbal capacity that very few possess, but rather is formed through targeted practice and context recognition.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK This book is divided into 200 lessons, each featuring six to eight words that fit into the lesson’s category. To test your knowledge of many of the words just introduced, you’ll find a short activity at the end of each lesson asking you to use the new vocabulary in matching, unscrambling, and fill-in-the-blanks exercises. Many lessons have been created by grouping words according to a theme that presents words along a spectrum. For instance, Lesson 17’s theme is “Only Fools Rush In,” which includes words that mean “careful” and “thoughtful,” in addition to words that mean “careless” and “reckless.” This means that the words featured in each lesson are typically not all synonyms, as that would limit the range of possible activities—as well as make for dull reading. Additionally, this spectrum allows us to explore the sometimes-subtle distinctions between words. There is no single best way to use this book, as each of us has different needs. For instance, you might want to start by learning word roots if your vocabulary is not very strong. I find that learning roots is helpful for beginning students of vocabulary, because it allows them to group similar words around a small and thus easier to memorize segment of that word. At the other end of the spectrum, you

might already have a strong vocabulary and wonder what in this book will be of value to you. To challenge even the word mavens among us, I have included some very difficult (though not too obscure) words. So as not to alienate beginner and intermediate learners, the words are arranged within each lesson according to difficulty. Each lesson begins with three words, arranged in order from easiest to most difficult. For each I offer the part of speech, pronunciation, definition, an example of the word in a sentence, etymology (or word history), and finally an interesting tidbit to keep in mind. For the remaining four or five words in the lesson, I provide only the part of speech, pronunciation, and definition. These words are also arranged from simplest to most advanced. The last word of this group is usually a tough one. Indeed, sometimes the final two words are both pretty recondite (yes, that word is included in this book!). The words are followed by an activity to help you gauge your understanding. So, if you’re a beginner, you might want to focus on just a few words per lesson and then try the activity at the end. Intermediate learners might want to attempt the entire lesson. Finally, those who already have a strong vocabulary can just skim the hardest words in each lesson. That said, I do encourage everyone to try the activities, since their purpose is to reinforce what you’ve learned. Merely reading a definition and thinking “I’ve got it” isn’t the same as actually testing yourself.

Finally, don’t assume that by reading this book one lesson at a time, without ever going back to previous sections, you’ll retain very much. A vocabulary book, after all, is not a novel. Make a habit of revisiting previous lessons and redoing the activities (you might want to jot your answers on a separate piece of paper). After all, it is better to obtain a strong sense of a quarter of the words in this book than a tenuous grasp of half. One last point: You should use this book in conjunction with reading. And I don’t mean just any reading. Seek out newspapers such as the New York Times or magazines such as the New Yorker or the Atlantic. As you read the articles in these publications, you’ll recognize many of the words featured in this book. When we encounter words in their “natural habitat,” not only do we get a deeper understanding of how they’re used, but that encounter will be unexpected, making it more likely that our brains will retain the information. Ultimately, that is the intention of this book: to make us better readers, better writers, and better thinkers.

FOR PARENTS AND TEACHERS Setting Expectations The pace at which readers should progress through this book is determined to a large extent by the literacy level of the student. A good test of whether students should move on to another lesson is to ask them the definition of three words chosen at random from about 25 words (about three lessons). If they are able to tell you at least two definitions, then it is likely that they are ready to progress. Of course, watch out for “parrots,” those who recite a definition perfectly but can’t effectively use the word in a sentence. For this group, having them come up with an original sentence using the word is a good test of comprehension. If a student is retaining at least 60 percent of the words they learn, three lessons per week is a good pace. However, you might want to slow down the pace to two lessons a week to make sure the student is learning vocabulary cumulatively and not just scoring B or A on the weekly quiz and then forgetting most of the words a few weeks later. A few signs that a student should slow down: • Merely parrots definitions

• Forgets most of the words from the previous week • Is unable to provide definitions for two out of three words chosen at random from three lessons • Seems to know the definitions but struggles with the fill-in-the-blank questions A few signs that a student should speed up: • Already knows many of the words in the lesson • Provides definitions to three out of three words chosen at random from three lessons

Motivating Students Some students may become bored, thinking that if they answer most of the activity questions correctly they are done learning. The key to improving one’s vocabulary is to commit words to long-term memory, so with these students, it is essential to continue testing them by choosing words at random. You might want to read fill-in-the-blank sentences out loud to see if they can come up with the word on their own. For those students who easily become discouraged, it’s important to emphasize quality over quantity. Give them time to spend with just a few words and encourage them to use any of the additional resources mentioned in this book to provide them with deeper context of how a word is used. You might also give them tools such as flashcards to help

them commit words to long-term memory. Additionally, they should be encouraged to use these words in the “real world”—that is, to relate them to something in their lives— so the words don’t slip from their minds after a few days (see “Out and About” below).

Out and About New words are all around us—from what we read online and in books to what we hear in the news and from our friends and colleagues. Looking up words that you don’t know is an excellent habit that should be encouraged. And with so many of us wielding smartphones these days, checking definitions has never been easier. But the more real-life associations we can make with new words, the better. The truth is that students going through this book will have plenty of words swimming around in their heads. By thinking that those words are relevant only when they open up this vocabulary book, the student is missing out on a rich opportunity: to use these words in daily life. Encourage students to engage in one or more of these activities: 1. Use three words you learned that day as you walk to school. 2. Use some of the words you’ve learned in this book to

describe the latest TV show you watched. 3. Use new words to describe whatever your mood happens to be. 4. Choose words from this book to describe five people you encounter throughout the day—though you might want to keep the word to yourself! 5. If you know the student has a specific interest or hobby, find an article relating to that. Have them read the article, and then quiz them on any relevant vocabulary afterward.

Measuring Progress It is important to gauge just how much information a student is retaining. Yet, if they do poorly on a vocabulary quiz, they are likely to lose motivation. After all, one of the worst outcomes would be a student walking away from this book believing they’re “just not a vocabulary person,” when the real culprit was too many words thrown at them at once. Or perhaps the fact that they didn’t understand some definitions but were too afraid to say so. So measuring progress is important, because it can reveal whether we need to slow down. It can also show us whether a student is flourishing. The key is to do it often, but in small doses. In other words, it is more effective to quiz a student on two or three lessons before moving on,

rather than wait till they’ve worked through ten lessons only to find out that they are hardly retaining anything. So how do we know if they are actually learning from the book? • They are able to score well on quizzes in which they have to not just define a word but also demonstrate how it is used. • They are able to make connections with other words that are synonyms or antonyms, whether those words are in the same lesson or a previous one. • They are able to come up with part of the word, if before they were struggling to come up with anything at all. • You hear them use a word as a part of normal conversation. Finally, learning vocabulary takes a lot of commitment, and some students might be tempted to give up. But the more committed you are, the more that will inspire them to keep up with it. If you show joy at using these words (and even learning a few new ones yourself), that ion for learning will be contagious.

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE a

cat, flap

ā

page, face

ä

far

b

bar, cab

CH check, catch d

doll, bad

e

pet, best

ē

eat, bee

er

germ, earn

f

fear, leaf

g

grow, leg

h

her, hand

i

itch, tin

ī

idle, wire

j

joke, giraffe

k

key, rock

l

low, ball

m

man, ram

n

nose, run

NG sing, wrong o

lock, dot

ō

lobe, snow

ô

lord, board

oi

boy, soil

ou

cow, doubt

o

full, book

o

ghoul, boo

p

part, trap

r

run, start

s

sell, rest

SH

bash, flush

t

tire, great

TH thump, path Θ

them, breathe

v

vest, cove

w

word, wilt

y

yum, yell

z

zoo, graze

ZH measure, vision

ə

as in the a in alert or the e in taken

LESSON

1 Prefix: Pre- (PART 1) Pre- is the Latin root meaning “before,” so it serves as a perfect place to begin this book—a kind of prelude.

preamble (n.) prēˌambəl An introduction to a text. The most recognized preamble—the beginning of the United States Constitution—was written by Thomas Jefferson. This comes from the Latin for “walking before”; the Latin verb ambulare means “to walk.” The word preface is a common synonym, though it usually refers to an introduction to a book, whereas preamble refers to an introduction to a formal document.

presage (v.) presij To indicate something (usually bad) is about to happen. The sudden loss of jobs presaged an economic downturn. The Latin word ōmen is thought to be the origin for presage. Presage can also be a noun, describing an incident or event that presages something.

prescient (adj.) preSH(ē)ənt Having knowledge of something before it happens. Kevin was so prescient—predicting the winners of the last five World Series —that his friends joked he was psychic. Scient comes from a root meaning “to know.” The less common nescient plays on the same root (ne- meaning “not”) and describes somebody who is ignorant.

predilection (n.) predlˈekSHən A special fondness.

precipitate (adj.) prəˈsipətət Rash, acting without thinking.

predicate (v.) ˈpredəkāt To be based on.

presentiment (n.) prəˈzentəmənt A feeling that something (typically bad) is about to happen.

ACTIVITY 1 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He was known to be _______________, once rushing out of his house without his shoes. 2. She had a _______________ for small, quiet cafés, where she could sit and read undisturbed. Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similiar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 3. prescient and presage ______ 4. preamble and predicate ______

LESSON

2 Prefix: Pre- (PART 2) precedent (n.) presədənt Something that sets an example for how things are done in the future. The teacher told the student that if she let him turn in his homework late, it would set a precedent for the rest of the class to do the same. Precedent is closely related to precede, which means “to go before.” Another closely related word is unprecedented, meaning that something is unlike anything that has come before it.

pretentious (adj.) prəˈtenSHəs Acting more important than others by pretending to know more. After returning from Europe, Dwight behaved in a pretentious way, speaking with a foreign accent and telling all his friends they had no idea what they were missing. This word is related to pretend. Pretentious always has a negative connotation, unlike its antonym, unpretentious, which is generally positive.

pretense (n.) prēˌtens A claim or assertion not based on fact. He finally dropped the pretense that everything was fine and began listing his complaints. Pretense is derived from the Latin verb praetendere meaning to “allege in excuse” or “extend in front,” though the current meaning has diverged from this. Pretense is closely related to pretentious, both of which are related to pretend.

predecessor (n.) predəˌsesər One that comes before, often a person who previously held a position before ing it on to someone else.

precursor (n.) prēˈkərsər Something that comes before another; used only for things, not for people.

pretext (n.) prēˌtekst A reason given for something that is not the actual reason.

precocious (adj.) prəˈkōSHəs Developing early (usually in of ability).

preclude (v.) prəˈklo

d To make it impossible for something to happen.

ACTIVITY 2 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The five-year-old was clearly _______________, able to play Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons by ear. 2. A felony record can _______________ employment at many companies. 3. The fire was without _______________: Never in the state’s history had 50 percent of its forest burned down. Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similiar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 4. precursor and predecessor ______ 5. pretense and precedent ______ 6. pretext and precocious ______

LESSON

3 Eponymous Parts of Speech from Antiquity (PART 1) Eponyms are words that are derived, or taken, from the name of a person, place, or thing either real or fictional.

tantalize (v.) tan(t)lˌīz To torment someone with something they want without ever giving it to them. The photos of white sand beaches he hung in his office merely tantalized Robert; he never could find time for a vacation. Tantalus was a mythological figure who spent eternity grasping for a fruit that was just outside his reach. Tantalus also stood in a pool of water that receded every time he tried to take a drink.

pyrrhic (adj.) pirik Describing a victory that comes with a heavy cost. Becoming the citywide spelling bee champ was a pyrrhic victory for Shannon; she spent so much time studying that she had few friends. Pyrrhus was a Greek general triumphant in battle, but at such great cost that he was unable to continue fighting the Romans. Pyrrhic is almost always followed by the word victory.

laconic (adj.) ləˈkänik Using as few words as possible when speaking. Hollywood often portrays cowboys as laconic types, who mutter no more than a few syllables as replies.

Laconia was a region in ancient Sparta, where its inhabitants were known for using few words. Philip of Macedon is said to have told the Spartans, “If I attack your land, I will utterly destroy it.” The reply was simply: “If.”

draconian (adj.) drəˈkōnēən Extremely strict, as laws or rules.

jeremiad (n.) jerəˈmīəd A long speech full of complaints.

cicerone (n.) sisəˈrōnē A guide who gives speeches to sightseers.

ACTIVITY 3 Match the word with its meaning: 1. laconic ______

a. a guide who gives speeches to sightseers

2. jeremiad ______

b. describing a victory that comes with a heavy cost

3. cicerone ______

c. to torment someone with something they want without ever giving it to them

4. draconian ______

d. extremely strict, as laws or rules

5. pyrrhic ______

e. a long speech full of complaints

6. tantalize ______

f.

using as few words as possible when speaking

LESSON

4 Eponymous Parts of Speech from Antiquity (PART 2) nemesis (n.) neməsəs One who constantly works to ensure another’s downfall. No matter how well Greg played soccer, his nemesis, the fleet-footed Betty, always outplayed him. Nemesis was the god of anger, known for his great vengeance. Most comic book characters have a nemesis; for instance, Batman has the Joker, while Superman has Lex Luthor.

platonic (adj.) pləˈtänik Describes a close relationship that has no romantic or sexual basis. The two had a platonic relationship, sharing gourmet recipes, works of literature, and classical music CDs. Platonic is derived from Plato, the philosopher known for his great mind. Another way of looking at platonic is that it describes the absence of any romance.

thespian (n.) THespēən An actor. Rita was quite the thespian, acting in all of her school’s plays. According to legend, Thespis was the first actor in ancient Greece. This word is usually used in a sarcastic sense.

spartan (adj.) spärtn

Lacking in comfort or flourishes (describing either a lifestyle or accommodations).

juggernaut (n.) jəgərˌnôt An unstoppable, destructive force or thing.

maudlin (adj.) môdlən Overly self-pitying, often used to describe someone who becomes sentimental when intoxicated.

hector (v.) hektər To bully (usually through words).

ACTIVITY 4 Unscramble the word and define: 1. p a n s t a r ______________________________ 2. p o n t i c a l ___________________________ 3. p i e s t h a n ___________________________ 4. e t o r c h ___________________________ Write the words that complete the paragraph: Though the home team was able to stop their _______________, their opponent’s star player was a true _______________, slam-dunking over everyone. Yet, in the end, it was a _______________ victory. Their allstate point guard broke his collarbone, and after losing the last three games of the year, the team was _______________, lapsing into bouts of self-pity.

LESSON

5 Words from French (PART 1) French has given us a surprising array of English words, everything from restaurant to denim. Pay careful attention to the pronunciation of these words as they may differ significantly from what you expect.

nonchalant (adj.) nänSHəˈlänt Giving off a sense of calmness and coolness. Katy lulled opponents by nonchalantly walking onto the court; only when the whistle blew did she explode with ferocity. Nonchalant is derived from a French word meaning “indifferent,” or “not caring.” Nonchalant is synonymous with insouciant (see sidebar) and is much more commonly used.

adroit (adj.) əˈdroit Skillful, either mentally or with one’s hands. She was a master networker, adroit at shifting conversations from one person to another. Adroit is from the French à droit, meaning “according to right” or “properly.” Good synonyms to know are adept and dexterous (used only for manual adroitness). Alternatively, the word maladroit means “clumsy.”

chicanery (n.) SHəˈkān(ə)rē Trickery or deception, usually in politics or where money is involved. The mayor was known for his chicanery, over the years cheating the public out of millions. Chicanery comes from a French verb meaning “to trick.” Good synonyms to know are duplicity and subterfuge, which also describe kinds of deception.

demur (v.) dəˈmər To object to doing something.

insouciant (adj.) inˈso

sēənt, inˈso SHənt Showing a lack of concern or interest.

arriviste (n.) ärēˈvēst A person who is extremely ambitious and has recently acquired wealth or power.

parvenu (n.) pärvəˌn(y)o A person who has recently gained status or celebrity.

ACTIVITY 5 Match the word with its synonym: 1.

arriviste

chicanery

2.

insouciant

parvenu

3.

subterfuge

nonchalant

Write the word that completes each sentence: 4. Carl didn’t find the two-hour walk too difficult, but he wanted to _______________ the next morning when his friends proposed a strenuous hike. 5. The new senator easily beat out his predecessor, who was known for his _____________.

LESSON

6 Words from French (PART 2) rapport (n.) raˈpôr, rəˈpôr Understanding and similar feelings that exist between people or groups. Sarah took no time at all in establishing a rapport with others, talking to strangers on the train platform as though they were long-lost friends. Rapport comes from an Old French word for “relationship” and “harmony.” This word is similar to “mutual understanding,” but always implies a friendly relationship.

é (adj.) paˈsā No longer in fashion. Over the years her style has become é—after all, who wears pastels these days? From the French for “past, gone by.” Google shows that the word é is itself becoming somewhat é, its use dropping since 1900.

cache (n.) kaSH A collection of items hidden or stored away for future use. The bears had discovered the campers’ food cache, making away with everything from sugar-coated cereal to beef jerky. From the French for “to hide,” cache was often used by French Canadian hunters to describe where they hid their provisions. Cache has also come to mean “short-term computer memory where information is stored for easy retrieval.”

raconteur (n.) räˌkänˈtər

A skilled storyteller.

sortie (n.) sôrˈtē An attack from a defensive position.

gauche (adj.) gōSH Clumsy and socially awkward.

sangfroid (n.) säNGˈfrwä Utter calmness and composure, especially under pressure.

ACTIVITY 6 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Nobody had ever stood up to the intimidating principal before, but with complete _______________, Alice listed what was wrong with the cafeteria menu. 2. The two baseball coaches had a good _______________ and chatted animatedly on the field before their teams faced off. 3. Larry had not shopped for clothes in nearly five years, during which time most of the styles he favored had become _______________. Provide the word for the given definition: 4. clumsy and socially awkward = _______________ 5. a collection of items hidden or stored away for future use = _______________ 6. a skilled storyteller = _______________

LESSON

7 Words from French (PART 3) liaison (n.) lēəˌzän, lēˈāzän A person who helps two parties communicate. The prime minister was wary of meeting foreign dignitaries, so he used his trusted advisor as a liaison. Originally a cooking term, meaning “to bind together.” Dangerous Liaisons is an Oscar-winning film from 1988 that depicts the scheming of the French royal court.

envoy (n.) ˈänˌvoi A messenger, usually on a diplomatic mission. During medieval times, being an envoy was a perilous job, given the constant threats from bandits. From the French for “one sent.” On the other hand, an envoi (note spelling) is a type of poem.

sans (prep.) sanz Typically a facetious way of saying “without.” A roundabout way of saying naked is “sans clothing.” From Old French, meaning “without.” The sans-culottes were lower-class revolutionaries during the French Revolution. Culottes were breeches, or short pants, fashionable with the upper classes; the sans-culottes favored longer pants.

filial (adj.) filyəl Relating to the obligations of a son or daughter.

droll (adj.) drōl Odd and therefore amusing.

ACTIVITY 7 Fill in the missing letters to complete each word and then define it: 1. _ i _ i s _ n _______________ 2. s _ _ s _______________ 3. _ r o _ _ _______________ 4. _ n v o _ _______________ 5. _ i _ i a _ _______________

LESSON

8 Compound Words and Phrases from French French also gives us many phrases, composed of two or more words, that have been integrated into English. Add these to your conversation to give a little dash of sophistication.

faux pas (n.) fō-ˈpä An act or comment with embarrassing social consequences. The diplomat quickly lost his overseas post after one too many faux pas. This is French for “false step.” Though we often hear it used in the phrase fashion faux pas, the term can apply to any social blunder. It is spelled the same in the singular and the plural.

in lieu of (prep.) in loo əv In place of, substitute. A good online dictionary can be used in lieu of a traditional desktop dictionary. Lieu is the French word for “place.” The word lieu is not typically used by itself in English.

enfant terrible (n.) änfän teˈrēbl(ə) A person whose commentary or behavior is aimed to shock. Lady Gaga, the pop music artist, was seen by many as an enfant terrible for wearing a dress made out of meat during the MTV music awards. In French this word translates literally to “terrible child.” Note that the plural of enfant terrible is enfants terribles, with an -s on the ends of both words.

tête-à-tête (n.) tetəˈtet A private conversation between two people.

savoir vivre (n.) savwär veevruh A familiarity and ease with polite society.

savoir faire (n.) savwärˈfer The skill of saying and doing just the right thing in social situations.

esprit de corps (n.) eˌsprē dəˈkôr The spirit of belongingness and pride of a tightly knit group.

ACTIVITY 8 Match the phrase to its meaning: 1. in lieu of ______

a. a familiarity and ease with polite society

2. savoir vivre ______

b. a person whose comments or behavior is aimed to shock

3. savoir faire ______

c. the spirit of belongingness and pride of a tightly knit group

4. tête-à-tête ______

d. an act or comment with embarrassing social consequences

5. enfant terrible ______ e. in place of 6. esprit de corps ______ f. 7. faux pas ______

a private conversation

g. the skill of saying and doing just the right thing

LESSON

9 Words from German Jawohl! German has contributed more to English than you might realize. Below are some Germanic words, both common and challenging.

poltergeist (n.) pōltərˌgīst A ghost that supposedly causes noisy disturbances in the environment. Though home alone, Mark and Lisa heard the sound of crashing dishes from downstairs; Mark shrugged and said, “Poltergeist.” This translates literally to “noisy ghost.” Those who saw the early 1980s film Poltergeist will find this an easy word to .

kitsch (n.) kiCH Cheap art whose owners are usually aware of its lack of value. Greta’s house was full of kitsch: amateur sketches of sunsets, plastic trinkets, and unidentifiable items she’d picked up at a bazaar. Comes from the German for “trash.” The adjective kitschy is also commonly used.

doppelganger (n.) däpəlˌgaNGər A person who looks remarkably like another person. Many believe that each one of us has a doppelganger walking around, a virtual twin. In German this means “double goer.” An eerie version of a doppelganger involves the singer Justin Timberlake and a Civil War veteran who looks exactly like him.

kaput (adj.) kəˈpo

t No longer functioning, as a device or machine.

verboten (adj.) fərˈbōtən, vərˈbōtən Forbidden or prohibited.

zeitgeist (n.) tsītˌgīst The mood of a particular time period as captured by ideas and culture.

schadenfreude (n.) SHädənˌfroidə Delight taken in another’s misfortune.

bildungsroman (n.) bildo

NGzrōˌmän

A coming-of-age story.

ACTIVITY 9 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. a ghost that supposedly causes noisy disturbances = _______________ 2. forbidden or prohibited = _______________ 3. the mood of a particular time period as captured by ideas and culture = _______________ 4. delight in another’s misfortune = _______________ 5. a coming-of-age story = _______________ 6. no longer functioning, as a device or machine = _______________ 7. cheap art whose owners are usually aware of its lack of value = _______________ 8. a person who looks remarkably like another person = _______________

LESSON

10 Words with an Italian Origin (PART 1) While many words derive from Latin, to which Italian is closely related, some words come to us directly from Italian.

citadel (n.) sitədəl A fortress standing above and protecting a city. Once the citadel had fallen to the marauders, the residents lost hope of defending their city. This comes from an Old Italian word for “city.”

burlesque (n.) bərˈlesk An exaggerated imitation of something, typically in a dramatic work. The Monty Python comedy team has done a hilarious burlesque on the search for the Holy Grail. Burlesque is originally from the Italian for “ludicrous,” but has come more recently from French. Burlesque can also refer to a variety show, typically for adults.

pastiche (n.) paˈstēSH A mixture of elements that typically don’t go together. The television show was a pastiche of 1970s sitcoms and 1980s sciencefictional dramas. This comes from the Italian for “paste,” but like burlesque, is more recently from French. A pastiche can also refer to a musical work composed completely of ideas taken from different works.

archipelago (n.) ärkəˈpeləˌgō A cluster of islands.

salvo (n.) salˌvō A simultaneous discharge of guns, often used figuratively to mean a verbal attack.

imbroglio (n.) imˈbrōlyō A complicated (and embarrassing) situation or mess.

littoral (adj.) lidərəl Located along the shoreline.

ACTIVITY 10 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The Greek ______________ is a popular destination for those who enjoy island hopping. 2. Overlooking the city was a mighty ___________ that few would ever consider attacking. 3. The artist’s musical style is a _____________ of jazz, hip-hop, and electronica. 4. Things seemed to have died down between the two feuding celebrities until one of them unleashed a ______________ on social media. Provide the definition: 5. littoral = ________________________ 6. imbroglio = ________________________ 7. burlesque = ________________________

LESSON

11 Words with an Italian Origin (PART 2) bravado (n.) brəˈväˌdō A bold act meant to show off. The teenage boys jumped into the water from increasingly higher points on the rock, but their bravado did not impress the girls below. Related to the sixteenth-century Italian word for “brag,” this word can also be traced to Middle French and Spanish. Notice that the root brav- is very similar to “brave.”

manifesto (n.) manəˈfestō A document describing the aims of a group or organization. The political splinter group first became known when it posted a 50-page manifesto in the city park, asking that the current government step down because of years of corruption. From the Italian for “a public declaration.” Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto is one of the best-known manifestos in history.

ruffian (n.) rəfēən A person inclined to violence and criminal behavior. The town had become much safer, compared to the early days when ruffians would prowl the street looking for victims. This word comes from both Old French and Italian and describes a pimp or, more generally, anyone willing to commit a crime. Think of this word as a combination of bully and criminal. (Notice, as well, that “ruff-” sounds exactly like “rough.”)

dilettante (n.) diləˈtänt Someone who develops an interest in an area of art or music without being a true expert.

cognoscenti (n.) känyəˈSHentē Those who are well versed in a particular subject.

intelligentsia (n.) inˌteləˈjen(t)sēə The intellectuals or highly educated people in a society.

ACTIVITY 11 Write the words that complete each sentence: 1. Gloria was no _______________; she had been a staff writer for an art magazine and was considered one of the _______________ in the subject of chiaroscuro. 2. When the _______________ walked by, Stefan, in an act of _______________, yelled, “Keep on walking, buddy!” Provide the definition: 3. intelligentsia = ________________________ 4. manifesto = ________________________

LESSON

12 Words from India Surprisingly, Hindi and Sanskrit, the ancient Indian languages, have given us such common as pajamas and shampoo. Here are some other words that may sound familiar but whose exact definition eludes you.

guru (n.) go

ro One who is a master in his or her field. Eli hired a self-proclaimed tech guru to fix his laptop, but his computer still would not reboot. Originally from Hindi for “learned teacher.” Guru can also refer to a spiritual teacher, especially in Hinduism or Buddhism.

bungalow (n.) bəNGgəˌlō A low, one-story house, usually with a large porch or veranda. The family would retreat to their country bungalow, where they’d enjoy long Sunday afternoons sipping tea on the veranda. This word derives from the Indian state Bengal, where this type of home was originally found. Traditional bungalows in India had a thatched roof, typically made of straw.

pundit (n.) pəndət An expert in a specific field. The president’s controversial Supreme Court pick will have all the television networks trotting out their favorite pundits come morning. Sanskrit, an ancient language of India, is the source of pundit, which means “learned master.” Though pundit and guru are very similar, today a pundit

most often refers to an expert in a field (usually politics) who offers up his or her opinion, whereas a guru simply describes an expert.

karma (n.) kärmə In Hinduism and Buddhism, the determination of one’s fate by one’s actions.

mantra (n.) mantrə An oft-repeated phrase or slogan.

avatar (n.) avəˌtär The embodiment of a certain idea in a person.

pariah (n.) pəˈrīə An outcast.

ACTIVITY 12 Match the word with its meaning: 1. a low, one-story house, usually with a large porch or veranda ______

a. pundit

2. an expert in a specific field ______

b. pariah

3. the determination of one’s fate by one’s actions ______

c. mantra

4. an outcast ______

d. avatar

5. an oft-repeated phrase or slogan ______

e. bungalow

6. the embodiment of a certain idea in a person ______

f.

7. a master ______

g. guru

karma

LESSON

13 Traveling Words Now that we’ve “traveled” to a few different countries by looking at some of the words they’ve contributed to English, it makes sense to explore that relate to travel itself—or, in some cases, the lack of travel.

wanderlust (n.) wändərˌləst A strong and constant desire to travel. Felix spent his twenties trying to satisfy his wanderlust, visiting no fewer than 50 countries on four continents. Wanderlust comes from the German for “desire for wandering.” Wanderlust is also the name of a British magazine that describes itself as “for people with a ion for travel.”

cosmopolitan (adj.) käzməˈpälətən Comfortable and familiar with many different cultures. She became much more cosmopolitan after a dozen trips abroad, achieving near fluency in Spanish and French. The origin of cosmopolitan is the Greek words kosmos (“world”) and politēs (“citizen”). You can think of someone who is cosmopolitan as a citizen of the world.

insular (adj.) ins(y)ələr Closed off from the rest of the world, unfamiliar with other cultures. Since the dictator had closed off the country from foreign influence, the populace was becoming more insular with each ing year. From the Latin for “belonging to an island.” Insular is an antonym of

cosmopolitan.

provincial (adj.) prəˈvin(t)SH(ə)l Narrow-minded, unexposed to different cultures or ideas.

jaunt (n.) jônt A journey taken for pleasure.

parochial (adj.) pəˈrōkēəl Having a narrow or limited perspective.

junket (n.) jəNGkət An extravagant trip, usually funded by the government or some other entity.

ACTIVITY 13 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. cosmopolitan and insular ______ 2. provincial and parochial ______ 3. jaunt and junket ______ 4. wanderlust and parochial ______

LESSON

14 Misleading Words (PART 1) Much of this book features lessons based on roots, from both Latin and Greek. However, you’ll find that some words appear to have familiar roots but actually mean something completely different. This is either because that root has taken on a different meaning in a particular word, or because it is in fact a different root entirely.

sedulous (adj.) sejələs Hardworking and attentive. The father sedulously painted each of the small toy trains before presenting them to his son. While this word might remind you of sedentary, it has a different Latin root, meaning “busy” or “diligent.” Think of sedulous as a combination of diligent and detail-oriented.

restive (adj.) restiv Restless, agitated. The citizens became restive in the wake of the earthquake, their supplies dwindling and little relief on the horizon. Though this word might sound like restful, it signifies the exact opposite. Unruly and uncontrollable are two synonyms for restive.

peruse (v.) pəˈro

z

To read carefully. It is always advisable to peruse legal documents. Peruse can also mean “to glance over or through in a casual manner.” Synonyms for peruse include scrutinize and inspect.

punctilious (adj.) pəNG(k)ˈtilēəs Extremely careful about details, to the point of being fussy.

equivocate (v.) əˈkwivəˌkāt To be intentionally vague and misleading.

predicament (n.) prəˈdikəmənt A difficult situation that isn’t easy to escape.

prepossessing (adj.) prēpəˈzesiNG Attractive and charming.

ACTIVITY 14 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. a difficult situation that isn’t easy to escape = _______________ 2. attractive and charming = _______________ 3. extremely careful about details, to the point of being fussy = _______________ 4. restless, agitated = _______________ 5. hardworking and attentive = _______________ 6. to read carefully = _______________ 7. to be intentionally vague and misleading = _______________

LESSON

15 Misleading Words (PART 2) gratuitous (adj.) grəˈt(y)o

ətəs Unwarranted or uncalled for, given the situation. Kevin decided to boycott the spelling bee, claiming it was gratuitous to have to repeat the word after saying it once and correctly spelling it. Many think of gratuity—from the restaurant bill—when they see this word, or even link it with grateful or gratitude. Gratuitous can also describe a service provided for free. However, this usage is much more uncommon.

intemperate (adj.) inˈtemp(ə)rət Given to excess, typically with regard to drinking alcohol. Even those counting calories can become intemperate during the holiday season. Though this word seems to relate to one’s mood or temper, it actually refers to one’s appetite. The opposite of this word—​temperate—gave its name to the Temperance movement, a period during which alcohol was banned in America.

burnish (v.) bərniSH To make shiny. Karen spent the entire afternoon burnishing the silver until she could see her reflection perfectly. This word does not relate to setting anything on fire. Rather, it comes from an Old French word meaning “to polish.” This word can also be used figuratively to describe the process of polishing something to improve one’s image, for example a resume.

quiescent (adj.) kwēˈesnt Describing a state or period of inactivity.

redress (v.) rəˈdres To make right or correct some wrongdoing.

remiss (adj.) rəˈmis Negligent, derelict, lackadaisical, or neglectful.

preeminent (adj.) prēˈemənənt The best of its kind.

mannerism (n.) manəˌrizəm A way of speaking or behaving that is specific to an individual.

ACTIVITY 15 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. As much as the prime minister hoped the publicity would _______________ his dwindling reputation, the country saw through his motives. 2. Hoping to _______________ the fact that he cut in line, he explained that he was late to pick up his son at school. 3. The parking attendant was _______________ in his duties due to his habit of napping during his shift. 4. After months of ominous rumbling, the volcano has thankfully become ______________. 5. Derrick’s _______________ days were over, and he gave up alcohol entirely. 6. She felt that her brother’s high fives were _______________ because even when she didn’t do a good job, there was his hand.

LESSON

16 Quiet to Noisy These words range from the calm and serene to the loud and out of control.

placid (adj.) plasəd Tranquil, calm. As Bucky neared 12 years old, his formerly feisty nature disappeared, and he became placid, hanging out on the porch and wagging his tail. Placid comes from a Latin word meaning “to please.” You might know this word from Lake Placid, a lake that is, by all s, peaceful.

rambunctious (adj.) ramˈbəNG(k)SHəs Out of control and overly excited. The rambunctious trio of toddlers bounced about the room, oblivious to the adults whispering “shush.” This word likely came from a similar old word, rumbustious. Synonyms are boisterous and unruly.

susurrus (n.) so

ˈsərəs A whispering or rustling sound. The late autumn wind made itself known in the susurrus of freshly swept leaves. This comes from the Latin meaning “to whisper.” Given this word’s poetic flair, it tends to appear mostly in literary contexts.

murmur (v.) mərmər

To say very softly, almost indiscernibly.

raucous (adj.) rôkəs Loud and unruly.

hubbub (n.) həbəb The loud noise caused by a crowd.

obstreperous (adj.) əbˈstrepərəs Very noisy and out of control.

ACTIVITY 16 Give three words that mean the opposite of placid (the first letters are given): 1. r______________ 2. r______________ 3. o______________ Write the word that completes each sentence: 4. The new student tended to _______________ when he spoke, so the teacher had to strain to hear him. 5. From a mile away, the waterfall was a mere _______________, its violent power not yet manifest. 6. Because of the _______________ of her office party, Patricia could barely hear the voice on her phone.

LESSON

17 Only Fools Rush In There are a host of words in English that mean “to rush in without thinking.” There are also a few that express the exact opposite.

prudent (adj.) pro

dənt Careful and thoughtful. The squirrel is known for being prudent, storing acorns away for later rather than eating them all at once. This word comes from a Latin word for provident, meaning “to foresee and make provision for the future.” Good synonyms to know are judicious and discreet. On the other hand, the opposite of prudent is imprudent.

wary (adj.) werē Cautious and alert. The hikers had heard reports of a grizzly bear, so they were wary as they stepped through the dense forest. Wary derives from an Old Norse word for “attentive.” A good way to think of this word is “on the lookout” or “on one’s toes.”

impetuous (adj.) imˈpeCH(o

)əs Acting without forethought, reckless. The young lovers were so impetuous that they ignored their parents’ warnings and eloped under the cover of night. Comes from a Middle English word meaning “violent.” The noun form, impetuosity, is not commonly used these days, but there’s a good chance you’ll stumble upon it in the works of Jane Austen.

heedless (adj.) hēdləs Reckless.

chary (adj.) CHerē Careful and cautious.

rash (adj.) raSH Acting without thinking.

ACTIVITY 17 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. heedless and chary ______ 2. impetuous and rash ______ 3. prudent and wary ______

LESSON

18 Speaking Words Many English words mean “talkative,” while others mean “quiet.”

reticent (adj.) retəsənt Tight-lipped, not offering one’s thoughts freely. The suspect was reticent, wary that he might reveal something that could be used against him in court. The origin of reticent is a Latin word meaning “to be silent.” Reticent is a popular word on the SAT and GRE.

garrulous (adj.) ger(y)ələs Speaking more than necessary, chatty. While many faulted Nate for being garrulous, it was just his way of building rapport. This word comes from the Latin for “throat” (to garrulous, think of the word “gargle,” which involves your throat, as does speaking). This word is a synonym of loquacious.

verbose (adj.) vərˈbōs Using more words than necessary. Patrick tended to be verbose; he believed that the more he talked, the more his personality would shine through. Comes from the Latin meaning “full of words.” Whereas garrulous refers only to speech, verbose can also be used to describe writing. In this context, two good antonyms to know are succinct and concise.

taciturn (adj.) tasəˌtərn Quiet and reserved, brooding.

mince (v.) mins To not speak directly for fear of offending.

hedge (v.) hej To not commit oneself fully verbally.

loquacious (adj.) lōˈkwāSHəs Talkative, long-winded.

palaver (n.) pəˈlavər Idle chatter.

ACTIVITY 18 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. using more words than are necessary = _______________ 2. idle chatter = _______________ 3. to not speak directly for fear of offending = _______________ 4. to not commit oneself fully verbally = _______________ 5. quiet and reserved = _______________

LESSON

19 Just How Much? (PART 1) Quantity words abound in English, such as the word abound itself. Here are some important ones to know.

cornucopia (n.) kôrn(y)əˈkōpēə A large supply of something desirable. The weekend spa retreat offered a cornucopia of indulgences, everything from a two-hour massage to energy healing. Comes from the “horn of plenty,” a legendary horn capable of conjuring up whatever its owner desired.

legion (adj.) lējən Large in number. Though her detractors are legion, the pop singer still sells millions of copies of each of her albums. This word historically described a large group of Roman soldiers, but today it can refer to any multitude. Legion can also be a noun referring to any large group, often of people; good synonyms for the noun form are throng and horde.

surfeit (n.) sərfət Too much of something. There is a surfeit of online news sources, though most tend to fall on one side or the other of the political spectrum. Surfeit is from the French verb faire meaning “to do” and sur-meaning “over.” This word is often used in the context of food and drink, which is not surprising given that one of its older meanings was “overindulgence.”

glut (n.) glət An excess.

multitude (n.) məltəˌt(y)o

d

A great number.

myriad (n.) mirēəd An immense number.

plethora (n.) pleTHərə An excessive number of something.

copious (adj.) kōpēəs Abundant in number.

ACTIVITY 19 Write the word for each etymology or “root history.” 1. horn of plenty = _______________ 2. “to overdo” in French = _______________ 3. large group of Roman soldiers = _______________ Unscramble the word and define: 4. dairym ______________________________ 5. hareplot ______________________________

LESSON

20 Just How Much? (PART 2) paucity (n.) pôsətē Lack of something. Citizens claim that there has been a paucity of goodwill, with few reaching out to help in a time of need. Originally from the Latin for “a few.” Another way of saying paucity is scarcity or lack.

superfluous (adj.) so

ˈpərflo əs

Excessive, nonessential. He had already notified his friends via text that he would be late for the movie, so he figured that posting an additional message on social media would be superfluous. Another word that comes from Latin, this one meaning super- (“over”) and fluous (“flow”).

wanting (adj.) wän(t)iNG Lacking, deficient. Jerry’s charm was clearly wanting, yet he still wondered why his dates never went well. This word comes from Old Norse for “deficiency.”

dearth (n.) dərTH Lack, scarcity.

modicum (n.) mädəkəm

A limited quantity.

iota (n.) īˈōtə An extremely small amount.

extraneous (adj.) ikˈstrānēəs Nonessential.

ACTIVITY 20 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. excessive, nonessential = _______________ 2. a limited quantity = _______________ 3. an extremely small amount = _______________ 4. lacking = _______________ 5. lack (two words) = _______________

LESSON

21 In My Opinion Humans are an opinionated bunch, and we have vocabulary that does an excellent job of capturing this.

dogmatic (adj.) dôgˈmadik Claiming one’s opinion as though it were the unarguable truth. William became dogmatic in his insistence on the superiority of his wine, stating its many excellent attributes, even though we all found it undrinkable. This word comes from the Greek dogma, meaning “a fixed belief.” Another way to think of dogmatic is “highly opinionated.”

didactic (adj.) dīˈdaktik Trying to instruct or impart knowledge, but typically in a way that is slightly condescending. Heather’s attention began to wander as the lecturer became increasingly didactic about the difference between a semicolon and a comma. Also from Greek, but this time from a word meaning “to teach.” An autodidact is somebody who is self-taught. This relatively uncommon word does not carry a negative connotation.

retract (v.) rəˈtrakt To take back a statement or an offer. Once video footage revealed that she had accidentally scratched her own car, she retracted the statements she’d made earlier about my careless driving. From the Latin for “to draw back.” Forswear is a synonym, along with deny.

assertive (adj.) əˈsərdiv Willing to advocate for oneself, confident.

repudiate (v.) rəˈpyo

dēˌāt

To reject, to renounce.

adamant (adj.) adəmənt Unyielding, not giving in.

doctrinaire (adj.) däktrəˈner Sticking to a fixed way of doing something despite changes in circumstances.

ACTIVITY 21 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He enjoyed teaching others whenever he could, though his friends found him _______________. 2. Though he was seen at the scene of the crime, the defendant continued to _______________ any charges to the contrary. 3. Even though the situation had changed drastically, John was _______________, insisting that his friends follow the original plan. 4. Despite the fact that the so-called UFO had revealed itself to be nothing more than a distant cloud, the six-year-old was ______________ that she had witnessed a flying saucer. 5. The mother encouraged her son to be more _______________, to speak up for himself when he felt others were taking advantage of him.

LESSON

22 How Big Is Your Appetite? English has a healthy selection of words for “very hungry” and also a bunch for those who deny themselves even the smallest of pleasures.

voracious (adj.) vəˈrāSHəs Having an extremely large appetite. A voracious eater, Mark ploughed through a mountain of food that summer. From the Latin for “large appetite;” notice the similarity between vor- and vour. The word can also be used figuratively.

ascetic (adj.) əˈsetik Denying oneself simple pleasures, typically for religious reasons. As soon as January rolled around, Trevor became ascetic, eating only small servings of rice and chicken for 30 days. Originally used to describe Christians who went to the desert to live in seclusion with very few means. Be careful not to confuse this word with aesthetic, which means “pertaining to beauty.”

abstemious (adj.) əbˈstēmēəs Refraining from drinking or eating too much. In an effort to be kind to his liver, Harold became abstemious, drastically cutting his vodka intake. Temetum is the Latin for “intoxicating drink,” while ab- is a root meaning “away.” This word is not as extreme as ascetic and also applies only to food and drink, and not lifestyle.

insatiable (adj.) inˈsāSHəb(ə)l Describing a hunger that cannot be satisfied.

sate (v.) ˈsāt To satisfy in of consuming enough.

gourmand (n.) go

rˈmänd Person who enjoys fine food, typically to excess.

ravenous (adj.) rav(ə)nəs Extremely hungry, insatiable.

ACTIVITY 22 Mark “T” for true and “F” for false: 1. someone who is ascetic is also abstemious ______ 2. someone who is easily sated is insatiable ______ 3. a gourmand tends to be ravenous ______ 4. someone who is voracious isn’t easily sated ______

LESSON

23 A Question of Trust While some words for trust exist, they seem to be outnumbered by those for deceit.

hoodwink (v.) ho

dˌwiNGk

To deceive. The Internet is awash in various schemes that try to hoodwink you into coughing up your credit card info. Comes from the sixteenth century and means “to blind by covering the eyes.” A less common synonym is cozen, which implies clever trickery.

charlatan (n.) SHärlədən Someone who pretends to have knowledge they don’t to hoodwink you. “Fake it till you make it” is the credo of the charlatan, who will try to off phony knowledge. Originates from Old Italian for “to babble.” The movie Catch Me If You Can is the true tale of Frank Abagnale, who was the consummate charlatan, pretending at various points in his life to be a doctor, a pilot, and a lawyer.

steadfast (adj.) stedˌfast Firmly devoted. Throughout life, Patrick could count only a few steadfast friends, those who had kept by his side even during the most trying times. From the Old English for “standing securely in place.” Staunch and dedicated are two synonyms for steadfast.

bilk (v.) bilk To cheat or swindle, usually involving money.

ruse (n.) ro

z

A clever trick.

bamboozle (v.) bamˈbo

zəl

To cheat or deceive.

stalwart (adj.) stôlwərt Loyal and reliable.

fidelity (n.) fəˈdelədē Faithfulness, loyalty.

ACTIVITY 23 Match the word with its definition: 1. charlatan ______

a. a trick

2. bilk ______

b. faithfulness, loyalty

3. ruse ______

c. to deceive

4. fidelity ______

d. someone who pretends to have knowledge they don’t actually possess

5. hoodwink ______

e. to cheat or swindle, usually involving money

LESSON

24 Is That a Compliment? (PART 1) Whether compliment or insult, we have plenty of words in English to convey the exact sentiment.

laud (v.) lôd To praise for great work, typically in public. He was lauded in the city newspaper for his years of volunteer work. Laud comes from Latin, meaning “commend, honor, praise.” Acclaim and commend are two synonyms.

lionize (v.) līəˌnīz To treat as a celebrity. In certain parts of the country, some hometowns lionize their high school teams and players the way they would professional athletes. This word comes from England, by way of the Tower of London. Centuries ago, lions were kept in the Tower of London as an object of curiosity, drawing droves of spectators.

deprecate (v.) deprəˌkāt To express disapproval. Mario typically deprecated romantic comedies, but (much to his dismay) he found himself laughing at the movie his wife dragged him along to see. From the Latin for “praying against one deemed evil.” A similar word is depreciate, which means “to lower in value.”

derisory (adj.) dəˈrīs(ə)rē

Derisive, putting down someone or something.

hail (v.) hāl To praise or acclaim, usually loudly.

approbative (adj.) uh-proh-buh-tiv Expressing approval.

reproach (v.) rəˈprōCH To express disappointment.

ACTIVITY 24 Complete the word for each definition: 1. to treat like a celebrity = __ioni__ 2. to express disappointment = rep_____ 3. to praise publicly = l___d 4. to acclaim vigorously = __ai__ 5. to express disapproval = de____ate 6. expressing approval = __ ro__tive

LESSON

25 Is That a Compliment? (PART 2) slight (v.) slīt To insult by ignoring. Jeremy intended to slight Mark by not inviting him to his bachelor party. This comes from a word meaning “to have little worth.” The common definition of this word—“small in physical stature”—comes from a different root word, meaning “smooth.”

pejorative (adj.) pəˈjôrədiv Describing a word or phrase that has a negative association. The word garbage man has a pejorative ring to it, and has in the last few decades been replaced by the term sanitation worker. Derived from the Latin for “to make worse.” Pejorative can also be a noun denoting a word with a negative connotation.

kudos (n.) k(y)o

ˌdäs Praise given for a job well done. Every Friday, the company encouraged a round of kudos, in which each employee praised a fellow coworker for something they had done well during the week. Kudos originally came from a Greek word used to express praise or glory or success on the battlefield. This word is often used informally to mean “congratulations.”

venerate (v.) venəˌrāt To respect deeply.

belittle (v.) bəˈlidl To insult, put down.

commend (v.) kəˈmend To praise.

revere (v.) rəˈvir To respect deeply.

ACTIVITY 25 Provide the word for the given definition or etymology: 1. the opposite of complimentary = _______________ 2. from the Latin for “to worship” (hint: it’s not revere) = _______________ 3. sounds like it has to do with size and means “to insult” = _______________ 4. a praising word from ancient Greek = _______________ 5. to applaud or praise = _______________

LESSON

26 From Lazy to Lively The next time you feel your energy fading, use some of these words to spice things up, rather than just saying, “I’m tired.”

phlegmatic (adj.) flegˈmadik Apathetic, unemotional. On the morning of the SAT, the students walked into the classroom, one phlegmatic face after another. The bodily humor phlegm is the source of this word. The ancients believed that if you were too full of phlegm, you would feel sluggish. This word sometimes has a negative association.

indolence (n.) indələnts Laziness. The summer months bred indolence in the city folk, with few setting foot outdoors unless it was really necessary. Dole comes from the Latin root for “pain,” and in- means “without.” Indolent is the adjective form; lethargic and languid are two common synonyms.

vivacious (adj.) vəˈvāSHəs Lively and animated. She was vivacious one moment, lethargic the next, so quickly had the sedative taken effect. From the Latin for “long-lived, vigorous.” Vivace is one of the fastest tempos in music.

alacrity (n.) əˈlakrədē Cheerful promptness in response.

torpid (adj.) tôrpəd Sluggish, lethargic.

ebullient (n.) iˈbo

lyənt Highly and vigorously enthusiastic.

exuberant (n.) igˈzo

b(ə) rənt

Highly enthusiastic.

ACTIVITY 26 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. torpid and ebullient ______ 2. alacrity and indolence ______ 3. vivacious and phlegmatic ______ 4. exuberant and ebullient ______

LESSON

27 Hard at Work? Whether you are hard at work on this book or not, one of the following words will likely describe you.

industrious (adj.) inˈdəstrēəs Hard-working and diligent. Most of the new hires were industrious, working till well past 7 p.m. This word comes from Latin for “diligence.” The noun form—industry—can also mean “hard work.”

lackadaisical (adj.) lakəˈdāzək(ə)l Lazy and unenthusiastic. The new recruits were so lackadaisical that most of them didn’t make it past the first week of boot camp. Lackaday, short for alack the day, was an expression used to express sorrow in the 1590s.

feckless (adj.) fekləs Unmotivated, incompetent, irresponsible. Many of the feckless youth who had once gathered outside the mall were now grown up and working inside, some with great industry. This comes from the Scottish word feck, which is a shortening of the word effect. One who is feckless, then, doesn’t have much effect. The word feck never quite took off in the United States.

bustle (v.) bəsəl

To move about actively.

dispatch (n.) dəˈspaCH Speed at completing a task.

celerity (n.) səˈlerədē Swiftness.

assiduous (adj.) əˈsijo

əs Working painstakingly to get a job done.

ACTIVITY 27 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. With the end of the quarter approaching and one last chance to hit their sales goals, the telemarketers were even more _______________ than usual. 2. On the last day before vacation, the employees _______________ about the office looking busy but not actually getting anything done. 3. The messenger moved with _______________, hoping to deliver the telegram on time. 4. Jonas was _______________, and his attitude toward many things could be summed up by one word: blah.

LESSON

28 Words About Words (PART 1) In this self-reflective lesson, we examine the potential of words themselves.

palindrome (n.) palənˌdrōm A word or phrase that reads the same forward as it does backward, such as radar and kayak. The sentence “Go hang a salami, I’m a lasagna hog” is a palindrome. From the Greek, palin- means “again/back” and dromos means “running.”

portmanteau (n.) pôrtˈmantō A word formed by parts of two other distinct words, such as smog, which consists of the sm from smoke + the og from fog. The word “electrocution” is a little-known portmanteau—a mash-up of the words “electricity” and “execution.” The French verb porter (“to carry”) and noun manteau (“mantle”) refer to a suitcase consisting of two compartments. The simpler term for portmanteau words is “blend.”

brunch (n.) brən(t)SH A late-morning meal that has elements of both breakfast and lunch. A delicious brunch is served at the new restaurant. Brunch is a portmanteau of breakfast and lunch (br from breakfast + unch from lunch).

neologism (n.) nēˈäləˌjizəm A new word or expression.

In the 1990s the word Internet was a neologism, though these days the term seems as though it has been around forever. From the root neo- for “new” and logos- for “word.” Chillax and staycation are twenty-first-century neologisms that also happen to be portmanteaus.

archaic (adj.) ärˈkāik Describing a very old word, typically no longer in use.

barbarism (n.) bärbəˌrizəm A word that does not obey the rules of written language.

tautology (n.) tôˈtäləjē A redundancy, essentially saying that A equals A.

eponymous (n.) əˈpänəməs Named after a person.

ACTIVITY 28 Write the word that matches each example: 1. it’s the right thing to do, because the right thing is what we’ll do _______________ 2. ain’t _______________ 3. describing a sixteenth-century word no longer in use _______________ 4. the island of Victoria is named for the queen _______________ 5. racecar and rotor _______________ 6. this book is a real vocabathon _______________

LESSON

29 Words About Words (PART 2) bombastic (adj.) bämˈbastik Describing someone whose speech is inflated and self-important. The school superintendent carried on in his normal bombastic manner, puffing out his chest and intoning how each student was extremely privileged to belong to a historic and noble tradition. From the Old French for speech that is inflated and self-important. Fustian, a synonym—albeit an uncommon one—was also used to describe a type of cotton.

cryptic (adj.) kriptik Intentionally vague or mysterious. When his friends asked if he’d visit while they were studying abroad, he answered cryptically, “You never know.” From kryptikos, the Greek for “hidden.” Though thesauruses list enigmatic and cryptic as synonyms, enigmatic simply means “mysterious” without the connotation of any intentional motive.

turgid (adj.) tərjəd Describing writing that is bombastic and puffed up. The manager wrote long, turgid emails that contained little substance but conveyed to the recipient the manager’s sense of self-importance. This word comes from the Latin for “to swell.” Turgid can also describe physical swelling, as of body parts.

lucid (adj.) lo

səd

Clear and easy to understand.

oblique (adj.) əˈblēk Indirect (describing communication).

limpid (adj.) limpid Very clear and easy to understand (referring to writing).

sesquipedalian (n.) seskwəpəˈdālyən A person inclined to using very long words.

ACTIVITY 29 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. lucid and limpid ______ 2. turgid and cryptic ______ 3. bombastic and oblique ______ 4. sesquipedalian and limpid ______

LESSON

30 Where Did You Go to School? A range of words exists to describe levels of education and knowledge one might possess. Here are a few good ones to know.

pedantic (adj.) pəˈdan(t)ik Overly fussy in one’s concern for trivial academic knowledge. “Actually, the Battle of Hastings happened in the eleventh century,” was a typical interjection of my pedantic friend Sebastian. This word comes from the Latin for “teacher.”

erudite (adj.) er(y)əˌdīt Displaying scholarly knowledge. The professor fit the erudite part well: a book of poetry in his tweed jacket pocket and a pair of thick glasses set low on the bridge of his nose. From the Latin for “to instruct.” Erudite has a positive connotation, whereas pedantic has a negative one.

pedagogue (n.) pedəˌgäg A teacher, typically a strict one. Mr. Harris was a true pedagogue, giving copious amounts of homework and never accepting a late assignment. Pedagogue comes from the Greek for “boy” and “guide.” Today, pedagogue can refer to a teacher of both boys and girls.

unlettered (adj.) ənˈledərd Illiterate.

benighted (adj.) bəˈnīdəd Unenlightened.

collegial (adj.) kəˈlēj(ē)əl Describing a warm chumminess between a group of associated people.

eminent (adj.) emənənt Prominent, distinguished.

ACTIVITY 30 Write the word that completes the sentence: 1. Mr. Ellis was more _______________ than _______________, since he had memorized a bunch of obscure facts that did not truly indicate deep learning. 2. The _______________ scholar was appointed chairman of the recently founded archeological society. 3. The principal had had enough istrative work and found himself back in the classroom in the role of _______________. 4. The atmosphere among the engineering team was _______________; everyone had a shared sense of purpose and was always eager to help others. 5. Under the repressive regime, the populace had remained _______________, totally out of touch with the rest of the world.

LESSON

31 Mind Your Manners Behaving properly is important. But for those of us who choose not to, there are plenty of words to use.

churlish (adj.) CHərliSH Intentionally rude. The man was habitually churlish and enjoyed driving slowly in the fast lane just to watch people’s reactions. This comes from Old English to describe a peasant. A churl is a noun describing one who is rude and lacks manners.

indiscreet (adj.) indəˈskrēt Drawing attention to actions or behavior that should remain private. Most people are not so indiscreet as to mention their digestive issues at the dinner table—then there’s Bob. This comes from a Latin word meaning “indistinguishable.” One who is discreet is careful not to draw attention to such actions. These days, people often say “TMI,” meaning “too much information.” This is usually a sign that the person sharing this information is being indiscreet.

idiosyncrasy (n.) i-dē-ə-ˈsin-krə-sē A peculiar characteristic or temperament. Steve Jobs was known as a man with many an idiosyncrasy—but his peculiarities were indivisible from his genius. This word is a splendid mixture of a number of Greek roots, essentially meaning “one’s own personal blending.”

etiquette (n.) edəkət Proper behavior and conduct.

brusque (adj.) brəsk Short and to the point in a way that is considered rude.

irascible (adj.) iˈrasəb(ə)l Easily angered.

impolitic (adj.) imˈpäləˌtik Unwise.

ACTIVITY 31 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 1. idiosyncrasy and mannerism ______ 2. churlish and indiscreet ______ 3. brusque and impolitic ______ 4. etiquette and irascible ______

LESSON

32 Is It Clear? Some concepts are easy to understand. Others are recondite—like that very word.

inscrutable (adj.) inˈskro

dəb(ə)l Difficult, if not impossible, to understand. Though the text was billed as an introduction to physics, it was inscrutable to all but those with a physics degree. The scrut- comes from the Latin for “to search.” The in- negates this root. This word is related to scrutinize, which means to examine carefully.

esoteric (adj.) esəˈterik Describing knowledge that is intended for only a specific few. Tax codes can seem downright esoteric unless you’ve spent years studying the jargon. Comes from a Greek word meaning “part of the inner circle.” This word not only refers to academic or intellectual pursuits but also to everyday things— for example, “Her meals are unique because she uses esoteric spices.”

currency (n.) kərənsē General use, acceptance, or prevalence. The notion that Pluto is no longer a planet still does not have currency in some circles. This comes from the Latin word for current (think flowing water) and was later used by John Locke to describe the flow of money. Currency has two distinct meanings, one which relates to money and the other which relates to how commonly accepted or used something is.

abstruse (adj.) abˈstro

s Abstract and difficult to grasp.

pellucid (adj.) pəˈlo

səd

Extremely clear.

recondite (adj.) rekənˌdīt Too obscure and deep to understand.

arcane (adj.) ärˈkān Known by only a few.

ACTIVITY 32 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. abstruse and pellucid ______ 2. recondite and arcane ______ 3. currency and esoteric ______ 4. inscrutable and esoteric ______

LESSON

33 Words Describing Character While these words aren’t necessarily the most complimentary, they might describe someone you know.

philistine (n.) filəˌstēn A person who is hostile toward arts and culture. Paul was an outright philistine, claiming that looking at paintings is a waste of time. In the Old Testament, this word refers to the people of Philistia, who were enemies of the Israelites. A confrontation in the sixteenth century between university students and townspeople had the former describing the latter as lacking in culture and civilization, alluding to the biblical Philistines.

ignoble (adj.) igˈnōbəl Having a dishonorable character. The villain was so ignoble that even though he owed his life to the heroine, he schemed to bring about her downfall. Comes from the French meaning “not honorable.” Despicable and dastardly are two good synonyms.

base (adj.) bās Contemptible, low-minded. When the defendant revealed that he had committed the crime solely for the money, the jury viewed his motive as base and ultimately found him guilty. This word is similar to the French word bas, which means “low.” In this case, low refers to one’s morals.

contemptible (adj.) kənˈtem(p)təb(ə)l Despicable.

vulgar (adj.) vəlgər Common in a cheap, tasteless way.

wayward (adj.) wāwərd Difficult to control.

uncultivated (adj.) ənˈkəltəˌvādəd Lacking education or refinement.

ACTIVITY 33 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He was not surprised that others called him a _______________— after all, he thought classical music was purely for snobs. 2. Those who knew him knew he was no angel, yet they were surprised at what a _______________ thing he had done. (3 possible answers) 3. The way in which the family flaunted their inheritance was _______________—did anyone really need to own three Bentleys? 4. His taste in fashion was _______________: A baggy sweater over gym shorts and tube socks was his usual attire.

LESSON

34 Musical Words Music has given us some words that can apply to a broader context. Some important ones are presented here.

crescendo (n.) krəˈSHenˌdō A gradual increase, or the point of greatest intensity or climax. Her resentment toward the governor reached a crescendo by midsummer, at which point she stepped down from her office. From the Italian for “increase,” this word describes a musical age that gets increasingly louder.

coda (n.) kōdə The concluding part of something. The coda to the esteemed director’s career was a 15-minute compilation of highlights from his many beloved films. The Italian for “tail” is the source of this word, and describes the last section of a composition, often musical.

mellifluous (adj.) məˈliflo

əs

Sweet sounding. The middle movements of Mozart’s piano concertos offer themes so mellifluous that it is easy to see why many regard him as divinely blessed. From the Latin for “flowing like honey,” this word doesn’t have a direct musical reference, though it usually refers to something very pleasant sounding.

forte (adj.) ˈfôrˌtā, fôrt Loud in music.

(n.) An area in which one excels (the noun version doesn’t just broaden the definition [the way that crescendo does] but leads to a different use of the word)

amplify (v.) ampləˌfī Increase the volume, get louder.

virtuoso (n.) vərCHəˈwōsō A person very accomplished at a musical instrument.

ACTIVITY 34 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Vladimir Horowitz is regarded as the foremost piano _______________ of the twentieth century, able to play much of the classical repertoire with great emotional depth. 2. Music was never his _______________, though he was gifted at painting. 3. The soprano’s _______________ voice enraptured the crowd. 4. As the deadline approached, the anxious chatter rose to a _______________. 5. The once-celebrated actor had an unfortunate _______________ to his career, being arrested numerous times.

LESSON

35 Animal Words The animal kingdom has bestowed on us a large collection of descriptive vocabulary—words with meanings that often hark back to some physical trait or characteristic of various animals.

dogged (adj.) dôgəd Persistent, even in the face of adversity. Had the detective not been so dogged, she would have likely missed the one extremely subtle clue that eventually broke the case wide open. In the 1300s, this word related to one of the more negative qualities of dogs. This word can be used both negatively (somebody doesn’t know when to give up) or positively (somebody doesn’t give up despite adversity).

mulish (adj.) myo

liSH

Stubborn, obstinate. Jimmy becomes mulish as soon as his mother asks him to do any chores. Relating to a mule, which is the offspring of a donkey and a horse.

badger (v.) bajər To harass and pester. Though Phyllis told her little brother he couldn’t have the chocolate bar until the weekend, he continued to badger her about it. Possibly from Middle High German and French, meaning “badge” and “bold.” This word is different from the others in this lesson because it refers to another animal. In this case, dogs were used to try to get a badger out of a cage, a low entertainment of the time.

ape (v.) āp To imitate.

crow (v.) krō To gloat loudly.

slothful (adj.) ˈslôTHfəl Lazy.

waspish (adj.) wäspiSH Easily angered.

ACTIVITY 35 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. to harass and pester = _______________ 2. to imitate = _______________ 3. to gloat loudly = _______________ 4. lazy = _______________ 5. stubborn = _______________

LESSON

36 Words Describing Animals In the previous lesson, we looked at some words with animals at their roots. Here we present a range of adjectives that describe specific types of animal.

bovine (adj.) bōvīn Describing a person who is slow and unintelligent. Each morning Hal would shuffle around his kitchen with a bovine expression on his face—until he had his morning coffee and snapped to life. From the Latin for “ox” or “cow.” The bovine family includes not only cows, but also oxen, bison, sheep, buffalo, and goats.

vulpine (adj.) vəlˌpīn Cleverly deceitful. The German general Erwin Rommel was vulpine indeed, outsmarting Allied commanders for years and earning the sobriquet “Desert Fox.” From the Latin vulpinus, meaning “fox.”

elephantine (adj.) eləˈfan(t)ēn Enormous, massive. This unabridged dictionary is elephantine on two counts: It weighs over 20 pounds and contains over 100,000 words. From the Greek elephantinos.

simian (adj.) simēən Relating to apes.

ursine (adj.) ərˌsin Relating to bears.

apian (adj.) ˈāpēən Relating to bees.

avian (adj.) ˈāvēən Relating to birds.

asinine (adj.) asəˌnīn Describing a donkey; slow-witted.

ACTIVITY 36 Match the animal to its adjective: 1. elephant

avian

2. bee

asinine

3. ape

bovine

4. fox

ursine

5. donkey

vulpine

6. bird

apian

7. bear

elephantine

8. cow

simian

LESSON

37 Religious Words (PART 1) These words are strongly connected to the Christian church but can also apply to a broader context—rather than being purely sacerdotal, which means “relating to priests.”

apostate (n.) əˈpäˌstāt A person who rejects or abandons a strongly held belief. In increasing numbers, on both the political left and right, apostates have come to label themselves as “centrists” or “independents.” This word comes from the Greek for “a runaway slave.” The noun form, apostasy, is also common.

sanctimonious (adj.) saNG(k)təˈmōnēəs Pretending to be religious and holy, but doing so as a pretext to look down on others. The inquisitor pointed at the condemned and gave them a sanctimonious lecture about the importance of faith. From the Latin meaning “holy in character.” Holier-than-thou is an informal way of saying sanctimonious.

iconoclast (n.) īˈkänəˌklast One who defies convention in a striking fashion. Jackson Pollock is regarded as an iconoclast in the art world: he challenged the conventional notion of what it meant to paint, by hurling buckets of paint at a canvas. From French for “destroyer of images or icons.”

agnostic (n.) agˈnästik One who is uncertain whether there is a higher power.

sacrilege (n.) sakrəlij Violation of something considered holy.

inviolate (adj.) inˈvīələt Pure, not violated or profaned.

catholic (adj.) kaTH(ə)lik Universal.

ACTIVITY 37 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Pablo questions whether there is any higher power and so has branded himself an _______________. 2. Tossing a holy book on the ground is often considered a _______________ because doing so is deemed highly disrespectful. 3. After his hometown football team had gone 10 years without making the playoffs, Chad became an _______________ and began following a winning team instead. 4. John Cage was a musical _______________, shocking the world when he released 4’33”, a piece in which no music is played for exactly 4 minutes and 33 seconds.

LESSON

38 Religious Words (PART 2) novitiate (n.) nōˈviSHēət A person new to a religious order, or any beginner in general. The ski novitiates gingerly made their way down the bunny slope, falling every few minutes. From the Latin for “novice.”

hagiography (n.) hagēˈägrəfē, Traditionally a biography of a saint, but today any writing that praises highly to the point of worship. Some s of star athletes’ performances in the sports section read like hagiographies. This word is from the root hagio-, which means “holy,” and -graphy, which means “writing.” The adjective hagiographic, which isn’t nearly as mellifluous as hagiography, is also somewhat common.

syncretic (adj.) sinkrəˌtik Describing the fusion of several different beliefs. Her exercise regimen is syncretic, incorporating Pilates, yoga, weights, highintensity cardio training, and meditation. From the Greek for “uniting.” The noun syncretism is also somewhat common.

desecrate (v.) desəˌkrāt To violate something considered holy.

ecclesiastical (adj.) əˌklēzēˈastək(ə)l Relating to a church or the clergy.

priggish (adj.) prigiSH Sanctimonious.

anathema (n.) əˈnaTHəmə An official curse against a person; someone or something intensely disliked.

ecumenical (adj.) ekyəˈmenək(ə)l Aimed at uniting many different churches.

ACTIVITY 38 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 1. anathema and ecumenical ______ 2. priggish and ecclesiastical ______ 3. hagiography and novitiate ______ 4. desecrate and syncretic ______

LESSON

39 Prefix ExEx- is a common prefix meaning “out.” Here are some words, a bit on the tougher side, with the ex- root.

extenuate (v.) ikˈstenyəˌwāt To lessen the severity. He tried to blame his low exam score on a variety of extenuating circumstances, from a bout with the flu to a lost textbook. This word is from the Latin for “to make small.” This verb is most often used in the phrase extenuating circumstances, as in the sample sentence.

exonerate (v.) igˈzänəˌrāt To free from blame or wrongdoing. The DNA evidence surfaced 20 years after the crime, and the defendant was finally exonerated of all wrongdoing. From the Latin for “to remove the burden.” A less common version of this word means “to release somebody from an obligation or duty.”

execrate (v.) eksəˌkrāt To express strong disapproval and loathing. The crowd execrated the opposing team’s star player as he stepped up to bat, hissing and booing, and even throwing empty cups on the field. Another word that comes from Latin, this time meaning “to curse.”

expurgate (v.) ekspərˌgāt To remove objectionable material from written work.

exude (v.) igˈzo

d To ooze or flow slowly.

expunge (v.) ikˈspənj To wipe out any trace.

ACTIVITY 39 Complete the word for each definition: 1. to remove objectionable material from written work = ex_ur___ 2. to ooze or flow slowly = ex__d_ 3. to wipe out any trace = ex__ng__ 4. to lessen the severity = ex___nu___ 5. to free from blame = ex__er___ 6. to express strong disapproval and loathing = ex__cra__

LESSON

40 Commonly Confused Pairs (PART 1) Tread carefully with these very similar-sounding words. Note: Since the words on this list already look alike, we decided to forgo their etymology to avoid unnecessary confusion.

flout vs. flaunt (verbs) flout, flônt Flout means “to disregard in a scornful manner.” Flaunt means “to show off something in a very obvious manner.” “Everybody rolls through stop signs,” said Dmitri, once again flouting the rule—just as a police car pulled up behind him. Terry liked to flaunt his biceps, always finding an excuse to wear a shortsleeved T-shirt.

discrete vs. discreet (adjectives) diˈskrēt (both) Discrete means “separated into distinct groups.” Discreet means “not drawing attention to an activity that is generally kept private.” Though both deal with stars, astronomy and astrology are considered discrete realms of knowledge. The new student raised his hand discreetly and, in a barely audible whisper, asked the teacher whether he could go to the bathroom. A good way to the difference between these two words is the t in discrete separates the two e’s.

affect (verb) vs. effect (noun) əˈfekt (both) Affect means “to cause something to happen.” Effect means “result, outcome.”

The amount of sleep one receives each night affects one’s productivity the following day. One effect of not getting enough sleep is a drop in productivity.

venal vs. venial (adjectives) vēnl, vēnēəl Venal means “open to corruption or bribery.” Venial means “forgivable or pardonable.” The judge was revealed to be venal, accepting bribes from the defense for a lighter sentence. Driving 10 miles over the speed limit, while clearly illegal, is venial compared to driving 30 miles over the speed limit.

ACTIVITY 40 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Art and math are often treated as _______________ realms even though the two sometimes overlap. 2. The dictatorship was _______________, justice always a matter of bribing the right person. 3. Studying daily clearly has an _______________ on one’s GPA. 4. Once she inserted earplugs, the noise below no longer _______________ her.

LESSON

41 Commonly Confused Pairs (PART 2) complacent vs. complaisant (adjectives) kəmˈplās(ə)nt, kəm ˈplāsənt Complacent means “satisfied in the moment, not thinking of the future.” Complaisant means “eager to please.” After receiving straight A’s, Carter became complacent and started turning his homework in late—by the next semester he had three C’s. The normally complaisant Jenny flat out refused to do any more housework.

emigrate vs. immigrate (verbs) eməˌgrāt, iməˌgrāt Emigrate means “to leave a country.” Immigrate means “to enter another country.” Her parents had initially emigrated from Russia to , though eventually they ended up immigrating to the United States.

allude vs. elude (verbs) əˈlo

d, ēˈlo d Allude means “to reference something by not mentioning it specifically.” Elude means “to evade capture.” Fred alluded to the movie he was planning to watch this weekend, quoting: “In a galaxy far, far away.” For three long weeks, the bank thieves eluded the authorities, until a helicopter spotted their hideout.

censor vs. censure (verbs) sensər, sen(t)SHər Censor means “to remove the objectionable parts from something.” Censure means “to criticize someone harshly.”

During the 1980s, profanity was censored on TV using a loud beep, so lipreaders were often left mortified. An independent committee censured the CEO for embezzling funds.

ACTIVITY 41 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The new nanny was _______________, eager to make sure the children were happy. 2. He had squandered his father’s wealth, and for that he was _______________. 3. Given the ominous change in government, the family considered _______________ to Europe. 4. Throughout history, people have attempted to _______________ Shakespeare’s work by removing the text referring to certain parts of the human anatomy. 5. Up by 10 runs in the last inning of the game, the team became _______________ and nearly ended up losing. 6. He struggled at trivia games because even when he knew the answer, it would often _______________ him.

LESSON

42 Commonly Confused Pairs (PART 3) elicit (verb) vs. illicit (adjective) ēˈlisət, i(l)ˈlisit Elicit means “to draw out, usually a reaction.” Illicit means “illegal.” His puns, as terrible as they are, never fail to elicit a laugh from his friends. The illicit drug trade has intensified in recent years.

flounder vs. founder (verbs) floundər, foundər Flounder means “to flail about, either literally or figuratively.” Founder means “to sink, either literally or figuratively.” The three young ducklings floundered in the mud as they tried to keep pace with their mother. The space team miscalculated the amount of energy needed to reach Mars, so the project foundered.

prescribe vs. proscribe (verbs) prəˈskrīb, prōˈskrīb Prescribe means “to recommend, as a course of treatment.” Proscribe means “to ban.” The doctor prescribed rest and lots of ice for the patient with the broken arm. The books of James Joyce are proscribed in certain countries for their many references to bodily excretions.

torturous vs. tortuous (adjectives) tôrCH(ə)rəs, tôrCH(o

)əs

Torturous means “extremely painful.” Tortuous means “full of twists, winding.” Everyone finds at least one genre of music so torturous that they’d rather

plug their ears than listen to a single second of it. Though the distance from the base to the summit was only a mile, the ascent was so tortuous that the hikers took nearly nine hours to reach the top.

ACTIVITY 42 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The start-up _______________ soon after its inception because it never figured out how to make money. 2. Were this sentence to carry on for an entire paragraph, full of twist and turns, unnecessary phrases, and the like, it would be _______________. 3. To minimize the number of on-field injuries, professional football has _______________ late tackles. 4. She had become so implacable over time that there was no way to _______________ even a modicum of sympathy. 5. For someone with a bad back, a 12-hour road trip would be _______________.

LESSON

43 Annoying Words The lesson title says it all!

irksome (adj.) ərksəm Annoying. His new roommate quickly became irksome as he told one bad joke after another. This comes from German, meaning “to annoy.” Good synonyms to know are galling and exasperating.

ingratiate (v.) inˈgrāSHēˌāt To try to win another’s favor, often through flattery. Ricky tried to ingratiate himself with the other boys in his school, but many quickly grew tired of him complimenting them on their attire. From Latin and Italian, meaning “to seek favor.” Someone who is ingratiating can often be annoying.

cloying (adj.) kloiNG Overly sentimental to the point of being disgusting. The newlywed couple repelled many of their friends by calling each other cloying names like “honey-bunny” and “snuggle-bug.” This word comes from the Middle English for “being in excess to the point of loathing.” This word should be reserved for cases in which the sentimentality is so over the top as to be sickening.

aggravate (v.) agrəˌvāt

To make worse.

vex (v.) veks To annoy.

gall (v.) gôl To annoy.

mawkish (adj.) môkiSH Overly sentimental and cloying.

ACTIVITY 43 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 1. mawkish and cloying ______ 2. gall and vex ______ 3. ingratiate and aggravate ______

LESSON

44 What Did You Call Me? There are many words that mean “to slander or say nasty things about a person.” For some reason, these seem to outnumber the words that mean “to praise.”

libel (n.) lībəl Slander in writing. The celebrity tweeted false, hurtful things about her rival, and a month later was sued for libel. From Latin, describing a small legal book. Libel is typically used when referring to defamation in writing; slander is defamation in speech.

besmirch (v.) besmirCH To dirty or hurt another’s reputation. Just by being seen in public with the gang of criminals, Marty knew his reputation had been besmirched. A smirch is a dirty mark. Tarnish, blacken, and sully are three synonyms for besmirch.

raillery (n.) rālərē Teasing. To his friends, their jeers were nothing more than raillery; to him they stung deeply. From the French for “to tease.” Unlike all these other hurtful words, raillery refers to good-natured teasing.

scurrilous (adj.) skərələs Using or given to coarse language.

calumny (n.) kaləmnē Slander.

vilify (v.) viləˌfī To say evil things about someone.

impugn (v.) imˈpyo

n To cast doubt on another’s character and integrity.

traduce (v.) trəˈd(y)o

s To slander and cause disgrace.

ACTIVITY 44 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. teasing = _______________ 2. to dirty or hurt another’s reputation = _______________ 3. to cast doubt on another’s character and integrity = _______________ 4. defame, slander = (2 synonyms) _______________

LESSON

45 Courtroom Words Courtroom lingo has given us many words that often apply to a broader context.

verdict (n.) vərdikt A judgment, usually offered in a courtroom. After much deliberation, the verdict announced by the was that the director was looking for a quick buck and had compromised his standards when making the sequel to his previous blockbuster. From the Latin for “truth” and “to say.” This word can also describe a general opinion.

tort (n.) tôrt A wrongful act other than a breach of contract. The law professor focused on tort law, discussing with her students the many cases in which an individual had suffered injuries due to another’s negligence. This word comes from Middle English for “injury.”

litigious (adj.) ləˈtijəs Inclined to sue others. The automobile company was highly litigious, claiming that other companies had copied its award-winning designs. From the Old French for “lawsuit.” This word doesn’t necessarily have to relate to speech but to any purported crime that ends up being tried in a court of law.

acquit (v.) əˈkwit To declare not guilty in a trial.

subpoena (n.) səˈpēnə A document summoning one to court.

affidavit (n.) afəˈdāvit A written statement presented in court that is offered up under oath.

exculpate (v.) ekskəlˌpāt To free from blame.

ACTIVITY 45 Match the word with its definition: 1. to declare not guilty in a trial ______

a. verdict

2. to free from blame ______

b. subpoena

3. a document summoning one to court ______

c. acquit

4. inclined to sue others ______

d. exculpate

5. a judgment, usually offered in a courtroom ______

e. litigious

LESSON

46 Give Peace a Chance Ranging from peaceful to combative, the following words are important to know, whether you are an avid reader or are preparing for a standardized test.

appease (v.) əˈpēz To make less angry. The small country attempted to appease the dictator of the neighboring country by removing tariffs on its luxury goods. Originally from the Latin for “peace.” Placate and pacify are two synonyms that are very common.

implacable (adj.) imˈplakəb(ə)l Unable to make less angry. When Max’s mother saw that he had broken her prized vase, she became implacable and Max, fearing the repercussions, bolted out the front door. From the Latin for the word for “appease” and im- for the opposite.

contentious (adj.) kənˈten(t)SHəs Inclined to argue. Even if he knew little about the topic, he was so contentious that he had to find something about it he didn’t agree with. The word is derived from contend, as in “to argue a point.” This can be a misleading word because its first seven letters—content—imply happiness.

pugnacious (adj.) pəgˈnāSHəs

Inclined to fight, combative.

conciliatory (adj.) kənˈsilēəˌtôrē Inclined to making peace.

truculent (adj.) trəkyələnt Ready to pick a fight.

jingoist (n.) jiNGgōˌist Patriotic and constantly calling for war.

propitiate (v.) prəˈpiSHēˌāt To appease or placate.

ACTIVITY 46 Complete the word for each definition: 1. A synonym for appease = pro________ 2. A synonym for pugnacious = con_______ 3. One who wants their country to wage war = _____ist 4. Unable to be calmed or pacified = imp______ 5. Ready to pick a fight = ____cul___ 6. Wanting to make peace = ______atory

LESSON

47 Frightening Words These words describe a range of fears, from mildly anxious to full of terror.

apprehension (n.) aprəˈhenSHən Fear or anxiety about the future. With college graduation near and no job prospects in sight, his apprehension was on the rise. From the Latin for “to grasp.” Another definition of apprehension—the seizing of a criminal—is commonly used.

petrified (adj.) petrəˌfīd So frightened as to be unable to move. The hikers were petrified the moment they saw the mountain lion pounce from behind a bush. Comes from the Latin for “rock.”

macabre (adj.) məˈkäbrə Gruesome, involving blood and death. The macabre crime scene was surrounded by yellow tape. This is from the French danse macabre, or “dance of death.”

grisly (adj.) ˈgrizlē Gory, gruesome.

morbid (adj.) môrbəd

Grisly.

phantasmagorical (adj.) fanˌtazməˈgôrikəl Characterized by many suddenly changing images, as in a nightmare or hallucination.

horripilation (n.) hôˌripəˈlāSHən Goose bumps.

ACTIVITY 47 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 1. morbid and grisly ______ 2. macabre and phantasmagorical ______ 3. petrified and apprehensive ______

LESSON

48 Group Dynamics Many words relate to groups—whether you are in them, out of them, or hoping to be a part of one.

ostracize (v.) ästrəˌsīz To actively shun or exclude someone from a group. Once his friends found out that Max had been spreading false rumors about them, they swiftly ostracized him. In ancient Greece, the names of unpopular people were written on broken shards of pottery known as ostrakon, hence the word “ostracize.”

hierarchy (n.) hī(ə)ˌrärkē The existence of levels of power or status separating individuals. The company preached a flat hierarchy in which everyone could voice an opinion; in reality, the decisions were typically made by those at the top. From the Greek for “sacred ruler.” This word was first used to describe a ranking of angels.

schism (n.) s(k)izəm A major rift within a large group. After losing three consecutive elections, the political party underwent a major schism, with some no longer speaking to others. From the Old French for a “split” or “cleft” (think chin). Historically this word referred to the Great Schism of 1054 and other ecclesiastical rifts, but today it can be applied to any group.

banish (v.) baniSH To remove or drive out from a home or community.

clique (n.) klēk A group that is exclusionary.

coterie (n.) kōdərē, A group that has shared interests.

interdependence (n.) in(t)ərdəˈpendəns The reliance of those in a group on one another.

synergy (n.) sinərjē The quality of a group working together, in which the product is greater than the sum of the individuals.

ACTIVITY 48 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The individual of the group were not among the top in the organization, yet their _______________ was so remarkable that they won first place. 2. The group had long experienced serious internal conflict, so the _______________ surprised few. 3. Tae Kwon Do has a built-in _______________ based on the color of one’s belt, all the way from novice (white belt) to master (black belt). Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 4. interdependence and synergy ______ 5. clique and coterie ______ 6. banish and ostracize ______

LESSON

49 Governmental Words Many words in English describe governments and, perhaps not surprisingly, many are negative.

beneficent (adj.) bəˈnefəsənt Promoting good. The queen was beneficent, always redistributing wealth to ensure a higher quality of living among her people. From the Latin ben- “for good.” The noun form of the word is beneficence.

oppressive (adj.) əˈpresiv Overpowering, tyrannical. After years of relative beneficence, the government became oppressive the moment citizens began to demand more freedoms. Comes from the Latin for “pressed against.” This word can also describe weather (e.g., oppressive heat and humidity) or moods (e.g., a feeling of oppressive apprehension).

despot (n.) despət A ruler who treats people harshly. The twentieth century will be ed in part for its despots—those who rule with complete power, murdering scores of civilians at a whim. From the Greek for “absolute ruler.” Tyrant, dictator, and autocrat are related words, and can have the same connotation of cruelty.

autocratic (adj.) ôdəˈkradik

Ruling with sole power.

subjugate (v.) səbjəˌgāt To make submissive.

tyrant (n.) tīrənt A ruler who governs with complete power and often cruelly.

ACTIVITY 49 Unscramble the word and define: 1. rantyt ______________________________ 2. posted ______________________________ 3. coatauctir ______________________________ 4. justbegua ___________________________

LESSON

50 Words of Scale We earlier examined words describing amount. Now we look at words expressing size, from the tiniest to the most enormous.

behemoth (n.) bəˈhēməTH Anything extremely large. The one-time small company had grown into a behemoth, competing (and often dominating) in more than a dozen markets. This comes from the Hebrew for “beast.” This word shows up in the Old Testament and while some believe it refers to a mythological beast, others believe that it might actually refer to an elephant, or even a hippopotamus.

diminutive (adj.) dəˈminyədiv Very tiny. Though she cut a diminutive figure, not an inch over five feet tall, the governor mustered the authority of a hundred generals. From the Latin for “diminished.” This word can also describe words that have a suffix added to them suggesting smallness, as in the -let in booklet.

prodigious (adj.) prəˈdijəs Great in degree or extent. Catherine’s memory was prodigious: She could recite dozens of epic poems by heart. The Latin and French predecessors of this word meant “ominous,” a slightly negative connotation. Immense and vast are two related words.

immense (adj.) iˈmens Large and vast.

gargantuan (adj.) gärˈgan(t)SH(o

)ən Tremendous in size, volume, or degree.

colossal (adj.) kəˈläsəl Bulk of an astonishing degree.

Lilliputian (adj.) liləˈpyo

SH(ə)n

Extremely small.

ACTIVITY 50 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. immense and prodigious ______ 2. behemoth and Lilliputian ______ 3. colossal and gargantuan ______

LESSON

51 How’s It Going? Life can throw you lemons or lemonade. Below are words that describe the various ups and downs of life.

travail (n.) ˈtraˌvāl Pain and difficulty related to work. Sandy did not anticipate the travail that came from being in the constant limelight, wishing that fans would leave her alone. This word comes from Latin for “a torture device involving three stakes.” The word travel, which for many conjures up sandy beaches and hammocks, is derived from travail; at one time, travel involved laborious journeys by carriages along dangerous routes.

arduous (adj.) ˈärjo

əs Involving intense effort and difficulty. Though the map showed the top of the peak as only a mile away, it did not indicate just how arduous the ascent would be. From the Latin for “steep.” Arduous can be used in any context, not just mountains.

halcyon (adj.) halsēən Calm, happy. For many, the 1920s were halcyon days, at least compared to the travails brought on by the Great Depression. This word comes from Greek mythology and describes a large bird that, by merely flapping its wings, calmed the ocean waters. Halcyon is often coupled with days; it originally described the 14 days of winter when the waters off

Greece were the calmest.

tumultuous (adj.) t(y)o

ˈməlCHo əs

Chaotic and disorderly.

turbulent (adj.) tərbyələnt Marked by disorder.

tribulation (n.) tribyəˈlāSH(ə)n Difficulty, hardship.

vicissitude (n.) vəˈsisəˌt(y)o

d The inevitable ups and downs of life.

ACTIVITY 51 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, or “NR” if they are not related: 1. turbulent and tumultuous ______ 2. arduous and halcyon ______ 3. travail and vicissitude ______ Write the word that completes each sentence: 4. She had experienced triumphs and defeats, she had seen halcyon days and turbulent days, in a decade of _______________. 5. One bad thing after another befell Peter, and he lamented this constant barrage of _______________.

LESSON

52 Attention to Detail Do you inspect every nook and cranny, or do you just go with the flow?

quibble (v.) kwibəl To raise trivial objections. Though Bobby was able to hit home runs with ease, the coach continued to quibble over his stance. Comes from the Latin for “petty objection.” This word can also be a noun, meaning “a small objection, usually over something trivial.”

cursory (adj.) kərs(ə)rē Not thorough. Even a cursory examination by the border patrol revealed that the man was carrying banned produce. From the Latin for “runner.” A good way to this word is to think of a cursor, which is the blinking (often vertical) line when you are typing on the computer. It doesn’t stay solid for a long time before it blinks again. Likewise, something that is cursory doesn’t stick around for a long time.

fastidious (adj.) faˈstidēəs Extremely attentive to detail, to the point of being nitpicky. He was fastidious about his hair, habitually spending an hour each day fussing with the part. This word comes from the Latin for “loathing.” It can also be traced back to disagreeable and disgusted.

scrutinize (v.) skro

tnˌīz To examine very carefully.

slipshod (adj.) slipˌSHäd Careless, typically in the way something is put together.

meticulous (adj.) məˈtikyələs Attentive to detail, but without the negative connotation of fastidious.

persnickety (adj.) pərˈsnikədē Nitpicky, fastidious.

perfunctory (adj.) pərˈfəNG(k)t(ə)rē Not paying attention to detail, going through the motions.

ACTIVITY 52 Write the word that completes the sentence: 1. Martin gained a reputation for being _______________, always finding something to _______________ about if everything wasn’t 100 percent tidy. (2 possible answers) 2. Many do homework in a way that is _______________, completing the assignment but putting little heart into it. 3. The building codes were lax, so the building was constructed in a ___________ manner. 4. Ever the fastidious editor, Carol would _______________ text, knowing that inevitably an error would jump off the page. 5. The teacher was always pressed for time and could rarely give little more than a _______________ examination of each student’s assignment.

LESSON

53 The Facts of Life The following words cover birth to death—and everything in between.

juvenile (n.) jo

vəˌnīl

A young person. He was still a juvenile and therefore couldn’t sign the court papers. From the Latin for “young person.” The word can also be used as an adjective, as in the phrase juvenile delinquent, which refers to a young person who commits a minor crime.

senile (adj.) sēˌnīl Having deteriorating abilities as a result of old age. Even at the age of 90, Mr. Perkins was far from senile, his razor wit undiminished. From the Latin for “old man.” The sen- shows up in the word senior, which can be used to describe somebody who is old (as in senior citizen) or can be a noun for an old person.

embryonic (adj.) embrēˈänik In the earliest stages, not yet fully formed. His travel plans are at best embryonic: All he knows is that he’s taking three weeks to travel somewhere in Asia. Comes from the Latin for “embryo.” Rudimentary and the less common inchoate are synonyms.

geriatric (adj.) jerēˈatrik

Relating to old age.

fledgling (adj.) flejliNG Young, novice, inexperienced.

callow (adj.) kalō Immature, usually referring to a young, inexperienced person.

moribund (adj.) môrəˌbənd Near death, dormant.

chrysalis (n.) krisələs A protective stage of development.

ACTIVITY 53 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Given that symphony halls across the country are shutting down, many argue that classical music is becoming _______________. 2. Business school was a _______________ for Rick, where he learned the skills that would help him become a successful CEO years later. 3. The dog had become _______ and struggled to find its way home. Provide the word for the given definition: 4. young, inexperienced (2 possible answers) = _______________ 5. relating to old age = _______________ 6. a young person = _______________

LESSON

54 It’s Debatable The art of argumentation is more than just a series of heated exchanges. Below are words that capture the breadth and subtlety of debate.

concede (v.) kənˈsēd To it that another person’s argument or point of view has some validity. Though Sarah didn’t agree at all with Bill’s political stance, she had to concede that on a few points he was right. Comes from the Latin com-, meaning “with” and cedere, meaning “yield.” The noun form of the word is concession (though do not confuse this with a concession, which is a food and refreshment stand at some larger venues).

maintain (v.) mānˈtān To state strongly. The authors of the study maintain that the brain continues to grow well into adulthood. From Latin for “to hold in the hand.” Maintain also means “to sustain” or “to keep something functioning.”

parry (v.) parē To block or ward off an attack. Despite the many counter-objections her opponent made, Flora parried each with pizzazz. This word is from the French for “to ward off” and is a term used in fencing, when the opponent’s foil (saber) is blocked. When used in a verbal context, parry is similar to the words evade and sidestep.

forensics (n.) fəˈrenzik Scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime.

riposte (n.) riˈpōst A quick (usually witty) verbal reply.

unassailable (adj.) ənəˈsāləb(ə)l Immune to attack.

ACTIVITY 54 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. immune to attack = _______________ 2. a quick (usually witty) verbal reply = _______________ 3. scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime = _______________ 4. to block or ward off an attack = _______________ 5. to state strongly = _______________

LESSON

55 It’s a Party! A party can make one person get a little out of control while another hides in the corner. The following words describe some of the points along that broad spectrum.

affable (adj.) afəb(ə)l Friendly and outgoing. In public, Greg was affable and always eager to meet people. From Old French for “to speak.” Two good synonyms to know are amiable and congenial.

inebriated (adj.) iˈnēbrēˌātəd Drunk. The high school reunion was full of old, inebriated men. This comes from the Latin for “to intoxicate.” This word is typically used casually, whereas intoxicated is used in a clinical context.

retiring (adj.) rəˈtī(ə)riNG Timid and preferring to be alone. Whenever the lights dimmed and the music started thumping, Dexter became retiring, finding a corner and not moving for the duration of the party. Comes from the French for “to withdraw,” as in finding a safe place. In the context of a party, a retiring person could be called a wallflower.

extrovert (n.) ekstrəˌvərt A person who is naturally outgoing.

introvert (n.) intrəˌvərt A person who prefers to keep to him- or herself.

debauchery (n.) dəˈbôCHərē Extreme indulgence in pleasurable activities.

expansive (adj.) ikˈspansiv Outgoing and sociable.

ACTIVITY 55 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. a person who is naturally outgoing = _______________ 2. extreme indulgence in pleasurable activities = _______________ 3. drunk = _______________ 4. timid and preferring to be alone (besides introverted) = _______________ 5. friendly and outgoing = _______________

LESSON

56 Describing the Landscape From landscapes teeming with plants to an old, red barn, these words capture a variety of different landscapes.

verdant (adj.) vərdnt Green, usually because of lush vegetation. The March rains left the hills a verdant green. From the Latin for “green.”

rustic (adj.) rəstik Describing the charming aspects of the countryside. The property was rustic: A small red barn sat next to a verdant hillside, where cows grazed idly. This is from the Latin for “countryside.” Rustic can also be a noun for a person living in a rural area, though it is used pejoratively.

bucolic (adj.) byo

ˈkälik Describing the pleasant aspects of the country. Irene hopes to retire to a bucolic farm, where she can grow her own vegetables. From the Greek for “herdsmen.” Bucolic is a synonym of rustic.

inhospitable (adj.) inhäˈspidəb(ə)l Describing a climate that is harsh and unfriendly to life.

lush (adj.) ləSH

Luxuriant, abundant.

barren (adj.) berən Describing soil or fields in which nothing can grow.

pastoral (adj.) pastərəl Describing the charming aspects of the country.

idyllic (adj.) īˈdilik Describing a happy place or time.

ACTIVITY 56 Write the word for each definition: 1. describing the pleasant, charming aspect of the countryside (3 answers) = _______________ 2. green, usually because of lush vegetation = _______________ 3. characterized by abundance = _______________ 4. describing soil or fields in which nothing can grow = _______________ 5. describing a happy place or time = _______________

LESSON

57 It’s About Time (PART 1) The following words relate to some aspect of time, whether the shortest of intervals or the never-ending.

chronic (adj.) kränik Describing a problem or disease that is long-lasting. Chronic budgetary issues have resulted in roads riddled with potholes. From the Greek root chromos- meaning “time.” This word can also describe a negative personality trait, e.g., chronically late, and is also often used to describe ongoing medical conditions.

perennial (adj.) pəˈrenēəl Lasting for a long time or recurring over a long period. The perennial winners in professional sports tend to attract fans from all over the country. Comes from the Latin for “lasting through the year.” Unlike chronic, perennial does not have a negative connotation.

ephemeral (adj.) əˈfem(ə)rəl Not lasting a long time, short lived. Hit songs have an ephemeral life, hardly played on the radio a year after their initial release. Originally a Medieval Latin medical term meaning “a fever that lasted a day.” Poets sometimes use the mayfly, which lives for only a few hours, to symbolize the ephemeral aspects of life.

transient (adj.) tranzēənt Not lasting a long time.

perpetual (adj.) pərˈpeCH(o

)əl Going on and on, without end, seemingly forever.

interminable (adj.) inˈtərmənəb(ə)l Without end.

immemorial (adj.) i(m)məˈmôrēəl Originating a very long time ago.

evanescent (adj.) evəˈnes(ə)nt Fleeting, of short duration.

ACTIVITY 57 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. immemorial and perpetual ______ 2. evanescent and transient ______ 3. chronic and perennial ______ 4. ephemeral and interminable ______

LESSON

58 It’s About Time (PART 2) intermittent (adj.) in(t)ərˈmitnt Occurring on and off, but not at regular intervals. The rain was intermittent, falling in bursts one minute and then ea for a few minutes and even stopping altogether. From the Latin for “letting go between.” The word sporadic is a good synonym to know.

incessant (adj.) inˈses(ə)nt Describing something negative that is constant. Much to the teacher’s dismay, the two students chatted incessantly during class, even when he had moved them to opposite sides of the classroom. This comes from the Latin for “not ceasing.” Persistent is a more common word that means more or less the same thing.

sporadic (adj.) spəˈradik Occurring at random intervals. Well past midnight, sporadic explosions from fireworks jolted many awake just as sleep was approaching. From the Greek for “scattered.” Scattered and irregular are good synonyms.

erratic (adj.) əˈradik Highly irregular and unpredictable.

fitful (adj.) fitfəl Occurring intermittently.

desultory (adj.) desəlˌtôrē Lacking a plan, unfocused.

horology (n.) həˈräləjē The study of time and clock making.

ACTIVITY 58 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. desultory and incessant ______ 2. horology and erratic ______ 3. fitful and erratic ______ 4. sporadic and intermittent ______

LESSON

59 The Times They Are A-Changing Revolutions and riots have long led to a change in leadership. Here are a few words that capture this phenomenon.

turmoil (n.) tərˌmoil A state of great confusion and unrest. The prime minister’s sudden resignation threw the country into turmoil. The origin of this word is uncertain. Common synonyms include disturbance and agitation.

upheaval (n.) əpˈhēvəl A sudden, massive change. The economic upheaval of late 2008 led to the collapse of several large financial institutions. This word comes from Frisian, a language closely related to English and German. This word is also used in geology when referring to a sudden upward shift in the Earth’s crust.

junta (n.) ho

n(t)ə A military group that seizes power by violent means. Dictatorships are often the result of juntas in which a military general takes control and does not want to give up power. Comes from the Latin for “to .” This word also describes a sixteenthcentury legislative council in Portugal and Spain.

concord (n.) käNGˌkôrd

Agreement, harmony.

cataclysmic (adj.) kadəˌklizəmik Catastrophic.

usurp (v.) yo

ˈsərp To seize power, usually by violent means.

stasis (n.) stāsis A state of inactivity.

ACTIVITY 59 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The _______________ was able to _______________ power during a midnight raid on the palace. 2. The meteor that struck the Earth nearly 65 million years ago was _______________, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. 3. After the company’s president was arrested for income-tax evasion, days of _______________ followed, with the company’s future uncertain. 4. The two clans that had been at war for decades signed a treaty establishing _______________.

LESSON

60 Secondary Meanings (PART 1) The following words have secondary meanings that are not particularly common and might even surprise you. Rather than give you the word history of the original term, which wouldn’t help you the secondary definitions here, I’ve omitted the word history altogether.

flag (v.) flag To lose energy, tire. Around the two-hour mark, the audience’s attention began to flag, and by the third hour, half of them had walked out of the film. From Old English for “hanging loosely” or “drooping.” Another definition, and one that is also a verb, is “to mark something” (usually an item on a list) that requires attention.

beam (v.) bēm To smile fully, from cheek to cheek. When she heard she was getting a major salary increase, she couldn’t help but beam. Derived from Old English and meaning “ray of light.” Another definition, and one that is also a verb, is “to transmit a radio signal.”

hamper (v.) hampər To hold back or restrain. She still was able to lead her team to victory despite being hampered by a bad cold. This comes from the German for “restrain.” Hinder is agood synonym.

minute (adj.) mīˈn(y)o

t

Tiny, small.

graze (v.) grāz To touch slightly or scrape.

refuse (n.) refˌyo

s

Garbage.

appropriate (v.) əˈprōprēˌāt To take by force.

graft (n.) graft Corruption.

ACTIVITY 60 Match the word with its definition: 1. graze ______

a. corruption

2. minute ______

b. to smile fully, from cheek to cheek

3. hamper ______

c. to lose energy, tire

4. appropriate ______

d. to hold back or restrain

5. beam ______

e. garbage

6. graft ______

f.

7. flag ______

g. to touch lightly or scrape

8. refuse ______

h. to take by force

tiny, small

LESSON

61 Secondary Meanings (PART 2) harbor (v.) härbər To contain, conceal, give shelter. Jeffry had long harbored resentment toward his older brother, hiding it behind false smiles. Though the thesaurus lists words like nurture and foster, harbor is notably different because it can also refer to something negative.

tender (v.) tendər To offer up, usually something formal. He was so put off by the company’s culture that he tendered his resignation after only three weeks. Money is considered legal tender, meaning it can be offered up as a way of paying for something.

score (n.) skôr A large number. When the author revealed that she would release the final book in her trilogy, scores of people lined up outside the nation’s bookstores. Two other common words—raft and host—also have a secondary meaning of “a large number.”

weather (v.) weTHər To withstand something difficult.

wax (v.) waks

To increase in size.

temper (v.) tempər To soften the effect of something.

table (v.) tābəl To put aside for future consideration.

patent (adj.) patnt Glaringly obvious.

ACTIVITY 61 Match the word with its definition: 1. wax ______

a. glaringly obvious

2. table ______

b. to offer up formally

3. temper ______

c. to soften the effect of something

4. weather ______

d. to contain, conceal, give shelter

5. score ______

e. to put aside for future consideration

6. harbor ______

f.

7. tender ______

g. a large number

8. patent ______

h. to withstand something difficult

to increase in size

LESSON

62 Secondary Meanings (PART 3) refrain (v.) rəˈfrān To hold oneself back from doing something. Though Timmy couldn’t wait to eat his pizza, he refrained from doing so until the rest of his family was seated. This comes from the Latin frenum-, which is a bridle, or something that restrains. The noun form refers to the chorus of a song, specifically the repeated lines.

fleece (v.) flēs To cheat or swindle. It was only when Harry arrived at the theater did he realized he’d been fleeced: The tickets were fake and he was denied entry. From the Old English word for the wool coat of a sheep. The term fleece also refers to the coat of a sheep.

grouse (v.) grous To complain or grumble. The people at the bus stop groused in unison when a second packed bus ed them without stopping. This word is of uncertain origin, although it resembles a Normandy French dialect word for “grumble” or “complain.” A grouse is a large game bird.

telling (adj.) teliNG Revealing.

list (v.) list To tilt to one side.

becoming (adj.) bəˈkəmiNG Suitable, apt.

intimate (v.) in(t)əˌmāt To suggest subtly.

entrance (v.) entrəns To hold spellbound.

ACTIVITY 62 Match the word with its definition: 1. entrance ______

a. revealing

2. becoming ______

b. to hold oneself back from doing something

3. refrain ______

c. to cheat or swindle

4. intimate ______

d. to complain or grumble

5. grouse ______

e. to tilt to one side

6. fleece ______

f.

7. list ______

g. to hold spellbound

8. telling ______

h. to suggest subtly

suitable, apt

LESSON

63 Secondary Meanings (PART 4) start (n.) start A sudden movement. The sound of dishes crashing upstairs gave everyone a start. This word comes from the Old English for “jumping around.” This word can also be used as a verb. You have to rely on context to determine which start is being referred to.

check (v.) CHek To restrain, hold back. Unless the growth of weeds is checked, they are going to engulf the entire property. This meaning of check comes from an Old French word and harks back to the game of chess. It is still used in the game to this day. Check, as it is used here, can also be a noun, as in to keep in check.

flush (v.) fləSH To force something out into the open. The authorities flushed the criminals out of hiding by releasing attack dogs. From the Latin fluxus, which means “flow.” This word is traditionally used to refer to driving animals out of hiding.

involved (adj.) inˈvälvd Intricate and complicated.

qualify (v.) kwäləˌfī

To limit or restrict a statement.

fell (adj.) fel Evil.

arch (adj.) ärCH Playfully teasing.

ACTIVITY 63 Match the word with its definition: 1. intricate and complicated ______

a. fell

2. to limit or restrict a statement ______

b. arch

3. evil ______

c. to qualify

4. to restrain, hold back ______

d. start

5. playfully teasing ______

e. to check

6. a sudden movement ______

f. involved

LESSON

64 How Are You Feeling? exhilarated (adj.) igˈziləˌrātəd Extremely excited and happy. She was exhilarated when she found out she’d picked all six winning lotto numbers. This comes from the Latin for “make cheerful.” This word is similar to thrilled.

blithe (adj.) blīTH Carefree and happy. Caught up in their conversation, the two friends displayed blithe disregard to the fact that their midterm had already begun. This word comes from German for “joyous.” Somebody who is blithe is happy but at the expense of worrying about legitimate concerns. As such, this word can sometimes carry a slightly negative connotation.

ambivalent (adj.) amˈbivələnt Feeling both positive and negative feelings toward something. He was ambivalent on the first day of school: He was finally able to see his friends, but he would have homework every night. From the Latin, ambi- meaning “both” and valent meaning “side.” This word has long been a favorite of the SAT verbal section.

elated (adj.) iˈlātəd Extremely happy.

melancholic (adj.) melənˈkälik Sad but in a way that one indulges in that sadness.

dour (adj.) do

r Persistently glum and pessimistic.

morose (adj.) məˈrōs Sullen, gloomy.

saturnine (adj.) satərˌnīn Gloomy, surly.

ACTIVITY 64 Complete the word for the given definition: 1.

having mixed feelings = am_____ent

2.

depressed or gloomy = sa_____ne, mo___se

3.

constantly down = _ o _ r

4.

very happy = e_____ed

5.

carefree and happy = b____he

LESSON

65 Time Periods Time periods can be broken down into many different lengths. Here are a few you should know.

fortnight (n.) fôrtˌnīt A period lasting two weeks. Training for her first marathon, Sarah raced every day for a fortnight, increasing her distance each time. From Old English for “fourteen nights.” Fortnight has become old-fashioned and is not nearly as common these days as two weeks, when describing a fourteen-day period.

bimonthly (adv.) bīˈmənθlē Occurring once every two months. The magazine is published bimonthly, too infrequently for many of its fans. Bi- means two. A good way to distinguish this from semimonthly is to that bi- means “two” and semi- means “half” or “partly.”

semimonthly (adv.) semēˈmənθlē Occurring twice a month. The network used to have semimonthly broadcasts of bowling tournaments, until ratings became so low that they canceled the broadcast altogether. Semi- means “half.”

antediluvian (adj.) antēdəˈlo

vēən Extremely old or ancient (literally “before the flood”).

fin-de-siècle (adj.) fan də sēˈəkl(ə) Describing the period at the end of the nineteenth century.

crepuscular (adj.) krəˈpəskyələr Describing the evening.

ACTIVITY 65 Complete the word for the given definition: 1. describing the evening = cre_____ar 2. extremely old or ancient = ant____ian 3. describing the time period before the nineteenth century = f__-de-s__e 4. occurring twice a month = _____mont___ 5. happening once every two months = _____mont___ 6. a period lasting two weeks = fo____ht

LESSON

66 Flavor Words that relate to flavor, from bland to delectable, often apply in more general contexts as well.

insipid (adj.) inˈsipid Lacking flavor, dull and uninteresting. The critic found the movie insipid; the characters were two-dimensional and the plot predictable. From the French for “not tasteful.” Insipid can refer to beverages (e.g., the insipid coffee at rest stops) or a creative product (e.g., another insipid Top 40 hit).

vapid (adj.) vapid Lacking originality or stimulating ideas. Many find the 1980s vapid as far as entertainment goes; bloody action flicks, synthesizer rock, and laugh-track sitcoms predominated. From the Latin vapidus meaning “flat, insipid.” Originally this word was used to describe drinks lacking in flavor.

succulent (adj.) səkyələnt Juicy and tender. The restaurant was renowned for its succulent steaks. Comes from the Latin for “juice.” A succulent plant isn’t one that we eat but one that lives in arid environments and retains a lot of moisture in its leaves.

briny (adj.) brīnē

Salty.

acrid (adj.) akrid Bitter.

toothsome (adj.) ˈto

THsəm

Delicious.

palatable (adj.) palətəbəl Pleasant-tasting, agreeable.

ACTIVITY 66 Complete the word for the missing definition: 1. salty = b__ny 2. bitter = _c_id 3. delicious = t___hs__e 4. lacking flavor, dull and uninteresting = i_si_i_ 5. pleasant-tasting, agreeable = _al_t_b_e 6. juicy and tender = __cc_l__t

LESSON

67 Fun Expressing our amusement—or lack of it—these words take us from bored to bubbly.

ennui (n.) änˈwē Lack of stimulation and excitement. The newly married couple could not handle the ennui of the suburbs and soon moved back to the city center. Though this word comes from eighteenth-century French, it originates from the Latin for “it is hateful to me.” Even though the y is not pronounced, a good way to this word is to think of it as “yawn-we.”

stultifying (adj.) stəltəˌfīˌNG Lacking excitement because of tediousness. Dmitri was excited to start work at a major financial firm, but after a month of nothing but data entry, he found the job stultifying. From the Latin for “foolish.” Think of this word as a combination of boring and numbing.

effervescent (adj.) efərˈves(ə)nt Full of energy and liveliness. Harry was already energetic—after two cups of coffee he was downright effervescent. This word comes from the Latin for “boiling.” Effervescent also describes a liquid that is bubbling and fizzy.

diversion (n.) dəˈvərZHən A side entertainment or recreation.

buoyant (adj.) boiənt Upbeat and optimistic.

avocation (n.) avəˈkāSH(ə)n A hobby.

ACTIVITY 67 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He was _______________, practically bouncing off the walls. 2. Despite a struggling economy, the investors have remained _______________ and expect to make a huge profit. 3. Most people have at least one _______________ to the time while not working. (2 possible answers) 4. Working on an assembly line day in and day out can be _______________. 5. As summer break neared and the teacher had little left for the students to learn, an _______________ descended upon the classroom.

LESSON

68 False Friends (PART 1) Some words might have familiar-looking roots or even words in them, but the actual definition is not what you think. Because these words deviate from their original roots, their histories have been omitted.

insufferable (adj.) insəf(ə)rəb(ə)l Conceited, stuck-up. Larry was insufferable during trivia games, constantly reminding his teammates how much he knew. The first known use of this word was in the early fifteenth century, meaning “not able to be suffered.” While one definition of this word means “intolerable,” the other definition (not relating to the original root) is the one focused on here.

unconscionable (adj.) ənˈkänSH(ə)nəbəl Highly objectionable, unthinkable. The rogue government’s actions were unconscionable to the point that some claimed that genocide was taking place. This word does not relate to consciousness, but rather conscience, or knowing the difference between what is right and wrong.

impertinent (adj.) imˈpərtnənt Rude and poorly mannered. In many countries, it is considered impertinent to cut in line. Impertinent can also mean “not pertinent,” however, this usage is far less common.

immaterial (adj.) i(m)məˈtirēəl Not relevant.

inflammable (adj.) inflaməb(ə)l Easily catching fire, flammable.

unnerve (v.) ənˈnərv To frighten or cause one to lose confidence.

cogent (adj.) kōjənt Clear and persuasive.

ACTIVITY 68 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. flammable and inflammable ______ 2. cogent and unconscionable ______ 3. insufferable and impertinent ______ 4. unnerve and immaterial ______

LESSON

69 False Friends (PART 2) buttress (v.) bətrəs To provide for (a building) or to reinforce or strengthen an idea. The theory was buttressed by years of clinical research. Not related to something you sit on.

garish (adj.) geriSH Flashy in a cheap way. The garish jewelry—fake gold necklaces and silver rings—was part of his onstage persona. This word is not related to garrulous (talkative).

hapless (adj.) hapləs Unfortunate, unlucky. He was a hapless gambler at the racetrack, losing everything on a single, unlucky bet. Hapless does not relate to happiness.

panache (n.) pəˈnaSH Style, flair.

protean (adj.) prōdēən Able to take on many different forms.

fatuous (adj.) faCHo Silly and idiotic.

əs

ACTIVITY 69 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Throughout his career the actor has been _______________, able to adapt to almost any role. 2. The comment was _______________ because it added nothing and was quite silly. 3. The pianist plays with _______________, often lifting his hands high in the air and having them land just in time. 4. The medicine’s efficacy was _______________ by numerous clinical studies. 5. Gary seems generally _______________, as one bad thing after another happens to him. 6. The downtown area was lit up with 1,000 flashing neon lights, giving a _______________ appearance.

LESSON

70 Color Words We all know our yellow from our green, our blue from our red. But there are other far less common color words that also pop up in English.

cerulean (adj.) səˈro

lēən

Sky blue. Her eyes were light green, but the colored lenses made them appear cerulean. From the Latin for “sky blue.” The cerulean warbler is a small songbird that is colored (you guessed it!) cerulean.

chartreuse (adj.) SHärˈtro

z

Yellowish green. The stained-glass windows were a mix of chartreuse and burgundy. Chartreuse comes from the name of a liqueur made in a French monastery. The highest quality chartreuse was a pale, apple green.

mauve (adj.) mōv, môv Pale purple. In the morning light, the clouds dotting the horizon were little daubs of mauve. Originally from the Latin for “mallow,” a plant with purple flowers.

azure (adj.) aZHər Bright blue (similar to cerulean).

alabaster (adj.) aləˌbastər Pale white, with a translucent appearance (can be used to describe skin).

taupe (adj.) tōp Grayish brown.

puce (adj.) pyo

s Dark reddish-purple (like an eggplant).

ACTIVITY 70 Match the word with its definition: 1. taupe ______

a. pale white

2. azure ______

b. sky blue

3. alabaster ______

c. bright blue

4. chartreuse ______

d. reddish purple

5. cerulean ______

e. grayish brown

6. mauve ______

f.

7. puce ______

g. yellowish green

pale purple

LESSON

71 Colorful Words This lesson features common colors that take on a different definition when combined with words that simply describe colorful people.

maroon (v.) məˈro

n To abandon in an isolated place. He found himself marooned in the middle of Manhattan, his wallet missing and his family thousands of miles away. This word comes from the French for “chestnut.” The color maroon is brownish red.

flamboyant (adj.) flamˈboi(y)ənt Describing showy behavior that tries to attract attention. The rock star was known for his flamboyant attire, wearing a purple leather suit, green-tinted glasses, and a top hat covered in diamonds. From the French for “flaming.” Flamboyance is the noun form of the word.

blackball (v.) blakˌbôl To ban someone from a group or organization by means of a secret vote. After giving a speech while intoxicated, Barney was blackballed from the group of teetotalers. This word comes from an eighteenth-century voting procedure in which a black ball was placed in a ballot box to signal a nay vote. This word is similar to blacklist, which is a list (either literal or figurative) of those who have been rejected or barred from a group or organization.

blue (adj.) blo Depressed, sad.

outlandish (adj.) outˈlandiSH Bizarre in appearance or behavior.

ruddy (adj.) rədē Red, usually when describing a person’s face.

purple (adj.) pərpəl Describing writing that tries to be too elaborate and fancy.

cynosure (n.) sīnəˌSHo

(ə)r The center of attention, whether a person or thing.

ACTIVITY 71 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. When it was cold outside, his face became _______________, and his friend joked that he looked like a beardless Santa. 2. The editor omitted large sections of the prose that were too _______________. Complete the word for each definition: 3. the center of attention = _yn__ure 4. to ban someone from a group or organization by means of a secret vote = __ackba___ 5. describing showy behavior that tries to attract attention = _la_b__ant

LESSON

72 Spending Words Whether you pinch pennies or spend money as soon as you get it, the words below will have you covered.

frugal (adj.) fro

gəl Wise with money, thrifty. She only had a tiny amount of money to spend each week so was forced to be frugal. From the Latin for “fruit.” The noun form of the word is frugality.

magnanimous (adj.) magˈnanəməs Generous and kind, likely to forgive. Despite the fact that his son had squandered his money, the father remained magnanimous and continued to believe that his son would one day become frugal. Comes from the Latin for “large spirit.” Though it doesn’t really roll off the tongue very easily, it is good to know that the noun form of this word is magnanimity.

munificent (adj.) myo

ˈnifəsənt

Very generous and giving. The aunt was munificent, providing large sums to pay for the tuition for her three nieces. From the Latin munus- meaning “gift.” The noun form—​munificence—is a synonym of the word largesse.

miserly (adj.) mīzərlē Penny pinching.

parsimonious (adj.) pärsəˈmōnēəs Miserly.

largesse (n.) lorˈZHes Generosity in giving gifts, or the actual gift itself.

economical (adj.) ekəˈnämik(ə)l Frugal, not using more than is necessary.

ACTIVITY 72 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Their grandfather was _______________ throughout his life, always buying what was cheapest. (3 possible answers) 2. Her writing was _______________, never employing an unneeded word. 3. Grandma was generally frugal, but come Christmas time she was known for her _______________, showering gifts on the entire family. (2 possible answers) 4. Despite all the times her younger brother had let her down, Sheila was _______________ and never held a grudge against him.

LESSON

73 Let’s Party Some make the pursuit of pleasure a lifestyle. Others simply overdo it.

hedonist (n.) hēdənəst One who pursues pleasure as the main goal in life. The music festival was a hedonist’s dream: a three-day party on white sand beaches. From a Greek school of thought that the pursuit of pleasure is the meaning of life. An antonym to hedonist is ascetic.

prodigal (adj.) prädəgəl Spending money recklessly. Without good financial planning, some celebrities become prodigal, squandering millions in a matter of years. From the Latin for “lavish.” Many familiar with the Bible know this word because of the story of the prodigal son, who squandered his money on a life of gambling and lavishness.

sybarite (n.) sibəˌrīt A person who indulges in highly luxurious and sensual things. A sybarite could easily spend all day at a spa, getting one luxurious treatment after another. From an ancient city in Greece—Sybaris—where the inhabitants devoted themselves to a life of luxury. The adjective form of this word is sybaritic.

spendthrift (n.) spen(d)ˌTHrift

A person who wastes money.

profligate (adj.) präfləgət Extremely wasteful with resources (not just money).

epicurean (adj.) epəkyəˈrēən Devoted to a life of pleasure but with a tendency for the refined.

ACTIVITY 73 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He might not be a _______________, but he certainly liked to pamper himself at the spa from time to time. (2 possible answers) 2. The government was _______________, driving up the national debt even higher. (2 possible answers) 3. Many rock star biographies follow a similar narrative arc—years of _______________ behavior and wild living followed by years of quiet reflection. 4. He was a true _______________ and could never seem to hold on to his money.

LESSON

74 Words from the Body Our bodies have begotten a surprising number of words that have interesting secondary definitions.

hamstring (v.) hamˌstriNG To make powerless. The committee was hamstrung by severe budget cuts and unable to institute many of the planned changes. This word is derived from the tendon in the back of the knee; when it was cut, the person or animal would be unable to walk. The past tense of this word is hamstrung, not hamstringed, the latter of which is not a word.

aquiline (adj.) akwəˌlīn Describing a person’s nose that is hooked like an eagle’s beak. Despite his prominent aquiline nose, the actor was still seen as a heartthrob. From the Latin for “eagle.” Technically this word is not from our body, but describes a part of our body.

sanguine (adj.) saNGgwən Cheerfully optimistic. With the sudden economic downturn, recent college grads are not sanguine about their job prospects. From the Latin for “blood”; it was thought that when someone was optimistic, blood rushed to their cheeks. Like choleric and bilious, this word comes from the “humors,” bodily fluids the Greeks imagined coursed through our body. Their specific balance resulted in personality traits. The fourth humor, phlegm, gives us the word phlegmatic.

choleric (adj.) kälərik Easily angered.

bilious (adj.) ˈbilyəs Bad tempered.

sartorial (adj.) särˈtôrēəl Relating to a tailor or tailored clothes.

ACTIVITY 74 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “R” if they are related, and “NR” if they are not related: 1. sartorial and hamstring ______ 2. bilious and choleric ______ 3. sanguine and sartorial ______ 4. aquiline and hamstring ______

LESSON

75 Words from Myth Greek mythology is a rich source of many interesting English words.

narcissist (n.) närsəsəst One overly concerned with the way one looks or is perceived. He is a narcissist and will spend hours in his room taking selfies, looking for the perfect angle. In Greek myth, Narcissus was a young man so taken with the beauty of his own reflection in a pond that he fell headfirst into the water. Narcissism is also a psychological disorder in which a person is so obsessed with themselves that they have difficulty forming genuine connections with others.

herculean (adj.) hərkyəˈlēən Requiring great effort. For many, it required herculean effort not to return for a second helping of the delicious cheesecake. From Hercules, the Greek demigod known for his great strength. This word can also mean “very strong,” but this definition is not as common.

chimera (n.) kīˈmirə, kəˈmirə An illusion or unattainable idea. Achieving speed-of-light travel, despite what the movies tell you, is a chimera. In Greek myth, the Chimera was a monster with a lion’s head, goat’s body, and serpent’s tail. Two common phrases that are similar to chimera are pipe dream and castle in the air.

elysian (adj.) iˈliZH(ē)ən Like paradise.

apollonian (adj.) apəˈlōnēən Relating to people’s rational side.

dionysian (adj.) dīəˈnisēən Relating to people’s emotional side.

ACTIVITY 75 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. like paradise = _______________ 2. relating to people’s emotional side = _______________ 3. relating to people’s rational side = _______________ 4. one overly consumed with the way one looks or is perceived = _______________ 5. an illusion or unattainable idea = _______________ 6. requiring great effort = _______________

LESSON

76 Heavenly Words Whether we look up to the skies for literal or figurative inspiration, the heavens have long given us light—plus a few “divine” words to add to our list.

cherub (n.) CHerəb A healthy young child or baby with an angelic appearance. With his round, pink cheeks and locks of golden hair, the little boy resembled a cherub. This word comes from the Hebrew and describes the second-highest ranking of the angels in the Bible, below the seraphim. Cherubs are found throughout European art, and are often mistaken for plump babies, rather than angels.

sublime (adj.) səˈblīm Glorious, exalted. Mozart’s piano concerti are sublime, as though a higher being had dictated the notes to the composer. From the Latin for “up to the threshold”—presumably of heaven. Root-wise, sublime is related to subliminal, which describes something that our minds are completely aware of, though today the words have very different meanings.

cosmogony (n.) käzˈmägənē The study of and theories about the origins of the universe. The cosmogony of ancient people differed greatly from the modern notion of a “big bang.” From the Greek kosmos- (“world” ) and -gony (“creation”). When you hear

physicists (or, for that matter, anyone) discussing the Big Bang Theory, they are discussing cosmogony.

ethereal (adj.) əˈTHirēəl Heavenly.

seraphic (adj.) səˈrafik Describing somebody with an angelic appearance.

theodicy (n.) THēˈädəsē The belief that all the evil in the world has some divine, higher purpose.

empyrean (n.) emˈpirēən The heavens, sky.

numinous (adj.) n(y)o

mənəs

Supernatural.

ACTIVITY 76 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. the study of and theories about the origins of the universe = _______________ 2. glorious, exalted = _______________ 3. supernatural = _______________ 4. the belief that all the evil in the world has some divine, higher purpose = _______________ 5. a baby with an angelic appearance = _______________ 6. describing somebody with an angelic appearance = _______________

LESSON

77 Two-Faced Words The English language possesses some very confusing words named after the Greek god Janus, he of two faces: one sad and the other happy. The following words are examples of such two-faced words, with dual definitions that are almost opposite of each other.

cleave (v.) klēv To split apart or to hold closer together. The cook used the large knife to cleave the meat from the bone. The child cleaved to his mother’s chest as they made their way over the mountain .

sanction (v.) saNG(k)SHən To penalize, punish or to allow, authorize. The rogue regime was sanctioned by trade embargos from neighboring countries hoping to force the dictator out of power. There is only one specific game ball sanctioned by FIFA, soccer’s governing body. Interestingly, the sanction used is often determined by whether the context is domestic or international.

buckle (v.) bəkəl To fasten or to collapse. The racecar drivers buckled their belt harnesses to protect them in the event of a crash. The bridge began to buckle under the constant weight of thousands of cars each day.

re-sign/resign (v.) riˈzīn To sign again or to quit. The star re-signed his contract with the championship-winning team. The CFO resigned after it had been leaked to the media that he’d embezzled funds. Interestingly, to be resigned is to accept something that one doesn’t necessarily like (e.g., he was resigned to his fate).

ACTIVITY 77 Mark “T” for true and “F” for false: 1. buckle can mean “to secure” or “to collapse” ______ 2. resign can mean “to accept something unpleasant” or “to sign again” ______ 3. sanction can mean “to prohibit” or “to allow” ______ 4. cleave can mean “to enter” or “to depart” ______

LESSON

78 A Matter of Trust Whether you are generally trustworthy or wary of other’s intentions, English has many words expressing how easily you are duped or how adept you are at deceiving others.

naïve (adj.) nīˈēv Lacking in worldly experience, innocent of the true ways of the world. When the scammer called telling him he’d won a prize, Chester naïvely coughed up his credit card number. From the Latin for “natural.” The symbol of two dots over the letter i in naïve is called a dieresis and is used to show that there is a break between the pronunciation of the vowels i and a.

ingenuous (adj.) ˌinˈjenyo

əs Unaware, innocent, unpretentious. She was ingenuous at times, thinking that everyone was good at heart and no one would ever lie to her. Comes from the Latin for “native” and “inborn,” suggesting youth and lack of experience. This word is a combination of trusting and childlike.

subterfuge (n.) səbtərˌfyo

j Deception and trickery for a specific purpose. The spy’s subterfuge was elaborate; she lied to countless others about her origins to get closer to her target. This word comes from the Latin sub- (“below”) and fug- (“to escape”). Subterfuge is a synonym of duplicity.

conniving (adj.) kəˈnīviNG Scheming and conspiring to do ill.

disingenuous (adj.) ˌdisinˈjenyəwəs Pretending to be innocent and honest but actually knowing more than one acknowledges.

duplicity (n.) d(y)o

ˈplisədē Deceit, putting on a false face.

mendacious (adj.) menˈdāSHəs Not telling the truth.

legerdemain (n.) lejərdəˌmān Sleight of hand, deception.

ACTIVITY 78 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. mendacious and duplicitous ______ 2. subterfuge and ingenuous ______ 3. disingenuous and conniving ______ 4. naïve and legerdemain ______

LESSON

79 How Much Do You Know? Some seem to know everything, while others struggle to where they placed their keys.

savant (n.) saˈvän(t) A respected thinker and scholar. In the 1940s, Princeton was crawling with savants—Einstein and Oppenheimer, to name a few. From the French for “knowing.” A savant can describe a person who thrives at feats of memory while otherwise exhibiting intellectual disability.

neophyte (n.) nēəˌfīt A person who is new to learning something. She was a Microsoft Excel neophyte one day, fiddling with simple equations, and a virtual savant the next, working pivot tables. This comes from the Latin for “newly planted.” This word originally was used to describe those who were new to a religious order. Today, the word novitiate is more common when describing such a person.

polymath (n.) pälēˌmaTH One who is learned in a variety of different fields. Mike was a true polymath, able to talk about medieval history one moment and quantum physics the next. From the Greek poly- for “much” and math- for “knowledge.” The -math root pops up in the not-too-common word opsimath, which describes a person who learns something late in life.

novice (n.) nävəs Beginner.

maven (n.) māvən An expert.

greenhorn (n.) grēnˌhôrn A person new to a field of learning or activity.

sagacious (adj.) səˈgāSHəs Wise and clever.

tyro (n.) tīrō A person who is new to something.

ACTIVITY 79 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. She was a _______________, having triple-majored in college and picked up three graduate degrees. 2. He was a self-described fashion _______________, and his friends often consulted him for his expertise on the latest fads. Unscramble the word and define: 3. tory ______________________________ 4. vansat ______________________________ 5. ivcone ______________________________ 6. gonererhn ______________________________

LESSON

80 Money, Money, Money The following words cover the richest to the poorest and relate in general to the acquisition of money.

destitute (adj.) destəˌt(y)o

t Not having the basic needs in life. After the flood, the family was left destitute, their home no longer livable and their many belongings unsalvageable. From the Latin for “deserted and abandoned.” Synonyms include impoverished and penniless.

affluent (adj.) aflo

ənt

Wealthy. The homes perched on the hilltop represent the city’s affluent community. This word comes from the Latin for “flowing freely.” This word is often coupled with communities or areas.

cupidity (n.) kyo

ˈpidədē Excessive greed for money. He would do anything for money, his cupidity knowing no bounds. From the Latin for “desire.” We associate Cupid with love, not with money. Yet, cupidity and Cupid are similar in of desire.

lavish (adj.) laviSH Luxurious and costly in appearance.

opulent (adj.) äpyələnt Suggesting great wealth and luxury (describing a place).

avarice (n.) avərəs Greed.

penurious (adj.) pəˈn(y)o

rēəs

Impoverished or stingy.

impecunious (adj.) impəˈkyo

nēəs

Poor.

ACTIVITY 80 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The five-star hotel is truly _______________, its lobby fringed with actual gold. (2 possible answers) 2. Many driven by _______________ invested thousands of dollars, hoping to make millions. (2 possible answers) 3. His was a true rags-to-riches story, going from being _______________ to being _______________. 4. The brochures depicted _______________ accommodations (“fit for a king”), though in reality the hotel was run-down and nothing like the pictures. (2 possible answers)

LESSON

81 Political Words (PART 1) The world of politics has given us a bounty of intriguing words.

muckraker (n.) ˈməkˌrākər Writer whose work exposes corruption in business or politics. As long as there is duplicity in politics, there will be muckrakers with pens. This word comes from Pilgrim’s Progress, a seventeenth-century literary work describing one who rakes filth. Later Theodore Roosevelt used this term to describe those journalists who expose corruption in society. A muckraker is another way of saying investigative journalist.

incumbent (n.) inˈkəmbənt One currently holding a political office. In the United States, a sitting president can be reelected as an incumbent only once, since no president can serve more than two . From the Latin to “lie on top.” As an adjective, incumbent has a secondary meaning, describing a duty or responsibility that is necessary for someone to do.

gerrymander (v.) jerēˌmandər To break up political boundaries in an odd shape in order to give oneself or one’s party an electoral edge. The only way the incumbent can get reelected is if they seriously gerrymander the place. Named after Vice President Elbridge Gerry, who divided up his district in Massachusetts into electoral zones that would ensure his victory. The resulting shape happened to be similar to that of a salamander.

canvass (v.) kanvəs To go about (usually on foot) asking for people’s votes.

inaugurate (v.) iˈnôg(y)əˌrāt To signal, usually with a ceremony, the beginning of a person’s term.

barnstorm (v.) bärnˌstôrm To make a rapid tour through rural areas for the purpose of acquiring votes.

mudslinging (n.) mədˌsliNGiNG The act of insulting or defaming a political opponent.

interregnum (v.) in(t)ərˈregnəm The period between one ruler leaving office and another taking over, or a slight pause in the government if a person in power is voted in for another term.

ACTIVITY 81 Match the word with its meaning: 1. barnstorm ______

a. the act of insulting or defaming a political opponent

2. interregnum ______

b. to signal the beginning of a person’s term in office

3. incumbent ______

c. to go about asking for people’s votes

4. mudslinging ______

d. one currently holding a political office

5. inaugurate ______

e. the period between one ruler leaving office and another taking over

6. canvass ______

f.

to make a rapid tour through rural areas for the purpose of acquiring votes

LESSON

82 Political Words (PART 2) partisan (n.) ˈpärtəzən One loyal to a group or a political party. He had been a partisan of the Democratic Party for years but now identifies as an Independent. From the Latin for “part.” A nonpartisan is one who tries to refrain from ing any one party.

filibuster (v.) filəˌbəstər To engage in deliberate stalling practices so that a vote on a measure cannot take place. To prevent the vote to close the old lumber mill from taking place, the committee of lumberjacks filibustered. This comes from the word for “freebooter,” or a pirate. The most common form of filibustering is perhaps the giving of really long speeches (13 hours is not uncommon).

demagogue (n.) deməˌgäg A leader who manipulates the public’s emotions for his or her own ends. Demagogues tend to be gifted orators who can rouse a crowd’s emotions. From the Greek for “people” and “leading.” To engage in these kinds of practices is to engage in demagoguery.

lame duck (n.) lāmˈdək A president who, after the election of his successor, spends his time in office ineffectually.

politico (n.) pəˈlidikō Politician.

apparatchik (n.) äpəˈräCHik A blindly loyal official in an (often political) organization.

plenary (adj.) plenərē Describing a session attended by all of a governing body.

ACTIVITY 82 Match the word with its definition: 1. politico ______

a. to delay in deliberate stalling practices so that a vote on a measure cannot take place

2. plenary ______

b. a leader who manipulates the public’s emotions for his or her own ends

3. filibuster ______

c. a president who, after the election of his successor, spends his time in office ineffectually

4. demagogue ______

d. a blindly loyal official in an (often political) organization

5. lame duck ______

e. one loyal to a political party

6. partisan ______

f.

7. apparatchik ______

g. describing a session attended by all of a governing body

politician

LESSON

83 It’s a Rebellion! To start a rebellion or to squash one, these words have you covered.

insurrection (n.) insəˈrekSH(ə)n A violent revolution against a ruling body. The insurrections removed power from the King, thereby ending 40 years of oppressive rule. From the Latin for “to rise up.” Uprising is a synonym for insurrection.

quell (v.) kwel To put an end to unrest or insurrection, to suppress. Once the prime minister realized there was no way to quell the riots, he fled the country. From the Old English for “to kill” or the German for “to torture.” Good synonyms are squash, quash, and subdue.

foment (v.) fōˈment To stir up rebellion. Once the royal guard identified the person responsible for fomenting rebellion, the riots stopped overnight. This comes from the Latin for “to heat.” Instigate and agitate are two good synonyms.

insurgency (n.) inˈsərj(ə) nsē An ongoing revolt or insurrection.

agitate (v.) ajəˌtāt To incite a riot or cause a group to act violently.

seditious (adj.) səˈdiSHəs Describing behavior or action intended to stir up a revolt.

subversive (adj.) səbˈvərsiv Aimed at upsetting the current order.

ACTIVITY 83 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. seditious and subversive ______ 2. quell and foment ______ 3. insurgency and insurrection ______ 4. subdue and agitate ______

LESSON

84 Biblical Words The Bible has provided us with many noteworthy vocabulary words.

advent (n.) adˌvent The beginning of a major event or phenomenon. With the advent of television, the dominance of radio ended seemingly overnight. From the Latin for “arrival.” In Christianity, this word describes the month leading up to Christmas.

scapegoat (n.) skāpˌgōt A person or thing blamed for an offense it did not commit. Though Timmy was the one who ate the entire package of cookies, his twoyear-old brother made for a convenient scapegoat. This was from the book of Leviticus of the Old Testament, describing a goat that “carried” the sins of all the people and was cast into the forest. A colloquial phrase that has a similar meaning is “whipping boy.”

epiphany (n.) əˈpifənē A sudden realization or insight. After years working in a large corporation, Carla had an epiphany that she wanted to start her own business. From the Greek for “to reveal.” This is also a Christian celebration, starting on January 6, that commemorates Jesus appearing before the Gentiles.

idolatry (n.) īˈdälətrē

The worship of idols.

atonement (n.) əˈtōnmənt The making of amends for wrongdoing.

pestilence (n.) pestələns A widespread disease.

leviathan (n.) ləˈvīəθən A large beast, or figuratively any large organization that wields great power.

ACTIVITY 84 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The tech _______________ has become so powerful that it affects how people lead their lives. 2. A _______________ had swept through the southern part of the country, leaving many sick and some dead. 3. For missing their anniversary for three years running, Michael’s _______________ was to cook dinner for his wife for an entire month. 4. The _______________ of the smartphone has fundamentally changed the way we communicate with others.

LESSON

85 What’s the Big Joke? We all like to laugh. But there is more than one way of laughing. Humor has a spectrum of subtlety, so here are just a few to help describe what makes you chuckle.

chortle (v.) CHôrtl To laugh merrily and nasally. Taking a sip of tea, he chortled at her joke, spilling some of his drink. From Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, this word is a portmanteau of chuckle and snort. Lewis Carroll was fond of portmanteaus, coming up with a nonsense poem—“Jabberwocky”—that was full of them.

irreverent (adj.) iˈrev(ə)rənt Not showing respect during occasions that call for seriousness. Just as the esteemed speaker was getting to the moral of his story, someone in the audience let out an irreverent laugh. This word comes from the opposite of revere, or “to respect deeply.” The noun form is irreverence.

sardonic (adj.) särˈdänik Bitingly sarcastic and mocking, sneering. At the height of the crisis, the mayor tried to reassure the crowd that everything was fine, when one of his detractors bleated sardonically, “We’ve heard that before.” From Homer’s time, this word comes from a description of the residents of Sardinia. Make sure not to treat this word as interchangeable with sarcastic. Sardonic is a harsher form of sarcastic.

parody (n.) parədē An exaggerated imitation of something or someone for comic effect.

guffaw (v.) gəˈfô A loud, unrestrained laugh.

wry (adj.) rī Dryly sarcastic.

uproarious (adj.) əpˈrô´rēəs Extremely funny.

flippant (adj.) flipənt Not showing proper respect, irreverent.

ACTIVITY 85 Match the word with its definition: 1. flippant ______

a. a loud, unrestrained laugh

2. parody ______

b. extremely funny

3. sardonic ______

c. not showing proper respect, irreverent

4. uproarious ______

d. bitingly sarcastic

5. guffaw ______

e. dryly sarcastic

6. wry ______

f.

an exaggerated imitation for comic effect

LESSON

86 It’s No Laughing Matter What would laughter be without words to express the opposite? For moments of deep sadness or simply dignified behavior, the words below are nothing to laugh at.

grave (adj.) grāv Extremely serious. His expression was grave when he reported the people who’d gone missing. From the Latin for “heavy, serious.” Good synonyms are somber and grim.

lament (v.) ləˈment To mourn and wail, or to express deep regret. As an old man, he lamented all the opportunities he’d wasted while younger. This comes from the Latin for “wailing.” Rue and bemoan are two good synonyms to know.

decorum (n.) dəˈkôrəm The proper behavior or conduct, typically in a formal context. He ignored typical rules of decorum by wearing a T-shirt and jeans to the wedding. From the Latin for “appropriate.” The word indecorous is an adjective meaning “lacking decorum.”

dirge (n.) dərj A song usually accompanying a funeral.

propriety (n.) p(r)əˈprīədē Proper behavior or conduct.

disconsolate (adj.) disˈkäns(ə)lət So sad that one cannot be consoled or made happy.

elegiac (adj.) eləˈjīək Extremely mournful.

ACTIVITY 86 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. morose and disconsolate ______ 2. propriety and decorum ______ 3. dirge and lament ______

LESSON

87 Recognition Whether you are the most famous face on the planet or a person rarely recognized, these words have got you covered.

obscure (adj.) əbˈskyo

r

Not well known. Even the most famous of actors was once an obscure thespian hoping to make it big. From the Latin for “dark.” Obscure can also describe knowledge that few possess; in this sense, a synonym is esoteric.

illustrious (adj.) iˈləstrēəs Well known, famous for positive achievements. She was one of the most illustrious figures in Hollywood during the 1940s, known by all. This word comes from the Latin for “bright.” Eminent and prominent are two synonyms for illustrious.

nonentity (n.) näˈnen(t)ədē An unknown person, one lacking in importance. As the new kid, he felt like a nonentity for the first few months until he finally established his circle of friends. From the Latin for “nonexistence.” A nobody or a zero is another way to think of nonentity.

notoriety (n.) nōdəˈrīədē

A bad reputation.

fanfare (n.) fanfer Attention and adulation typically accompanying a famous person.

snub (v.) snəb To ignore, over.

cipher (n.) sīfər A person of no importance.

ACTIVITY 87 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. cipher and nonentity ______ 2. snub and illustrious ______ 3. nonentity and obscure ______ Write the word that completes each sentence: 4. Though she had waited the entire evening to see him, she felt _______________ when he looked away from her. 5. Everywhere the Beatles went in the 1960s, they were greeted with _______________.

LESSON

88 Make Up Your Mind Can’t make up your mind, or do you just go with the flow?

irresolute (adj.) i(r)ˈrezəˌlo

t

Unable to make up one’s mind. When it came to choosing majors, he was irresolute, unable to choose between physics and music until his second year. From Latin for “not loose.” Vacillate is a verb meaning to go back and forth between two options—something one who is irresolute is likely to do.

obdurate (adj.) äbd(y)ərət Stubborn and not willing to change one’s mind. The obdurate child refused to get out of bed and get ready for school. From the Latin for “hardened into sin,” this word has lost the connotation of wrongdoing, and now simply means “stubborn.” Mulish, a word from an earlier lesson, is a good synonym for this word.

acquiesce (v.) akwēˈes To give in, albeit reluctantly. Though Jill really didn’t want to watch the latest horror flick, her friends kept pestering her until she finally acquiesced. This comes from the Latin for “to rest at.” The noun form of this word is acquiescence.

insubordinate (adj.) insəˈbôrd(ə)nət Difficult to control, rebellious.

impressionable (adj.) imˈpreSH(ə)nəb(ə)l Easily influenced.

amenable (adj.) əˈmēnəb(ə)l Agreeable and likely to go along.

pliant (adj.) plīənt Giving in easily to the will of others.

intransigent (adj.) inˈtransəjənt Unyielding, not budging in one’s position.

ACTIVITY 88 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. amenable and pliant ______ 2. insubordinate and intransigent ______ 3. obdurate and irresolute ______

LESSON

89 Something Wicked This Way Comes There are bad people, and there are nefarious people. There are also good people, and those who are irreproachable.

ruthless (adj.) ro

THləs Having no comion, merciless. The twentieth century was full of ruthless dictators who cared little for the lives of the people they ruled. From the archaic word ruth, which is related to rue, meaning “to regret.” Merciless and coldhearted are two synonyms for ruthless.

scrupulous (adj.) skro

pyələs Acting according to morality and good conduct. He was a scrupulous driver, always driving below the speed limit and always coming to a complete stop at every stop sign. Derived from the word scruple, which in Latin meant “pebble,” used as a metaphor for anxiety. Scrupulous has a second definition, meaning “paying careful attention to what one is doing.”

nefarious (adj.) niˈfe(ə)rēəs Extremely wicked and villainous. The movie featured a typical superhero, one who wanted to save the world from the nefarious plans of his nemesis. From the Latin for “wrong.” Nefarious characters from movies include Norman Bates (from Psycho) and the Joker (from the Batman movies).

irreproachable (adj.) iriˈprōCHəbəl Without fault.

incorruptible (adj.) inkəˈrəptəbəl Not capable of being corrupted.

diabolical (adj.) dīəˈbälikəl Evil, like the devil.

turpitude (n.) tərpiˌt(y)o

d Extremely immoral behavior, depravity.

ACTIVITY 89 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The candidate seemed _______________, and no matter how hard his opponents tried to dig for dirt, they came up short. 2. Throughout his career the judge would not accept bribes and was therefore considered _______________. 3. The man was publicly condemned for his _______________, and many believed that his actions were so immoral that he simply could not atone. 4. He was _______________ through and through, never once telling a lie. 5. The killer was _______________, showing no mercy to his victims.

LESSON

90 Are You the Boss or the Bossed? Are you the one in charge? Or perhaps you are climbing the ladder of respect and power? Learn some colorful words that address these topics.

kowtow (v.) kouˈtou To show meek and subservient behavior. The new employee kowtowed to upper management at every opportunity. This comes from the Chinese for “to knock head”; it originally referred to deferentially touching one’s head to the ground. This word is used more generally to describe any meek and subservient behavior.

imperious (adj.) imˈpi(ə)rēəs Extremely bossy and commanding, often without basis. The new chef, despite being less skillful than some of his staff, was imperious, barking out instructions to everyone in the kitchen. From the Latin for “command.” Dictatorial and domineering are two good synonyms.

supercilious (adj.) so

pərˈsilēəs Looking down at others disdainfully. Now a multimillionaire and no longer a scrawny teen, Philip went to his high school class reunion and eyed his former classmates with a supercilious expression. From the word for “eyebrow,” the definition comes from the fact that a disdainful look is often accompanied by an arched eyebrow. This word is synonymous with haughty.

deferential (adj.) defəˈrenCHəl Showing proper respect.

impudent (adj.) impyəd(ə)nt Cheeky and rude.

haughty (adj.) hôtē Arrogant, believing oneself to be better than others.

peremptory (adj.) pəˈremptərē Bossy and domineering.

ACTIVITY 90 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. supercilious and deferential ______ 2. haughty and imperious ______ 3. impudent and kowtow ______ 4. peremptory and imperious ______

LESSON

91 Commonly Confused Words These words are often thought to mean something else—in some cases the very opposite of their definition.

nonplussed (adj.) nänˈpləst Confused to the point of not knowing how to act. The players became nonplussed when the basketball got wedged in the rim, and they had to wait for the ref to knock the ball free. From the Latin for “not more.” Many people use this word incorrectly, thinking it means the exact opposite—calm, self-assured.

contrite (adj.) kənˈtrīt Expressing remorse and experiencing guilt. The defendant was given a lighter sentence because he was contrite, openly weeping in court when recounting the night of the crime. This comes from Latin, meaning “grind down.” This word is not related to trite, which describes an idea lacking originality. Contrite describes a person who feels guilty because of something he or she has done.

histrionic (adj.) histrēˈänik Melodramatic, hammy. The director’s histrionics were infamous—when a scene didn’t go quite the way he wanted, he would throw his chair, insult the actors, and often walk off the set. This comes from the Latin for “actor” and does not relate to history but theatrics.

confound (v.) kənˈfound To confuse or bewilder or to regard two different things as if they were the same.

ponderous (adj.) pändərəs Moving with great difficulty.

ACTIVITY 91 Write the word for the given definition: 1. moving with great difficulty = _______________ 2. to confuse or bewilder = _______________ 3. confused to the point of not knowing how to act = _______________ 4. melodramatic = _______________ 5. remorseful = _______________

LESSON

92 Words from Yiddish Yiddish is another language that has given English some particularly colorful words.

chutzpah (n.) ho

tspə

Nerve, effrontery. Even though the lecturer had politely asked the student to take his call outside, the student had the chutzpah to say it’s too cold out there. From the Yiddish for “cheekiness, impudence.” Audacity is a synonym for chutzpah and a good word to know.

klutz (n.) kləts A clumsy person. Her cast and crutches turned her into a total klutz, knocking over things every few seconds. This word comes from the Yiddish for “wooden block.” Klutz is typically used informally.

nebbish (n.) nebiSH A meek, ineffectual person. He was such a nebbish that it was hard for him to get a date. From the Yiddish for “poor thing.” Like klutz, this word is typically used informally.

schmaltzy (adj.) SHmôltsē Excessively sentimental.

kibitz (v.) kibits To chat, speak informally with someone.

shtick (n.) SHtik One’s routine, typically in a comic setting or the style of a particular person.

kvetch (v.) kəˈveCH To complain.

ACTIVITY 92 Write the word for the given definition: 1. one’s comedic routine or the style of a particular person = _______________ 2. excessively sentimental = _______________ 3. to chat with someone = _______________ 4. a clumsy person = _______________ 5. nerve, effrontery = _______________ 6. to complain = _______________

LESSON

93 Words from Other Languages English words are derived from a smattering of languages across the globe, including the following from Dutch, Turkish, Arabic, and more.

maelstrom (n.) mālˌsträm A situation marked by chaotic movement. Black Friday was once again a maelstrom of shoppers crowding the entryway, hoping for the best deal. From early Dutch, this word describes a whirlpool that supposedly existed somewhere in the Atlantic. Pandemonium is a synonym for maelstrom.

bazaar (n.) bəˈzär A marketplace, typically outdoors. She was able to find some exotic souvenirs at the bazaar. From the Turkish for “market.” Bazaar can also describe a fundraising event in which goods are sold.

clairvoyant (adj.) klerˈvoiənt Able to predict the future. The woman at the circus claimed to be clairvoyant, but her predictions were so generic that few believe she possessed such powers. This word comes from the French for “seeing clearly.” Unlike prescient, which implies a good sense of what the future is likely to bring, clairvoyant literally means “being able to read the future.”

saga (n.) sägə

A long, involved tale.

berserk (adj.) bərˈzərk Out of control.

mecca (n.) mekə A place that attracts many people.

hegira (n.) hejərə A mass exodus.

ACTIVITY 93 Write the word for the given definition: 1. able to predict the future = _______________ 2. out of control = _______________ 3. a situation marked by chaotic movement = _______________ 4. a marketplace = _______________ 5. a place that attracts many people = _______________ 6. a mass exodus = _______________

LESSON

94 Order and Leveling Whether describing the highest to the lowest, the first to the last, these words can come in handy.

mediocre (adj.) mēdēˈōkər So-so in quality, middle-of-the-road, not that great. Steve’s singing skills were mediocre, but what he lacked in vocals he made up for in onstage pizzazz. From the Latin for “middle of a mountain.” Middling and lackluster are two similar words.

cardinal (adj.) kärd(ə)nl First in importance, fundamental. The cardinal rule of our group is to let each person speak without interruption. This word comes from the Latin for “hinge.” Cardinals are a group of topranking officials in the Roman Catholic church who elect the pope.

penultimate (adj.) pəˈnəltəmət Second to last. Harold thought he didn’t make the team, but to his relief, he ended up being the penultimate player selected. From the Latin for “almost last.” Antepenultimate is the word meaning “third to last,” but it is rarely used.

abysmal (adj.) əˈbizməl

Extremely awful, really bad.

mundane (adj.) mənˈdān Commonplace, uninteresting.

nonpareil (adj.) nänpəˈrel Without equal, unrivaled.

ACTIVITY 94 Write the word for the given definition: 1. commonplace = _______________ 2. second to last = _______________ 3. extremely awful = _______________ 4. so-so in quality = _______________ 5. first in importance = _______________ 6. unrivaled = _______________

LESSON

95 Words from Science Words from science often have a second meaning that is useful to know.

catalyst (n.) katl-ist Something that speeds up the rate of change. By not giving up her bus seat, Rosa Parks was a catalyst for the Civil Rights movement. From the Greek word meaning “to dissolve.” As with fulcrum and entropy (see below) this word has a broader, figurative meaning, referring to anything that brings about something else (see sentence above).

fulcrum (n.) fo

lkrəm Something that supplies leverage for action. Constant reading is the fulcrum of a strong vocabulary. This comes from the Latin meaning “to prop up.” More broadly speaking, this word can refer to anything that plays an essential role or part in something else.

entropy (n.) entrəpē Disorganization, randomness. The school year had an entropic quality for Sarah; though organized and predictable at the beginning, it became increasingly chaotic and unmanageable toward the end. From the Greek for “transformation.” This word, broadly speaking, refers to a disorder or the lack of predictability.

hypothesize (v.) hīˈpäθəˌsīz To come up with an initial theory or explanation for something.

empirical (adj.) emˈpirikəl Based on what the senses can perceive.

centripetal (adj.) senˈtripətl Moving away from a center point.

irrefutable (adj.) irəˈfyo

təbəl

Unable to be disproven.

ACTIVITY 95 Write the word for the given definition: 1. unable to be disproven = _______________ 2. based on what the senses can perceive = _______________ 3. moving away from a center point = _______________ 4. something that supplies leverage for action = _______________ 5. to come up with an initial theory = _______________ 6. something that speeds up the rate of change = _______________

LESSON

96 Is It Everywhere or Anywhere? Some of these words describe the omnipresent, while others depict the opposite.

pervasive (adj.) pərˈvāsiv Describing something negative that is common throughout an area. Texting while driving has become increasingly pervasive. From the Latin for “to spread through.” A similar word is prevalent.

ubiquitous (adj.) yo

ˈbikwətəs

Appearing everywhere. The sight of somebody wearing headphones while walking down the street has become a ubiquitous feature of urban life. This comes from the Latin meaning “everywhere.” The noun form of this word is ubiquity.

ascendant (adj.) əˈsendənt Gaining influence. Many once-obscure figures are ascendant on YouTube, attracting millions of new fans each month. From the Latin for “climbing up.”

predominate (v.) priˈdäməˌnāt To be greatest in number or extent.

sparse (adj.) spärs

Not populated, scattered.

rampant (adj.) rampənt Describing something negative that is found everywhere.

rife (adj.) rīf Describing something harmful or negative that is widespread.

diminish (v.) diˈminiSH To become less.

ACTIVITY 96 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. rife and diminish ______ 2. predominate and ascendant ______ 3. sparse and pervasive ______ 4. ubiquitous and rampant ______

LESSON

97 Thou Doth Complain Too Much These words describe different levels of expressing dissatisfaction, whether one is begging for something to be done or simply complaining.

petulant (adj.) peCHələnt Moody, whiny. When his wishes were not immediately satisfied, the lead actor became petulant. From the Latin for “impudent,” which means “rude.” A synonym for petulant, and one common on some standardized tests, is querulous.

peevish (adj.) pēviSH Easily upset by trivial things. It was hard to go on a road trip with her because she was peevish, every few minutes finding something else to gripe about. This word comes from Middle English for “foolish” and “insane.” This word is related to the noun peeve, as in “pet peeve,” which is a specific dislike somebody has.

entreat (v.) enˈtrēt To plead. She entreated the guards to let her see her son. From the Latin word for “to handle.” Beseech and implore are two good synonyms to know.

supplicate (v.) səpliˌkāt

To beg for something earnestly.

remonstrate (v.) riˈmänˌstrāt To protest loudly.

gainsay (v.) gānˈsā To deny a statement or to challenge someone.

adjure (v.) əˈjo

r To earnestly ask or urge somebody.

ACTIVITY 97 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. adjure and remonstrate ______ 2. gainsay and supplicate ______ 3. beseech and implore ______ 4. entreat and peevish ______

LESSON

98 Nothing Is Going to Stop Us Now . . . or Is It? These words either energize us or hold us back.

thwart (v.) θwôrt To prevent someone or something from achieving a goal. The rain thwarted their attempt to reach the mountain peak before nightfall. From a Middle English word meaning “difficult to manage.” A good synonym is frustrate.

galvanize (v.) galvəˌnīz To stimulate or excite into action. The rescue team was galvanized when two injured people were pulled from the wreckage, and they began working with renewed intensity. This word is taken from the name of Luigi Galvani, an Italian scientist who used electric current to make the limbs of dead frogs move. Spur and rouse are two verbs with similar meanings.

stymie (v.) stīmē To block one’s progress. A lack of funds and volunteers stymied the effort to clean up the city center. The only word in this book that has its origins in the game of golf, a stymie occurs when an opponent’s ball blocks the hole. This word is typically used informally.

inexorable (adj.) inˈeksərəbəl Incapable of being stopped.

tonic (n.) tänik Something that invigorates or endows with sudden life and energy.

indomitable (adj.) inˈdämitəbəl Impossible to stop or defeat.

ACTIVITY 98 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. stymie and galvanize ______ 2. thwart and inexorable ______ 3. indomitable and tonic ______

LESSON

99 Spoils of War War has given us an extensive arsenal of vocabulary.

armistice (n.) ärməstəs An agreement between two warring sides to stop fighting. After both countries had lost tens of thousands of soldiers, an armistice was reached. From the French for “arms stoppage.” Truce and cease-fire are common synonyms.

entente (n.) änˈtänt An alliance between groups based on a friendly understanding. There is an entente between many prosperous nations today not to wage war against the other. This word comes from the French for “friendly understanding.” The Entente Cordiale was a 1904 agreement between England and to provide one another with assistance during wartime if necessary. This agreement proved significant during World War I.

cede (v.) sēd To give up or surrender. Since the early 1990s, rock music has ceded ground to hip-hop music, which has remained the dominant genre throughout the 2000s. From the French for “to yield.” When describing territory, cede is an antonym of annex.

accord (n.) əˈkôrd Harmonious relations between groups or countries.

annex (v.) əˈneks To acquire or add territory, typically when a more powerful country seizes land from a less powerful country.

maraud (v.) məˈrôd To raid and pillage.

martial (adj.) märSHəl Relating to war.

revanchism (n.) rəˈvänSHizəm The seeking of lost territory.

ACTIVITY 99 Write the word that completes the sentence: 1. Genghis Khan and his followers were known for _______________ villages. 2. The size of the country did not change much during the war, because though it was able to _______________ some territory, it also had to _______________ some to the enemy. 3. The two nations are marked by an _______________ that has led to decades of peace. 4. The _______________ was short-lived, and fighting soon broke out again. 5. The two nations had an _______________, so that if either were attacked by another country, the other would intercede.

LESSON

100 Are You Likeable? Whether you are friendly or grouchy or somewhere in between, there is a word to describe you.

cordial (adj.) kôrjəl Polite and warm, eager to accommodate. He was always given a cordial reception at the Stewarts’ home—until they found out he’d been spreading rumors about them. From the Latin for “heart.” The noun cordial is another term for liqueur.

aloof (adj.) əˈlo

f Distant, standoffish. Val, the only single person among the large group of couples, chose to remain aloof. This word has a nautical origin and describes a boat moving away from the shore and into the wind. It’s important to that the word aloof typically contains the element of distance. So if somebody is standing next to you, not engaging with you, aloof might not be the best word. But if a person is standing on the other side of the room from everybody else, looking away with their arms crossed, aloof is a good word.

misanthrope (n.) misənˌθrōp A person who hates other people and shuns their company. He might have seemed a misanthrope in public—always scowling when others tried smiling at him—but at home he was a doting father. From the Greek for “to hate man.”

congenial (adj.) kənˈjēnyəl Friendly and pleasant to be around.

amiable (adj.) āmēəbəl Friendly and pleasant.

abominable (adj.) əˈbäm(ə)nəbəl Despicable and loathsome.

odious (adj.) ōdēəs Worthy of hate.

curmudgeon (n.) kərˈməjən A grouchy, ill-tempered person.

ACTIVITY 100 Match the word with its definition: 1. worthy of hate ______

a. misanthrope

2. a grouchy person ______

b. cordial

3. despicable ______

c. odious

4. a person who hates other people ______

d. abominable

5. polite and warm ______

e. aloof

6. distant, standoffish ______

f. curmudgeon

LESSON

101 Hurtful Words English is full of words that mean “to harshly insult” or “to slander.”

lambaste (v.) lamˈbāst To criticize harshly. The coach lambasted the team for blowing a comfortable lead in the final quarter. From an Old English word meaning “to beat.”

acrimonious (adj.) akrəˈmōnēəs Describing relations or speech marked by extreme bitterness. What had begun as an earnest debate became so acrimonious that both sides were soon hurling insults. From the Latin for “bitter.” The related word acrid is commonly used to describe taste or smell, though it can also be used in a similar sense as acrimonious.

excoriate (v.) ikˈskôrēˌāt To criticize extremely harshly. Once it was revealed that the mayor had accepted bribes from an organized crime syndicate, he was excoriated in the press. This comes from the Latin “to tear the skin off of.” Excoriate can still be used to mean “to tear off the flesh,” though this usage is less common.

invidious (adj.) inˈvidēəs Causing resentment or envy.

aspersion (n.) əˈspərZHən A verbal attack on a person’s character.

rail (v.) rāl To speak out harshly and at length against.

inveigh (v.) inˈvā To complain, protest against.

vituperative (adj.) vəˈt(y)o

pəˌrātiv Describing words that are extremely harsh.

ACTIVITY 101 Fill in the missing letters to complete the word: 1. l___b___te 2. _ai_ 3. __per___on 4. __vid___s 5. ___tup___ive 6. in___gh

LESSON

102 How Pure? The meanings behind these words range from pure to impure.

immaculate (adj.) iˈmakyələt Perfect, free from any blemish. His resume was immaculate, except for the one year that he was unemployed. From the Latin for “stained.” The im- negates this. A good synonym to know is pristine.

defile (v.) diˈfīl To ruin something that is considered sacred. The bandits defiled the city’s sacred temple, spray-painting it red. From the Old French for “to trample upon.” This word can also mean “to impair the quality of something.”

adulterate (v.) əˈdəltəˌrāt To mix with something inferior, thereby tainting the original. In order to save money, the restaurant adulterated the freshly squeezed orange juice with frozen concentrate. This comes from the Latin for “corrupted.” Unadulterated means “pure, not mixed with anything bad.”

degrade (v.) diˈgrād To lower the quality of something.

sully (v.) səlē To damage the reputation, blemish, stain.

unblemished (adj.) ənˈblemiSHt Without any stain, perfect.

vitiate (v.) viSHēˌāt To corrupt or ruin the quality.

ACTIVITY 102 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. degrade and sully ______ 2. unblemished and vitiated ______ 3. adulterated and immaculate ______

LESSON

103 How Do I Express Myself? English has many words that describe sayings or expressions.

dictum (n.) diktəm A general expression or saying. A dictum among the gym goers was “no pain, no gain”—until one of them tore a muscle. From the Latin for “thing said.” A dictum can also be an official declaration.

platitude (n.) platiˌt(y)o

d A trite remark that offers no value but is often said in earnest. His aunt offered many platitudes, but the one she most often uttered was “everything happens for a reason.” This word comes from the French for “flat.” Platitude is one of the longest words in English in which removing the first letter results in a word with a totally unrelated meaning (platitude → latitude).

aphorism (n.) afəˌrizəm A concise saying. The self-help guru spoke in aphorisms—one day at a time, becoming is part of being—though by the end of his seminars, they sounded more like platitudes. From the Greek “to define.” A far less common word, but one that might show up on the GRE, is apothegm.

cliché (n.) klēˈSHā

An idea or expression that lacks originality.

maxim (n.) maksim A short saying.

precept (n.) prēˌsept A general principle or rule.

bromide (n.) brōmīd A platitude.

ACTIVITY 103 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. a short saying (2 possible answers) = _______________ 2. a general expression = _______________ 3. a general principle or rule = _______________ 4. an overused, unoriginal saying (3 possible answers) = _______________

LESSON

104 Getting Better or Getting Worse? The words below can explain both the lessening and the intensifying of bad things.

abate (v.) əˈbāt To lessen, as something negative or undesirable. The winds that had whipped up the forest fire finally abated. This comes from the Latin “to beat.” Abate is the opposite of the next word, exacerbate.

exacerbate (v.) igˈzasərˌbāt To make something bad worse. The jackhammer outside her window exacerbated her headache. This comes from Latin and shares a similar root as acerbic, which means “bitter.” Exacerbate should not be confused with exasperate, which means “to annoy.”

truncate (v.) trəNGˌkāt To shorten by cutting off the end. The teacher’s ionate discussion about the French Revolution was truncated by the class bell. From the Latin for “maimed.” Curtail is a good synonym to know.

escalate (v.) eskəˌlāt To increase in number or extent.

curtail (v.) kərˈtāl To reduce in number or extent.

assuage (v.) əˈswāj To make something less bad, soothe.

augment (v.) ôgˈment To increase.

cessation (n.) seˈsāSHən An end or interruption.

ACTIVITY 104 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Her hostile words will only _______________ the situation, and everybody will start arguing. (2 possible answers) 2. At first it was difficult to _______________ his anger, but eventually he calmed down. 3. By surrendering the most northerly part of its territory, the nation was effectively _______________. 4. The storm _______________ by morning time, though significant damage had already been done. 5. With a _______________ of hostilities on the horizon, the two nations looked ahead to a time of healing.

LESSON

105 It’s All About the Self These words are literally built around the “self”—though some are the exact opposite of selfish.

self-aggrandizing (adj.) ˌself əˈgranˌdīziNG Portraying oneself as highly important. Though his accomplishments were modest at best, the self-aggrandizing senator frequently dropped comments that he would run for president. This comes from the Latin for “large.” Aggrandize is also a word, though it is not nearly as common as self-aggrandize or self-aggrandizing.

self-deprecating (adj.) selfˈdeprəˌkādiNG Putting oneself down in a humorous and playful way so as to come across as modest. The concert pianist was self-deprecating about her virtuosity, telling others that anyone who’d practiced as much as she did was bound to be pretty decent. From the Latin for “to pray against oneself.” Self-depreciating is a synonym and very similar-looking word, though it is far less common.

altruistic (adj.) altro

ˈistik Putting others before oneself. The career of a firefighter is one of the most altruistic occupations, because every day these men and women risk their lives to save complete strangers. This is from the Italian for “somebody else.”

modest (adj.) mädəst Not bringing attention to oneself or one’s accomplishments.

selfless (adj.) selfləs Putting others’ needs before one’s own.

egotistical (adj.) ēgəˈtistək(ə)l Attaching great importance to oneself and constantly talking about oneself.

self-effacing (adj.) self əˈfāsiNG Focusing attention away from oneself.

self-abnegation (n.) self abnəˈgāSH(ə)n The total denial of oneself or bringing oneself down to a lower level.

ACTIVITY 105 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Mother Theresa was known for being _______________, always putting aside any selfish desires and offering up her life in service of the poor. (2 possible answers) 2. The author was so _______________ that he went into hiding whenever a book of his was about to be published. 3. Despite his remarkable talents on the lute, he was _______________ about his extraordinary performance, chalking it up to lots of practice. 4. He was known for his _______________ wit, always poking fun at himself. 5. Chester has not amounted to much, though he is terribly _______________, as you can tell by looking at all the photos on his social media homepage.

LESSON

106 Three-Letter Words Three-letter words are often overlooked on of their diminutive stature, but they can really pack a punch.

eke (v.) ēk To supplement or make last, to obtain in small quantity. The couple was forced to eke out their existence in a local shelter, asking strangers for spare change. This comes from Old English meaning “to increase.” This word is also used in sports, in cases where one team barely beats out the other, as in eke out an overtime win.

mar (v.) mär To damage the appearance or quality. She wanted to mar her rival’s reputation by creating a constant swirl of online rumors. From an Old English word meaning “to damage.” Unmarred, meaning “unblemished” or “untainted,” is also a relatively common word.

imp (n.) imp A naughty, misbehaving child. When the little boy went without a nap, he became an imp, throwing plates and glasses on the floor while cackling malevolently. In Old English, this word referred to the child of a devil. Impish is the adjective form of the word.

ire (n.) ī(ə)r Anger.

vie (v.) vī To compete.

woe (n.) wō Pain and anguish.

nub (n.) nəb The central point of an issue.

ACTIVITY 106 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. pain and anguish = _______________ 2. to compete = _______________ 3. a naughty child = _______________ 4. to damage the appearance or quality of = _______________ 5. to supplement or make last = _______________ 6. anger = _______________ 7. the central point of an issue = _______________

LESSON

107 Four-Letter Words Four-letter words are also commonly neglected.

char (v.) CHär To burn something just enough so that its surface turns black. Many prefer their meat a little charred, as long as the inside is still slightly pink. This word comes from charcoal. This is a word that likely becomes quite popular during the Fourth of July weekend.

pith (n.) piθ The essence of something. The pith of agnosticism is that, ultimately, there is no way of determining whether a higher being truly exists. Comes from Old English. The pith can also describe the inner rind of citrus fruits.

carp (v.) kärp To complain constantly over trivial matters. He carped at his colleagues, pointing out every small mistake they made. This term comes from the Latin for “to slander.” A carp is also a freshwater fish.

moil (v.) moil To toil away.

foil (v.) foil To prevent someone (typically bad) from achieving a goal.

curt (adj.) kərt Rude and abrupt, brusque.

deft (adj.) deft Skillful.

crux (n.) krəks The most important or central point.

ACTIVITY 107 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. to toil away = _______________ 2. to prevent someone from achieving a goal = _______________ 3. the essence of something = _______________ 4. rude, brusque = _______________ 5. skillful = _______________ 6. the most important point = _______________ 7. to complain constantly = _______________ 8. to burn something just enough so that its surface turns black = _______________

LESSON

108 Very Long Words These words are certainly memorable for their size—but often difficult to .

indefatigable (adj.) indəˈfatigəbəl Not giving up or tiring, unwavering. In his fight for Indian independence, Mahatma Gandhi was indefatigable— no amount of physical hardship or bullying could deter him from achieving this goal. Originally from a Latin word meaning “cannot be wearied.” This word could have also made the commonly confused word list because the in- and the desuggest a double negative, implying that this word is synonymous with fatigue.

infinitesimal (adj.) infiniˈtes(ə)məl Extremely small. To the unaided eye, the distance between some stars seems infinitesimal, though they may in fact be many light-years away. This is from a Modern Latin word meaning “infinitely small.” Yet another word that is commonly confused (and very long!), infinitesimal does not relate to infinity but the very opposite: something extremely minute.

commensurate (adj.) kəˈmensərət In proportion or relation to. The legal system is predicated on the idea that a sentence should be commensurate with the crime, with murder charges often bringing the harshest punishment.

From the Latin for “to measure with.” This word is typically used in formal contexts.

disenchantment (n.) disenˈCHantmənt The process by which one is stripped of one’s illusions.

prognostication (n.) prägˌnästəˈkāSHən A prediction or prophecy.

indemnification (n.) in’demnəfiˈkāSHən Protection from being sued or having legal responsibility in a matter.

unprepossessing (adj.) ənˌprēpəˈzesiNG Unattractive.

pulchritudinous (adj.) pəlkrəˌt(y)o

dənəs

Beautiful.

ACTIVITY 108 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. His _______________ that his son’s Little League team would win seemed farfetched, but in the end, they upset the best team in town. 2. His _______________ with the world of politics drove him to become a schoolteacher. 3. Is success a result of talent or is it _______________ with the amount of time and ion we invest? 4. Far from an _______________ voice in the school’s attempt to avoid a strike, he quickly backed down when his own job was at stake. 5. The differences between the designs of the two computers is _______________, so it won’t be surprising if a lawsuit is in the offing.

LESSON

109 Can You Feel It? These words describe relative states of density and tangibility, from solid to ethereal.

cumbersome (adj.) kəmbərsəm Difficult or awkward to carry because it is heavy. While many imagine knights to be efficient killers, one cannot help but think that with all their cumbersome armor, knights moved very laboriously. This comes from the archaic verb cumber, which means “to hinder” or “to obstruct.” Unwieldy is a good synonym.

palpable (adj.) palpəbəl Able to be touched, tangible. The excitement was palpable minutes before the diva took the stage. From the Latin for “to touch gently.” Palpable is typically used to describe an atmosphere or an emotion so intense that it’s as though one can feel it, whereas tangible describes something that can actually be touched.

gossamer (n.) gäsəmər Something very light and delicate. To the unaided eye, the millipede’s many legs were gossamer. Likely from “goose summer,” a time in late November when geese are eaten. Another definition of gossamer describes the fine, filmy substance out of which small spiders spin cobwebs.

indiscernible (adj.) indəˈsərnəb(ə)l

Unable to be seen.

insubstantial (adj.) insəbˈstan(t)SH(ə)l Light and delicate, not having solid form or strength.

intangible (adj.) inˈtanjəb(ə)l Unable to be touched, abstract.

translucent (adj.) transˈlo

snt Somewhat transparent so that light can shine through.

ACTIVITY 109 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. translucent and intangible ______ 2. insubstantial and gossamer ______ 3. impalpable and cumbersome ______ 4. indiscernible and palpable ______

LESSON

110 What’s All the Fuss? Some of these words illustrate conflict, whereas others describe the easing of such hostility.

fracas (n.) frākəs A loud commotion or argument. The fracas in the hallway between two feuding neighbors woke him up at one in the morning. From the Italian for “making an uproar.” Melee is a similar word, but it suggests more of an actual fight or scuffle, usually involving a group of people.

furor (n.) fyo

rˌôr A public outcry over something shameful. The furor over the Watergate political scandal led to the president reg. This comes from the Latin for “rage.” The British spelling of this word is furore (in case you happen to be reading any British writers).

détente (n.) dāˈtänt The lessening of hostility between nations. The détente between the two tech behemoths is likely the result of both having lost so much to each other in costly litigation. From the French for “relaxation.” This word should not be confused with entente, a mutual understanding between nations regarding their political relations.

hullabaloo (n.) ˈhələbəˌlo A big uproar or fuss.

ado (n.) əˈdo A fuss.

fiasco (n.) fēˈaskō Something that ends up a complete failure.

reconciliation (n.) rekənˌsilēˈāSHən The restoring of harmonious relations.

rift (n.) rift A sudden and often irreparable break in a relationship.

ACTIVITY 110 Provide the word with the given origin: 1. from the Italian for “uproar” = _______________ 2. from the Latin for “rage” = _______________ 3. from the French for “relaxation” = _______________ Unscramble the word: 4. doa _______________ 5. firt _______________ 6. eleme _______________ 7. cofias _______________

LESSON

111 What’s the Bright Idea? (PART 1) Some ideas are original, whereas others can be described by the words below.

derivative (adj.) diˈrivətiv Taken from another source, not original. The singer’s style is totally derivative, taking from every 1980s pop song he can think of. This word comes from the Latin for “downstream.” This word usually refers to ideas or creative products, especially art and music.

orthodox (adj.) ôrTHəˌdäks Following or conforming to what is accepted as the standard. Since he didn’t like offending anyone, he always expressed the orthodox views on most subjects. From the Latin ortho- for “straight” (as in orthodontist, a teeth straightener) and dox- meaning “opinion.”

pedestrian (adj.) pəˈdestrēən Lacking imagination or originality. Until they won the lottery and traveled the world, they had led pedestrian lives. From the Latin for “going on foot” (giving us the common definition) and also from the Latin for “resembling prose” (giving us the less common definition explained here). This word is similar to prosaic in two ways: It is a synonym and is also derived from the word prose.

banal (adj.) bəˈnäl, bəˈnal Lacking originality.

hackneyed (adj.) haknēd Lacking originality.

trite (adj.) trīt Lacking originality.

prosaic (adj.) prəˈzāik Lacking beauty.

quotidian (adj.) kwōˈtidēən Occurring daily, commonplace.

ACTIVITY 111 Fill in the missing letters to complete the word and give the definition: 1. _rit_ _______________ 2. ha____yed _______________ 3. ___sai_ _______________ 4. b_n_l _______________ 5. __otid__n _______________ 6. ___estria_ _______________

LESSON

112 What’s the Bright Idea? (PART 2) These words are all about originality.

pioneering (adj.) pīəˈniriNG Using new ways or methods. Her pioneering research into the extinction of the lowland gorilla influenced how many subsequent studies were conducted in the wild. From the French for “foot soldier.” A good way to pioneering is to think of the pioneers, or the first Europeans to enter upon new land in the Americas.

avant-garde (n.) aväntˈgärd Those who create the newest ideas, typically in the arts. He was part of the avant-garde whose art form consisted of walking through canvasses thereby destroying them. From the French for “vanguard” or “the head of an army.” The avant-garde is typically known for outlandish ideas and is used to describe many trends in twentieth-century art and music.

maverick (n.) mav(ə)rik A person known for having unorthodox views. Einstein was a bit of a maverick, thinking about the dimensions of time and space, while his contemporaries remained fixated on atomic structure. This word comes from Samuel Maverick, a Texas rancher (yes, some words are derived from America!) who was known for not branding his cattle. Famous business mavericks of the last few decades include Steve Jobs, Richard Branson, and Jeff Bezos.

visionary (n.) viZHəˌnerē One known for having pioneering ideas.

unconventional (n.) ənkənˈven(t)SH(ə)n(ə)l Not typical or ordinary.

radical (n.) radək(ə)l Someone with extreme views, often of a political nature.

ACTIVITY 112 Mark “T” for true and “F” for false: 1. a maverick is known for having orthodox views ______ 2. someone who is a radical is unlikely to rebel ______ 3. one starting a new business is likely to be a visionary ______ 4. the avant-garde of the art world can be described as conservative ______ 5. someone who is pioneering is likely to think outside of the box ______

LESSON

113 Get Off the Couch! Whether through flattery or threat, these words describe the act of influencing.

nudge (v.) nəj To encourage someone in a gentle manner. His parents had always nudged him to get better grades, but when he came home with mostly C’s, they became far less patient. From the Norwegian meaning “to push.” “To lightly prod” is another good way of thinking of this word.

coerce (v.) kōˈərs To persuade someone to do something by using threats. By threatening to take away his video game system, she coerced her brother into divulging where he’d hidden the candy. From the Latin for “to restrain together.” The noun form of this word is coercion.

duress (n.) d(y)o

ˈres Forcible restraint, compulsion by threat. He was under duress when he revealed his to the thieves. This comes from the Latin for “hard.” Unlike coercion, which takes the verb form coerce, duress does not have a corresponding verb.

coax (v.) kōks To use flattery to get someone to do something.

goad (v.) gōd To provoke someone to get them to do something.

induce (v.) inˈd(y)o

s To persuade someone to do something.

cajole (v.) kəˈjōl To persistently coax and flatter someone to get them to do something.

blandishment (n.) blandiSHmənt Flattery of someone toward getting them to do something.

ACTIVITY 113 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different (in of methods used): 1. duress and blandishment ______ 2. induce and cajole ______ 3. nudge and coerce ______ 4. goad and coax ______

LESSON

114 Is This Confusing? Hopefully these words about confusion don’t bewilder you, and you can maintain your clarity.

perplexed (adj.) pərˈplekst To be completely confused. The American tourists were utterly perplexed walking around downtown Tokyo, where no signs were written in English. From the Latin for “entangled.” Perplexed is not quite as extreme as baffled, which is less extreme than dumbfounded.

equanimity (n.) ēkwəˈnimitē Calmness and composure. Even in the worst of traffic jams, she exuded equanimity, courtesy of the classical-music radio station. This comes from the Latin for “equal mind.” Imperturbability is a synonym.

imperturbable (adj.) impərˈtərbəbəl Not easily disturbed or upset, calm. Despite the jets roaring in the sky above, the cows were imperturbable, chewing on their cud. Comes from the Latin for “not disturbed.” Self-possessed and coolheaded are two common synonyms of imperturbable.

poised (adj.) poizd Confidently composed, not likely to lose one’s cool.

flummox (v.) fləməks To perplex.

discombobulated (adj.) diskəmˈbäbyəlātəd Totally confused.

aplomb (n.) əˈpläm Poise and self-assurance.

baffle (v.) bafəl To completely perplex.

ACTIVITY 114 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. baffled and flummoxed ______ 2. poise and aplomb ______ 3. discombobulated and imperturbable ______ 4. equanimity and poise ______

LESSON

115 Anyone’s Guess Though we frequently speak with conviction, we might lack strong evidence.

speculation (n.) spekyəˈlāSHən A theory made without strong evidence. Till now, the existence of aliens has been pure speculation. From the Latin for “watchtower.” Speculate is the verb and speculative is the adjective.

conjecture (n.) kənˈjekCHər A guess based on little evidence or information. Whether there is a ninth planet in our solar system, hidden in total darkness, remains a matter of conjecture. This word is from the Latin for “a group of facts.” Conjecture can also be a verb, synonymous with surmise.

presumption (n.) priˈzəmpSHən Acceptance of something as true. A presumption of guilt is what prosecutors use to build their cases, trying to point out any inconsistency in the defendant’s testimony that would point to wrongdoing. Another word from Latin, this time meaning “anticipation.” The adjective presumptuous describes behavior that is overly familiar and even inappropriate, as in: He sat down next to his new boss, slapped him on the back presumptuously, and said, “Hey, buddy.”

aver (v.) əˈvər To state something emphatically.

submit (v.) səbˈmit To offer up as a theory.

postulate (v.) päsCHəˌlāt To come up with a hypothesis or theory.

posit (v.) päzit To claim.

ACTIVITY 115 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He made a _______________ and invited himself to his friend’s birthday. 2. It was pure _______________, according to the judge, because no evidence had been offered up. (2 possible answers) Unscramble the word: 3. misbut _______________ 4. spoit _______________ 5. rave _______________ 6. osuppermint _______________

LESSON

116 Harmful or Harmless? Some of these words mean “harmful” or “destructive,” while others imply quite the opposite. Can you guess, just by looking at them, which is which?

innocuous (adj.) iˈnäkyo

əs

Not harmful. He thought his comment was innocuous, but she took offense. This comes from the Latin for “not injurious.” Nocuous, meaning “harmful,” is the opposite of innocuous, though this word is not very common.

insidious (adj.) inˈsidēəs Harmful in a subtle way. Tooth decay is insidious because unless your dentist points it out to you, you can’t see it. From the Latin for “cunning” or “lying in wait for.” Pernicious is a synonym of insidious.

salubrious (adj.) səˈlo

brēəs

Promoting health. The mountain air was salubrious for the couple accustomed to the constant auto fumes of urban living. Comes from the Latin for “health.” Insalubrious—meaning “unhealthy”—is also a word, though not nearly as common.

revitalize (v.) rēˈvītlˌīz

To bring new life to or inject with life.

pernicious (adj.) pərˈniSHəs Subtly destructive.

restorative (adj.) riˈstôrətiv Providing energy.

deleterious (adj.) deliˈti(ə)rēəs Harmful, destructive.

ACTIVITY 116 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. salubrious and pernicious ______ 2. restorative and salubrious ______ 3. insidious and restorative ______ 4. deleterious and innocuous ______

LESSON

117 The Anger Meter Just as one can measure different degrees of happiness, anger comes in many shapes and sizes.

indignant (adj.) inˈdignənt Angry over perceived injustice. When people cut in line, others behind them feel indignant at their brazen attitude. From the Latin for “deeming unworthy.” This word is similar to resentful, though that term has a tinge of bitterness to it.

bristle (v.) brisəl To react angrily, typically by standing more erect and with the chest out. When his friends criticized his bad driving, he bristled, straightening his shoulders and frowning. This word comes from Old English. A bristle can also be a short, stiff hair.

disgruntled (adj.) disˈgrən(t)ld Aggrieved, dissatisfied. He’d worked 80 hours a week for a year without getting a raise, so he became understandingly disgruntled when his boss asked him to take on even more. From a word meaning “little grunts.” A common synonym is dissatisfied and a not-quite-as-common synonym is disaffected.

incensed (adj.) inˈsenst

Enraged.

peeve (v.) pēv To annoy, irk.

piqued (adj.) pēkt Irritated.

irate (adj.) īˈrāt Furious.

wrath (n.) raθ Extreme anger.

ACTIVITY 117 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The coach’s _______________ was legendary: He had thrown no fewer than 12 water coolers during close losses. 2. When she found out that she was not invited to the party, she was _______________ but not really that mad; a few days later, she was over it. (2 possible answers) 3. The man was _______________ that once again his family had left all their dirty dishes in the sink for him to wash. (2 possible answers) 4. He was _______________, complaining to his friends that once again he’d been ed over for a promotion.

LESSON

118 From Cowardly to Courageous There are many words for the levels of courage and fear, from timid to intimidating.

intrepid (adj.) inˈtrepid Fearless. The intrepid explorers ventured deep into Antarctica, where none had ventured before. From the Latin for “not alarmed.” The noun trepidation means “fear.”

formidable (adj.) fôrmədəbəl Intimidating, arousing fear. The high school football team was state champion, a formidable opponent to all the other schools in its district. This comes from the Latin for “fear.” This word can also describe a person’s mind or intellect.

craven (adj.) krāvən Cowardly and despicable. Street cameras have caught people committing such craven crimes as stripping jewelry from pedestrians who had been hit by vehicles. From the French for “crushed” or “overwhelmed.” Lily-livered and chickenhearted are two more informal synonyms.

undaunted (adj.) ənˈdôntid Not intimidated.

plucky (adj.) pləkē Brave in a spirited manner.

valorous (adj.) ˈvalərəs Possessing or acting with bold bravery.

pusillanimous (adj.) pyo

səˈlanəməs

Lacking courage.

redoubtable (adj.) riˈdoutəbəl Formidable.

ACTIVITY 118 Fill in the missing letters to complete each word and give the definition: 1. ___tre___d _______________ 2. _luck_ _______________ 3. va___ous _______________ 4. red___table _______________ 5. __sill___mous _______________ 6. _rave_ _______________

LESSON

119 I Have an Official Announcement to Make The following words all describe official declarations.

edict (n.) ēdikt A decree or proclamation. The government’s edict set strict curfew laws. From the Latin for “to say out.” The Edict of Nantes, signed in 1598 by Henry IV, granted tolerance to Protestants, thereby ending the Wars of Religion.

abrogate (v.) abrəˌgāt To cancel or overturn a law (used in formal contexts). In 1933, the government abrogated Prohibition via the Twenty-First Amendment, thereby ending the thirteen-year period during which it was illegal to sell and/or consume alcohol. Comes from the Latin for “to repeal.” The word repeal is the synonym more commonly used. Abrogate should be reserved for more formal contexts, such as an academic or legal paper.

promulgate (v.) präməlˌgāt To declare officially or make widely known. The changes to paid time off were promulgated throughout the company months before taking effect. This comes from the Latin for “to make public.” “To publicize officially” is a good way to think of this word.

enact (v.) enˈakt To make into law.

annul (v.) əˈnəl To overturn, declare invalid.

fiat (n.) fēət An official order by a person in a position of power, or a decree.

rescind (v.) riˈsind To revoke, cancel, repeal.

ACTIVITY 119 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are the same, “R” if they are related, and “NR” if they are not related: 1. rescind and annul ______ 2. enact and promulgate ______ 3. abrogate and rescind ______ 4. fiat and edict ______

LESSON

120 Hold On to Your Wits! From Dull to Sharp These words describe different levels of insight, judgment, intelligence, and more.

obtuse (adj.) əbˈt(y)o

s Unintelligent, not able to grasp ideas or concepts easily. My father felt terribly obtuse when working the television remote, even though I had shown him countless times how to do so. From Middle English for “blunt.” In geometry, obtuse is used to describe angles that are greater than 90 degrees. Acute angles are used to describe angles less than 90 degrees. Interestingly, acute is the opposite of obtuse, in the sense that it is used in the example sentence; somebody who is acute is quick to mentally grasp something.

niche (n.) niCH, nēSH One’s special area of expertise. His niche was go-kart racing, and he had at one point taken part in a national competition. From the French for “to make a nest.” A niche can also be a little hole or cavity in a wall where you can store things.

astute (adj.) əˈst(y)o

t Having a sharp intelligence that allows one to get a quick grasp of situations. She was highly astute and was not fooled by the credit card scam as many

others had been. From the Latin for “craft.” This word is a synonym with shrewd.

acumen (n.) əˈkyo

mən Good judgment in a specific context.

shrewd (adj.) shro

d Having keen judgment.

acute (adj.) əˈkyo

t Extremely sharp and insightful.

bailiwick (n.) bāləˌwik One’s area of learning or knowledge.

ACTIVITY 120 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. having sharp, keen judgment (3 possible answers) = _______________ 2. not able to grasp ideas or concepts easily = _______________ 3. a special area of learning or knowledge (2 possible answers) = _______________

LESSON

121 Prefix: BenThese words are all built upon the Latin root ben-, meaning “good.”

benign (adj.) biˈnīn Not harmful, kind. The effect on the surrounding area was relatively benign considering some of the dangerous chemicals released. This is from the Latin for “well born.” This word can also be used in a medical context when describing a tumor that is not cancerous. The opposite (a cancerous tumor) is described as malignant.

benefactor (n.) benəˌfaktər A person who gives money or a gift to another. Without her benefactor, a former scientist impressed with her skills, Shelly would not likely have had enough money to attend grad school. Again, this is from Latin, meaning “do well.” Patron is a similar word.

benediction (n.) beniˈdikSHən A blessing. The new converts traveled thousands of miles to hear the benediction of their religious leader. This is from the Latin for ben- meaning “good” and dict- meaning “to say.” This word was traditionally used to refer to Catholicism but can be extended even to a nonreligious context.

beneficial (adj.) benəˈfiSHəl

Helpful, advantageous.

benevolence (n.) bəˈnevələn(t)s Kindness.

beneficiary (n.) benəˈfiSHēˌerē A person who receives something advantageous.

ACTIVITY 121 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. kind (give 2 words) = ______________ ______________ 2. a noncancerous tumor = ______________ 3. a person who receives something advantageous = ______________ 4. a blessing = ______________ 5. advantageous = ______________

LESSON

122 Prefix: MalIn contrast, these words make use of the root mal-, meaning “bad.”

malaria (n.) məˈle(ə)rēə A disease carried by mosquitos. Malaria is endemic in many parts of Africa. Comes from the Italian for “bad air.” Other mosquito-borne illnesses include dengue fever and West Nile virus.

malfeasance (n.) malˈfēzəns Wrongdoing, particularly by an official. Corporate malfeasance is on the rise as recent ing fraud reveals. From the French for “wrongdoing.”

malapropism (n.) maləˌpräpizm An unintended—usually humorous—misuse of a word or words. He was notorious for his malapropism, once claiming he hated “oven guard” (not avant-garde) art, especially because the art had nothing to do with ovens. This word comes from a character from an eighteenth-century play—Mrs. Malaprop.

malodorous (adj.) malˈōdərəs Foul-smelling.

malady (n.) malədē

An illness.

malice (n.) maləs Hatred.

malign (v.) məˈlīn To say bad things about, slander.

maleficent (adj.) məlefəsənt Evil.

ACTIVITY 122 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. hatred = ______________ 2. to slander = ______________ 3. evil = ______________ 4. unintended comical misuse of a word = ______________ 5. foul-smelling = ______________ 6. a disease carried by mosquitoes = ______________ 7. an illness = ______________ 8. wrongdoing = ______________

LESSON

123 Prefix: PhonThese words utilize the root phon-, meaning “sound.”

telephone (n.) teləˌfōn Literally “distant sound” (think of telepathy, or the ability to read minds). You’ve probably heard telephone countless times. But you might not have known that it relies on the root tele-, meaning “distant,” and phon-, meaning “sound.”

phonetic (adj.) fəˈnetik Relating to the way words are spoken. He was able to learn Spanish phonetically, listening to how it was spoken without having to rely on a book. From the Greek for “speak.” Phonetic languages, in which letters correspond to specific sounds, are generally much easier to learn than languages in which symbols have no bearing on how the word sounds.

cacophony (n.) kəˈkäfənē A harsh sound. As soon as the judge read the verdict, nobody could hear what he said next, so loud was the cacophony. This word comes from the Greek for “bad sound.” Cacophonous is the adjective form of this word.

symphony (n.) simfənē

A large group of instruments creating music.

homophone (n.) ˈhäməˌfōn A word that sounds exactly like another word but has a different meaning and is often spelled differently.

francophone (n.) fraNGkəˌfōn A French speaker.

anglophone (n.) aNGgləˌfōn An English speaker.

phoneme (n.) fōnēm A unit of sound in a language.

ACTIVITY 123 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. relating to the way words are spoken = _______________ 2. a French speaker = _______________ 3. a word that sounds the same as another but has a different meaning = _______________ 4. a harsh sound = _______________ 5. an English speaker = _______________ 6. a unit of sound in a language = _______________

LESSON

124 Prefix: EuThe words on this list turn to eu-, a different root meaning “good.”

euphoria (n.) yo

ˈfôrēə An extreme feeling of happiness and joy. Upon finding out that she was one of three winners of the jackpot, she was flooded with a feeling of euphoria. From the Greek for “born well, healthy.” The adjective form of the word is euphoric.

euphemism (n.) yo

fəˌmizəm A pleasant way of saying or describing something that is unpleasant. When she described him as a creative golfer she was using a euphemism; he rarely kept the ball on the green. Another word from Greek meaning to “use auspicious words.” Other euphemisms include “kick the bucket,” “adult beverage,” and “use the restroom.”

eugenics (n.) yo

ˈjeniks Controlled breeding to increase desirable heritable characteristics in people. The pernicious idea of eugenics has caused much suffering. From the Greek for “well born.” This was, and continues to be, a controversial theory. It’s important to know this word, as it often comes up in discussions about the ethics of genetic technology.

euthanasia (n.) yo

THəˈnāZH(ē)ə The practice of inducing painless death in a person or animal too sick to live.

eulogy (n.) yo

ləjē A speech of praise, typically at a funeral.

eureka (interjection) yo

ˈrēkə An exclamation of joy upon discovering something.

euphony (n.) yo

fənē Harmonious, pleasant sound.

eudaemonic (adj.) yo

dəˈmänik

Promoting happiness.

ACTIVITY 124 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. a speech of praise at a funeral = _______________ 2. harmonious sound = _______________ 3. an exclamation of joy upon discovering something = _______________ 4. a pleasant way of describing something unpleasant = _______________ 5. the practice of inducing painless death = _______________

LESSON

125 Prefix: AnthroAll these words are centered upon the Greek root anthro-, meaning “man.”

anthropology (n.) anθrəˈpäləjē The study of humankind. The anthropology major decided to spend the summer in Papua New Guinea, studying a forest tribe that had been “discovered” only a few years earlier. Literally “man study.” Cultural anthropologists spend time learning about a specific people, whereas physical anthropologists try to understand how humans evolved.

anthropocentric (adj.) anθrəpōˈsentrik Viewing humankind as the center of the universe. If we are alone in the universe, an anthropocentric stance seems reasonable, but even the existence of one alien species would cast our primacy into doubt. Literally “man center.” The noun form of anthropocentric is anthropocentrism.

anthropomorphic (adj.) anθrəpəˈmôrfik Taking on human characteristics. Her art is abstract yet familiar, creating shapes that walk the line between the symbolic and the anthropomorphic. Literally “man shape.” The noun form of anthropomorphic is anthropomorphism.

anthropogenic (adj.) anθrəpōˈjenik Induced or altered by humans.

anthropophagy (n.) anθrəˈpäfəjē Cannibalism.

Anthropocene (n.) ˈanTHrəpəˌsēn The current geological age.

ACTIVITY 125 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Climate scientists maintain that much global warming is _______________, or created by people. 2. The study of people, or _______________, is becoming less popular as a college major. 3. In the last 200 or so years, we have been living in the _______________ era. 4. Most religions are not _______________ because they do not believe that humans are the center of the universe. 5. The human brain is wired for _______________, perceiving faces among chaos (“the man on the moon” being one example).

LESSON

126 Prefix: CircumThese all use the root circum-, meaning “around.”

circumspect (adj.) sərkəmˌspekt Cautious. After a week in the jungle, the trekkers had become circumspect, always scanning the ground for snakes before taking a step. Literally “to look around.” Chary and cautious are synonyms.

circumvent (v.) sərkəmˈvent To figure out a way around an obstacle. Some citizens have circumvented the ordinance against putting garbage in the recycling bin by putting the garbage in first and then covering it with recyclables. Literally “go around.” This word is often part of the phrase “circumvent the law/rules regarding [something].”

circumscribe (v.) sərkəmˌskrīb To set limits to. Whereas the townsfolk had once roamed free, the recent gang violence circumscribed their daily routines so that they were never far from their homes. From the Latin “to make a circle around.”

circumlocution (n.) sərkəmˌlōˈkyo An indirect way of speaking.

SHən

circumstance (n.) sərkəmˌstans A fact or condition connected to an event or action.

circumambulate (v.) sərkəmˈambyəˌlāt To walk around something.

circumference (n.) sərˈkəmf(ə)rən(t)s The perimeter of a circle.

ACTIVITY 126 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. to walk around something = _______________ 2. to set limits or boundaries = _______________ 3. an indirect way of speaking = _______________ 4. the perimeter of a circle = _______________ 5. to figure out a way to get around an obstacle = _______________

LESSON

127 Suffix: -Cracy Words on this list end in –cracy, which means “rule.”

bureaucracy (n.) byo

ˈräkrəsē

Rule by state officials. The country is highly bureaucratic, so it can take months to get a visa to travel there. This comes from French and Greek for “desk rule.” This form of rule involves an elaborate hierarchy of individuals, which can often delay simple procedures.

autocracy (n.) ôˈtäkrəsē A dictatorship. Not all autocracies are malevolent; in fact, some are benign as long as the prevailing order goes unchallenged. Comes from the Greek for “rule by oneself.” The adjective autocratic (a word from an earlier lesson) describes a ruler who governs with absolute power or anybody who rules in a highly domineering fashion.

plutocracy (n.) plo

ˈtäkrəsē

Rule by the wealthy. As the gap between rich and poor widens, many decry our government as a plutocracy. This is from the Greek for “wealth rule” (power of the wealthy). This word does not relate to Pluto, the dwarf planet or the Greek god of the underworld.

democracy (n.) dəˈmäkrəsē Rule by the people.

aristocracy (n.) erəˈstäkrəsē Rule by the elite.

theocracy (n.) THēˈäkrəsē Rule by a specific religion.

technocracy (n.) tekˈnäkrəsē Rule by those who control technology.

gerontocracy (n.) jerənˈtäkrəsē Rule by old people.

ACTIVITY 127 Provide the word for the given original meaning: 1. “god rule” = _______________ 2. “people rule” = _______________ 3. “elite rule” = _______________ 4. “wealthy rule” = _______________ 5. “desk rule” = _______________ 6. “old rule” = _______________

LESSON

128 Prefix: DiWords here begin with di-, meaning “two.”

dichotomy (n.) dīˈkätəmē A splitting of things into two distinct groups. The dichotomy between art and technology is not as clear-cut as we think— take the latest smartphone, for instance, which combines elegance with function. Comes from the Greek for “two cut.” The study of the human body —anatomy, which shares the root -tomy—literally means “to cut up.”

dilate (v.) dīˌlāt To enlarge or open up. Our pupils dilate in response to light. This comes from Late Latin via Old French and originally meant “apart wide.” The adjective dilatory means “slow” and “taking one’s time.”

diurnal (adj.) dīˈərn Occurring or active during the day. Humans tend to be diurnal creatures, as anyone who has ever worked a night shift can tell you. From the Latin for “day,” and not related to the root. Though this word isn’t related to the root for “two,” it can easily be mistaken as such, so it is included here so you can be aware of the difference.

diverse (adj.) diˈvərs

Having great variety.

diverge (v.) diˈvərj To move in different directions, in of growth.

dissect (v.) diˈsekt To cut in two.

dilute (v.) diˈlo

t To make something less concentrated.

ACTIVITY 128 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. active during the day = _______________ 2. a splitting of things into two different groups = _______________ 3. to move in different directions = _______________ 4. to cut in two = _______________ 5. to enlarge = _______________ 6. having great variety = _______________

LESSON

129 Prefix: DiaWords on this list feature the root dia-, meaning “through.”

diameter (n.) dīˈamitər The distance between two points at opposite ends of a circle. The diameter of the Frisbee used in Ultimate tournaments is 10.75 inches. Originally from the Greek for “measure across.” Half of the diameter is known as the radius.

diagnosis (n.) dīəgˈnōsis The determination of a cause of illness. The doctor’s diagnosis of the patient’s mysterious rash came as a relief: It was a harmless allergic reaction to an antibiotic. This is from the Greek for “a distinguishing.” Prognosis is a similar word but describes not what is wrong but an estimate of how long recovery will take.

dialogue (n.) dīəˌläg A conversation between two or more people or groups. The two warring nations are open to a dialogue, both hoping for an imminent cease-fire. This word comes from the Greek for “speak across.” Monologue is a similar word, describing a conversation one has with oneself.

diorama (n.) dīəˈramə A small model representing a scene in three dimensions.

diadem (n.) dīəˌdem A jeweled crown.

diachronic (adj.) dīəˈkränik Describing how something changes or evolves over time.

diapason (n.) dīəˈpāzən A loud, rich burst of harmony.

ACTIVITY 129 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The princess wore a _______________ to the coronation. 2. Phyllis made a _______________ of the solar system for the science fair and won first place. 3. Pressing down all the keys on the organ, Charlie created a _______________. Unscramble each word and define: 4. auiegold ______________________________ 5. materide ______________________________ 6. signoadsi ______________________________

LESSON

130 Prefix: EpiThese words build upon the root epi-, which means “upon.”

epidemic (n.) epiˈdemik An outbreak of a disease or something undesirable. The car-theft epidemic has abated significantly ever since street cameras were installed. From the Greek epidemia meaning “upon the people.” The word pandemic (literally “all people”) describes a disease that affects most of the population of an entire country, whereas epidemic is more localized.

epitome (n.) iˈpitəmē The perfect example or embodiment of something. He was the epitome of a bad boss, yelling at his employees for no reason at all. This comes from the Greek for “an abridgement.” Embodiment and paragon are two synonyms.

epistolary (n.) iˈpistəˌlerē Relating to letter writing. The book is in epistolary form, each chapter a letter from a young man to his older self and vice versa. From the Latin word epistola, meaning “a letter.” The epistles are the letters written by the apostle Paul to the churches of his time, and they form much of the New Testament.

epitaph (n.) epiˌtaf A phrase written on a tombstone.

epithet (n.) epəˌθet A word or phrase (typically negative) used to describe a person.

epigram (n.) epiˌgram A short saying.

epigraph (n.) epiˌgraf An inscription on a building, or a short quote at the beginning of a book.

ACTIVITY 130 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. relating to letter writing = _______________ 2. a word (typically negative) used to describe a person = _______________ 3. a short saying = _______________ 4. a phrase written on a tombstone = _______________ 5. an inscription on a building = _______________ 6. an outbreak of a disease = _______________ 7. the perfect example = _______________

LESSON

131 Prefix: Ex- (PART 1) The following words begin with ex-, meaning “out.”

extant (adj.) ekstənt Still in existence (not used to refer to living things). Extant recordings of great nineteenth-century musicians exist, though the quality is not very good. This word comes from the Latin for “stand out.” Though extant sounds somewhat like extinct, it is essentially the opposite. A good way to this word is to put an “is” between the x and the t, as in ex(is)tant, which sounds like existent.

exquisite (adj.) ekˈskwizit Very beautiful but typically delicate. The ballerina starring as the swan had exquisite features. From the Latin for “sought out.” This word can also mean “very precise” and “discerning” (e.g., the comedian had exquisite timing).

excommunicate (v.) ekskəˈmyo

niˌkāt To banish or no longer allow a person to be part of a group. For questioning the legitimacy of the pope, the iconoclastic priest was excommunicated. Comes from the Latin for “not being able to communicate with the faithful.” This word typically refers to the church’s decision to remove or exclude somebody from taking part in church services.

exert (v.) igˈzərt To put forth an effort.

exempt (adj.) igˈzem(p)t Not having to fulfill a specific obligation.

exact (v.) igˈzakt To demand payment.

excruciating (adj.) ikˈskro

SHēˌātiNG

Extremely painful.

exemplar (n.) igˈzemplər A perfect model or example of something.

ACTIVITY 131 Match the word with its meaning: 1. exert ______

a. to make an effort

2. exact ______ 3. exempt ______

b. still existing c. to banish from the church

4. extant ______

d.

5. excommunicate ______

e. very painful

6. exemplar ______

f.

7. excruciating ______

g. not required

an ideal model to require

LESSON

132 Prefix: Ex- (PART 2) exhume (v.) igˈz(y)o

m To dig up out of the ground. Sally and her friend had buried a toy jewelry box with a friendship bracelet and exhumed it a year later to find it intact. This is from Medieval Latin for “out of earth.” Inter, meaning “to bury,” is the opposite of exhume, while disinter is a synonym.

exorcise (v.) eksôrˌsīz To remove or purge something undesirable. By lowering interest rates, the Fed has exorcised any concerns that it would raise them. Comes from the Greek for “bind by oath.” This word was originally used to refer to evil spirits (as in the movie The Exorcist), but today it is often used figuratively.

expatriate (v.) eksˈpātrēit To move to a different country and settle there. The group was expatriated from Europe and now lives near the river. From the Latin for “out of native country.” To repatriate means “to send someone back to their native country.”

expedient (adj.) ikˈspēdēənt Convenient but not necessarily ethical.

expeditious (adj.) ekspəˈdiSHəs

Acting with prompt efficiency.

expend (v.) ikˈspend To exert or use up, as energy.

explicate (v.) ekspliˌkāt To explain at length.

exploit (v.) ikˈsploit To use, often in the sense of to take advantage of.

ACTIVITY 132 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. For his term paper, he was able to _______________ the resources available in his library. 2. She tried not to _______________ her energy the night before the race. 3. The college professor was skillful at _______________ many complex subjects. 4. Though it might be _______________ not to come to a full stop at a stop sign, it is illegal. 5. She was _______________ in of completing the task, finishing the book a month before the deadline. 6. In order to determine the identity of the victim using DNA analysis, they had to _______________ the body. 7. He was able to _______________ all his childhood fears about heights and climb up the rock wall.

LESSON

133 Prefix: Ex- (PART 3) exposé (n.) ekspōˈzā A piece of usually sensational journalism that uncovers corruption and scandal. The exposé revealed what many in the town had long known: that the water running through the old mill was toxic. This word comes from French for “shown.” Note the accent over the last e, which changes the sound to “ay” as in French; don’t confuse the pronunciation with the verb expose.

extemporaneous (adj.) ikˌstempəˈrānēəs Done with no preparation. Jared dreaded extemporaneous speeches after being asked in third grade to stand in front of the class and speak about his most embarrassing moment. From the Medieval Latin for “out of time.” Impromptu is a common synonym.

expostulate (v.) ikˈspäsCHəˌlāt To reason with, to plead. The man expostulated his displeasure about his neighbor’s dog, which barked all night. This is from Latin, meaning “to demand.” This word has been used less and less over the decades, and if you do indeed see it, it will likely be on a standardized test.

extort (v.) ikˈstôrt

To take money from by use of threats.

extradite (v.) ekstrəˌdīt To bring a criminal back to the country to go on trial.

expository (adj.) ikˈspäziˌtôrē Relating to the act of explaining.

exult (v.) igˈzəlt To express great joy.

extricate (v.) ekstriˌkāt To remove from a difficult situation.

ACTIVITY 133 Match the word with its definition: 1. extort ______

a. to express great joy

2. extradite ______

b. to bring a criminal back to the country to go on trial

3. exult ______

c. to take money from by use of threats

4. extemporaneous ______

d. to remove from a difficult situation

5. expostulate ______

e. done with no preparation

6. extricate ______

f.

7. exposé ______

g. a piece of journalism uncovering corruption

to reason with

LESSON

134 Prefix: Im- (PART 1) These words use the prefix im-, which can mean either “not” or “in.” Since this root has two meanings, trying to apply these meanings can get you into trouble, because you might come up with the opposite of what the word actually signifies. I’ve therefore mixed the im- words meaning “in” and “not” together, so that you’ll focus on learning the definition of these words rather than attempting to figure out their meaning based on the root.

imbibe (v.) imˈbīb To drink or take in, whether literally or figuratively. She was an early riser, imbibing whole morning lectures but then nodding off in her afternoon class. This comes from the Latin for “drink in.” This word is typically used to describe the drinking of alcohol.

impeach (v.) imˈpēCH To charge with wrongdoing. The op-ed columnist impeached the business mogul’s integrity, implying that all of his charity had been self-serving. This comes from the Latin for “entangle.” To impeach a president does not mean to remove that person from power. Rather, it means to officially charge them with wrongdoing.

immerse (v.) iˈmərs To put inside a medium or environment.

impair (v.) imˈpe(ə)r To diminish the quality of something.

impart (v.) imˈpärt To give knowledge to.

imbue (v.) imˈbyo To give a certain quality to.

ACTIVITY 134 Complete the word for the given definition: 1. im__________ = to drink or take in 2. im _________ = to give knowledge to 3. im__________ = to diminish the quality of 4. im__________ = to charge with wrongdoing 5. im__________ = to give a certain quality to

LESSON

135 Prefix: Im- (PART 2) impel (v.) imˈpel To force somebody to do something. Keith’s friends impelled him to walk up to his crush and ask her on a date, though he was unable to say anything beyond “Hey.” Comes from the Latin for “drive forward.” Propel, as in an abstract force (not a propeller) that drives someone forward, is a synonym.

impenetrable (adj.) imˈpenətrəbəl Difficult, if not impossible, to understand. The work of James Joyce is impenetrable to many without the help of 300 pages of footnotes. This is from the Latin for “that cannot be penetrated.” This word can also mean “something that cannot be ed through physically,” as in an impenetrable jungle.

implausible (adj.) imˈplôzəbəl Not believable. Once again, the tabloid featured an implausible story of an alien abduction. First used around 1677, meaning “not applauded.” An informal way of saying this is “hard to swallow.”

implore (v.) imˈplôr To beg.

imponderable (adj.) imˈpändərəbəl

Difficult to grasp.

impoverished (adj.) imˈpäv(ə)risht Deprived of money.

impuissant (adj.) imˈpwisənt Not powerful.

ACTIVITY 135 Unscramble the word and define: 1. lompier ______________________________ 2. plime ______________________________ Write the word that completes each sentence: 3. The Great Depression left many _______________. 4. Estimating the number of grains of sand that can fit inside the known universe is truly _______________.

LESSON

136 Prefix: In- (PART 1) The words on this list use the Latin root in-. Like im-, this root can also mean “in” or “not.”

inadvertent (adj.) inədˈvərtnt Not done intentionally. He had an inadvertent encounter with a mouse in the kitchen, but luckily his wife came home and shooed it out. The first known use was in the 1650s and meant “not turning the mind to.” Unwitting is a good synonym to know.

inculcate (v.) inˈkəlˌkāt To instill. Despite having inculcated healthy study habits in his three children, only the eldest routinely did her homework. From the Latin for “tread on.” This word is usually used in the context of instilling values or attitudes.

inamorata (n.) inˌaməˈrätə One’s female lover. His inamorata wore many pieces of jewelry, all of which he had bought for her in the last year. From Italian meaning “in love.” Inamorato, referring to a male lover, is not commonly used.

inane (adj.) iˈnān

Silly, stupid.

inapt (adj.) iˈnapt Not suitable or appropriate.

incandescent (adj.) inkənˈdesənt Extremely hot and bright.

inissible (adj.) inədˈmisəb(ə)l Not acceptable, as in a courtroom.

ACTIVITY 136 Match the word with its meaning: 1. inane ______

a. a female lover

2. inapt ______

b. to instill

3. inamorata ______

c. not acceptable (legally)

4. incandescent ______

d. not suitable

5. inculcate ______

e. extremely hot and bright

6. inissible ______

f. silly

7. inadvertent ______

g. unintentional

LESSON

137 Prefix: In- (PART 2) incarcerate (v.) inˈkärsəˌrāt To imprison. He’d been incarcerated several times before he was 25, when he finally turned his life around. From Medieval Latin meaning “into prison.” This word is usually used formally and not much in conversation.

inclement (adj.) inˈklemənt Describing harsh or unpleasant weather. The weather was so inclement that the championship game had to be postponed to the next day. From the Latin for “harsh.” The word clement can describe mild weather (making it an antonym), though it can also describe somebody who is merciful.

incipient (adj.) inˈsipēənt Just starting off, at the beginning stage. The incipient signs of a cold are a scratchy throat and a run-down feeling. Comes from Latin meaning “take in.” Two fancy-sounding synonyms for this word are embryonic and inchoate.

incentivize (v.) inˈsentəˌvīz To provide rewards to stimulate one to action.

inception (n.) inˈsepSHən

Beginning.

incinerate (v.) inˈsinəˌrāt To burn.

incite (v.) inˈsīt To lead to an action, often negative.

ACTIVITY 137 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. With so many more criminals being _______________, prisons are becoming overly crowded. 2. The riot police quickly broke up the _______________ chaos in the city square. 3. No evidence was left because everything had been _______________ during the blaze. Complete the word for the given definition: 4. inc__e = to lead to an action, often negative 5. inc___t = describing harsh or unpleasant weather 6. ince___ze = to provide rewards to stimulate one to action

LESSON

138 Prefix: In- (PART 3) incongruous (adj.) inˈkäNGgro

əs Out of place when describing the surroundings. The gleaming new building housing a trendy café felt incongruous amid the old warehouses. This word comes from the Latin for “not agreeing.” A similar meaning (and similar looking) word is incongruent.

inconsolable (adj.) inkənˈsōləbəl Unable to be cheered up. After his favorite sitcom character was written out of the show, Mark was inconsolable for weeks. Again from Latin, this meant “not able to be consoled.” Distraught and despairing are two good synonyms.

incorrigible (adj.) inˈkôrijəbəl Unable to be changed or reformed, as a person’s behavior. Niles was an incorrigible nail-biter, working his way through an entire thumb during a red light. From Latin via Old French and meaning “not to be corrected.” A good synonym to know, and also an in- word, is inveterate.

incredulous (adj.) inˈkrejələs Not inclined to believing.

indiscriminate (adj.) indiˈskrimənit

Without prior judgment.

incontrovertible (adj.) inˌkäntrəˈvərtəbəl Unable to be disproven or challenged.

ACTIVITY 138 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He was an _______________ liar, knowing full well that lying was wrong yet unable to control himself. 2. Carol was _______________ when it came to dining out, looking simply for a place that would sate her hunger. 3. The crowd was _______________ that the aging opera star was able to hit a high C, a note he had been unable to hit in years. 4. That the Earth is not flat seems _______________, though there are still people who claim otherwise.

LESSON

139 Prefix: In- (PART 4) indulgent (adj.) inˈdəljənt Ready to treat someone very leniently. Even after she promised to ground Cooper for a week, his mother was usually indulgent and within an hour, he would be outside with his friends again. Another word from Latin, meaning “kind, tender, fond.” Self-indulgent describes one who focuses on enjoying themselves whenever they feel like it.

ineffable (adj.) inˈefəbəl Impossible to describe or to put into words. The volcano eruption had turned the sky all different types of colors, and the sunsets were simply ineffable (unless you were a gifted poet). This is from Latin via Old French, meaning “not utter.” Effable is also a word, but it is rarely used.

indoctrinate (v.) inˈdäktrəˌnāt To fill someone with specific teachings.

infectious (adj.) inˈfekSHəs Easily spread.

inter (v.) inˈtər To bury.

inequity (n.) inˈekwitē The lack of equality.

ACTIVITY 139 Match the word with its meaning: 1. inequity ______

a. unable to be put into words

2. indoctrinate ______

b. contagious

3. indulgent ______

c. the opposite of exhume

4. infectious ______

d. overly lenient

5. inter ______

e. unfairness

6. ineffable ______

f.

to fill with a particular ideology

LESSON

140 Prefix: In- (PART 5) inimical (adj.) iˈnimikəl Hostile. The desert sun was inimical to healthy skin—unless you protected your face, you’d develop fine wrinkles. From the Latin for “enemy.” Deleterious and antagonistic are synonyms.

iniquity (n.) iˈnikwitē Unfair or immoral behavior. The tyrant smiled for the press, but his iniquity was well known among his subjects. From the Latin for “not just.” Iniquitous is the adjective form.

insinuate (v.) inˈsinyəˌwāt To imply something negative, usually in an indirect but nasty way. The prosecution insinuated that the defendant had been at the scene of the crime, pointing out that she never came home that night. This is again from Latin, meaning “introduce curved and winding.” Insinuate can also mean “to insert oneself into a social situation, conversation.”

incapacitate (v.) inkəˈpasiˌtāt To take away the ability from.

inhibit (v.) inˈhibit To decrease or slow down.

innumerable (adj.) iˈn(y)o

mərəbəl

Too many to be counted.

instigate (v.) instiˌgāt To start something, usually bad.

ACTIVITY 140 Match the word with its meaning: 1. insinuate ______

a. too great to count

2. iniquity ______

b. hostile

3. inhibit ______

c. to take away the ability

4. incapacitate ______

d. to start something bad

5. instigate ______

e. something highly corrupt and unfair

6. inimical ______

f.

7. innumerable ______

g. to subtly imply something unkind

to hold back

LESSON

141 Prefix: Inter- (PART 1) Below are words beginning with inter-, meaning “between” or “among.”

intersperse (v.) intərˈspərs To scatter among or mix throughout. His speech was interspersed with chuckles as he laughed at his own jokes. From Latin for “scattered between.” Interspersion is the noun form, though it is not very common.

interrogate (v.) inˈterəˌgāt To question, usually in an aggressive manner. The witness was interrogated relentlessly in court but never lost her composure. This comes from the Latin for “ask in between.” Interrogation is the noun form.

intercede (v.) intərˈsēd To interfere on another’s behalf. As a pro bono lawyer, she always interceded on behalf of the poor. From the Latin for “go in between.” Intercession is the noun form, though this word is not very common.

interdict (v.) intərˌdikt To prohibit.

interim (n.) ˈintərəm

An intervening time period.

interject (v.) intərˈjekt To say something while someone else is talking.

ACTIVITY 141 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. When the star pupil realized the teacher’s math on the board was wrong, she tried to _______________, but the teacher carried on. 2. The witness was _______________ relentlessly. 3. Nobody was able to _______________ when the fight broke out, and it only escalated. Complete the word for the given definition: 4. in_____ = to prohibit 5. in_____ = an intervening period 6. in_____ = to scatter throughout

LESSON

142 Prefix: Inter- (PART 2) intermediary (n.) intərˈmēdēˌerē Somebody who acts as a go-between for people. Since the two neighbors were no longer speaking, a third had to act as an intermediary. From the Latin for “the thing in between.” Good synonyms include gobetween and mediator.

interloper (n.) intərˌlōpər An intruder. Though he had pretended to know the groom, the man in the cheap gray suit turned out to be an interloper, crashing the wedding for free food. From a Dutch word meaning “vagabond.” Treser is another way to think of this word.

interlocutor (n.) intərˈläkyətər A person engaged in a conversation. He was engaged in lively debate with three interlocutors when somebody’s phone rang. From the Latin for “speak in between.” This word is very formal.

intermission (n.) intərˈmiSHən A small pause, typically at the halfway point of a long theatrical production.

interplay (n.) intərˌplā

The interaction of different factors.

internecine (adj.) intərˈnesēn Describing conflict within a group.

ACTIVITY 142 Match the word with its meaning: 1. interlocutor ______

a. a go-between

2. intermission ______

b. regarding in-group conflict

3. internecine ______

c. interaction of different factors

4. interplay ______

d. an intruder

5. interloper ______

e. a pause in a long work

6. intermediary ______

f.

a person engaged in a conversation

LESSON

143 Prefix: SubThese words begin with the prefix sub-, meaning “below.”

subservient (adj.) səbˈsərvēənt Slavish. Lord Watkins preferred chatty butlers to those who were subservient and merely carried out his every wish with a “Yes, sir.” This word comes from the Latin for “going along with, complying.” This word is different from obsequious, which implies somebody who acts excessively subservient but who also has an agenda (e.g., they want a higherup to like them).

submerge (v.) səbˈmərj To go underwater. After three days of intense rain, the doghouse outside became submerged. Comes from the Latin for “dip under.” This word can also be used figuratively, to mean that something obscured or hid another, as in hatred submerged beneath a fake smile.

subsume (v.) səbˈso

m

To encom, include. Many successful Internet start-ups end up being subsumed by a larger corporation. From the Latin for “take below.” This verb is often used intransitively, i.e., be subsumed.

subterranean (adj.) səbtəˈrānēən Underground.

subservient (adj.) səbˈsərvēənt Slavish.

subsidize (v.) səbsəˌdīz To pay for or fund part of a larger expense.

substantiate (v.) səbˈstanCHēˌāt To give more validity or legitimacy to by offering evidence.

ACTIVITY 143 Match the word with its meaning: 1. subjugate ______

a. inclined to serve

2. submerge ______

b. to back up with evidence

3. substantiate ______

c. to plunge into water

4. subsidize ______

d. to encom

5. subterranean ______

e. underground

6. subsume ______

f.

7. subservient ______

g. to pay part of a large expense

to make submissive

LESSON

144 Root: -Pathy These words contain the root -pathy, meaning “feeling.”

empathy (n.) empəθē The understanding of another’s feelings without having the feelings fully communicated. She felt empathy with her boyfriend when his dog died because she too had lost a pet. Comes from the Greek for “state of emotion.” There are two adjective forms of this word, empathetic and empathic, which should not be confused with emphatic, meaning “done with emphasis.”

apathy (n.) apəθē Lack of emotion or lack of caring. Philip was known for his apathy; few things excited him. This is from a Greek word meaning “want of sensation.” The adjective form of this word, which is perhaps more common than the noun form, is apathetic.

antipathy (n.) anˈtipəθē Strong dislike or aversion. He had an antipathy for large crowds and avoided taking public transportation, especially during rush hour. Again from Greek, meaning “feeling against.” A good related word to know is animosity, which is perhaps even a touch more extreme, reserved only for those instances when someone is really hostile toward something.

sociopath (n.) sōsēōˌpaθ A person who struggles to relate to others and essentially has no conscience, or feels no guilt about harming others.

pathogen (n.) paθəjən; Something that causes sickness or disease.

pathos (n.) pāˌθäs A feeling of sadness.

pathological (adj.) paθəˈläjikəl Relating to disease or to a habitual behavior.

homeopathic (adj.) hōmēˈäpəθik Describing remedies in which a smaller dose of whatever is causing the sickness or illness is istered.

ACTIVITY 144 Match the word with its meaning: 1. a feeling of sadness ______

a. antipathy

2. something that causes disease ______

b. sociopath

3. having to do with disease ______

c. apathetic

4. a person with no conscience ______

d. empathy

5. not caring ______

e. pathos

6. strong dislike ______

f. pathogen

7. ability to relate to another person’s emotions ______

g. pathological

LESSON

145 Root: Fract-, FragThese words are based on the root fract- or frag-, meaning “broken.”

refractory (adj.) riˈfraktərē Poorly behaved, stubborn. The children were refractory with the new nanny, pointedly disobeying everything she said. Comes from the Latin for “obstinate.” This is a similar word to obstreperous and recalcitrant, two words you typically don’t see outside of a standardized test or a nineteenth-century English novel.

fractious (adj.) frakSHəs Difficult to control or manage. The new political party was fractious, so it didn’t surprise many that a strong-armed dictator emerged as its leader. The origin of this word is related to the Latin word for “rupture, discord.” A similar-sounding word but one with a slightly different meaning is factious, which means “likely to split into groups.”

fragment (n.) fragmənt A small piece of something that has broken off. Archaeologists have been able to determine from mere fragments of pottery what ancient peoples likely ate on a daily basis. From the Latin for “a remnant.” This word can also be used figuratively to describe isolated and scattered bits of something—e.g., “She recalled fragments of her dream throughout the day.”

fragile (adj.) frajəl Very delicate, likely to break.

fracture (v.) frakCHər To break, either literally or figuratively.

fractal (n.) fraktəl A pattern (typically in nature) that is repeated at widely different scales of size.

ACTIVITY 145 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Timmy _______________ his arm falling from the tree. 2. The vase is _______________ and needs to be handled with care. 3. Many _______________ of papyrus scrolls exist that give us a window into the life of the Egyptians. Complete the word for the given definition: 4. poorly behaved, stubborn: re____tory 5. difficult to control: ___act___

LESSON

146 Prefix: BellThese words begin with bell-, meaning “war.”

belligerent (adj.) bəˈlijərənt Warlike, hostile. He was highly agreeable when he had his way, but as soon as someone disagreed with him he turned belligerent. This word comes from the Latin for “waging war.” This word can also be used as a noun to refer to a nation that is constantly waging war.

bellow (v.) belō To laugh loudly and deeply. His uncle bellowed at every joke he heard, even ones involving bad puns. From an Old English word. This word is actually not related to the root bell-, though many assume that it somehow relates to war.

bellicose (adj.) beliˌkōs Hostile, inclined to fight. The newspaper gained a reputation as politically extreme after hiring several bellicose writers. Comes from the Latin for “warlike.” Pugnacious and truculent are two synonyms.

belle (n.) bel A beautiful girl (from the Latin bellus- for beautiful, not bell- for war).

antebellum (adj.) antēˈbeləm Before the Civil War.

casus belli (n.) käsəsˈbelē A justification or reason for war.

ACTIVITY 146 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. hostile (2 words) = _______________ and _______________ 2. a justification for war = _______________ 3. occurring or describing life before the Civil War = _______________ 4. a beautiful girl = _______________ 5. to laugh heartily = _______________

LESSON

147 Prefix: CarnThis list of words is based on the root carn-, meaning “flesh.”

carnal (adj.) kärnl Relating to the body, specifically as it concerns sexual desire. The more carnal portions of the book were omitted in the movie adaptation, which had a PG-13 rating. This word is from the Latin for “of the flesh.” The noun form of this word is carnality.

carnage (n.) kärnij Bloodshed and killing on a grand scale. World history textbooks are filled with descriptions of carnage. Comes from the Latin for “a piece of flesh” then from Old Italian for “slaughter, murder.” Slaughter is a synonym for carnage.

carnivore (n.) kärnəˌvôr An animal that eats meat. The steak restaurant billed itself a carnivore’s paradise, offering mashed potatoes as the only dish that didn’t once stand on four legs. From the Latin for “flesh eating.” An omnivore is one who eats everything (from the Latin omni- for all).

carnelian (n.) kärˈnēlyən A semiprecious stone with a flesh-colored appearance.

carnation (n.) kärˈnāSHən A pink, flesh-colored flower.

carnival (n.) kärnəvəl A period of intense celebration and indulgence.

ACTIVITY 147 Match the word with its meaning: 1. meat eater ______

a. carnivore

2. celebratory festival ______

b. carnal

3. a semiprecious stone ______

c. carnage

4. massive bloodshed ______

d. carnelian

5. relating to desires of the body ______

e. carnival

LESSON

148 Prefix: CognThese words build upon the root cogn-, meaning “to learn.”

cognitive (adj.) kägnətiv Related to the mind. Her cognitive powers were truly amazing: By age 9 she had memorized pi to the one-thousandth decimal place and could recite T. S. Eliot’s poem “The Waste Land.” From the Latin for “to know.” Cognitive science studies how the human brain processes information.

reconnaissance (n.) riˈkänəzəns A preliminary military investigation. Before choosing a city to move its headquarters to, the corporation did some extensive reconnaissance, visiting dozens of towns. From the French word for “to recognize.” Recon is a shortened, and informal, form of the word reconnaissance.

incognito (adj.) inkägˈnētō In disguise, in order to avoid detection. The famous celebrity was known to go about town incognito, often donning a Panama hat and a fake moustache. This word is from the Latin for “not known.” This word can also be used as a noun describing the false identity itself, though this usage is not nearly as common as the adjective case. That said, the word can also function as an adverb, e.g., to go incognito, and this form is relatively common.

recognize (v.) rekigˌnīz To acknowledge.

cognizant (adj.) kägnəzənt Aware.

precognition (n.) prēkägˈniSHən The knowledge of something before it happens.

reconnoiter (v.) rēkəˈnoitər To inspect and learn about an area (usually the enemy’s).

ACTIVITY 148 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The Navy Seal team _______________ enemy territory weeks early, but their _______________ did not reveal any unambiguous threats. 2. Many claim to have _______________ of events before those events happen, though no one has ever been able to reveal such an ability when tested by scientists. 3. The culprit, in order to avoid being recognized, dressed _______________. 4. _______________ decline is a natural part of the aging process.

LESSON

149 Root: MinThese words use the root min-, meaning “to make smaller.”

minimalism (n.) minəməˌlizəm An artistic movement that strives for simplicity. Influenced by minimalism, her paintings contained little more than a few lines and stray shapes, though the overall effect was striking. Minimalism doesn’t just refer to painting and sculpture but can also describe music that repeats the same phrase over and over again, thereby creating a hypnotic effect.

minuscule (adj.) minəˌskyo

l

Extremely tiny or small. The difference between 1 light-year and 1.5 light-years might seem minuscule, but the actual difference is billions upon billions of miles. This is from the Latin for “rather small, rather less.” Be careful not to spell this word miniscule, which is not correct but a tempting misspelling given the sense of mini.

minutiae (n.) məˈn(y)o

SHēˌē

Tiny, trivial details. The minutiae of her daily commute became so embedded in her mind that when a small exit sign had been repainted, she immediately noticed it. From the Latin for “smallness.” Minutia is the singular form but is rarely used.

diminish (v.) diˈminish To decrease in size or effect.

minute (adj.) mīˈn(y)o

t

Very small and detailed.

diminution (n.) diməˈn(y)o

SHən

A lowering in rank or quality.

minatory (adj.) minəˌtôrē Threatening (this word has a different root and is not related to the other words in this lesson).

ACTIVITY 149 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. A _______________ in his powers of concentration was evident at the three-hour mark of the chess game. 2. Though the lion was in a cage, its _______________ glare was enough to frighten even the adults present. 3. Somebody with perfect pitch can identify even _______________ shifts in tone. 4. He was a _______________ member of the community and was recognized by many. 5. Many experts prognosticate that a housing crisis is _______________.

LESSON

150 Prefix: ApoThese words begin with the prefix apo-, meaning “away from.”

apocalypse (n.) əˈpäkəˌlips The end times, or any catastrophe. The storm was causing damage so extensive that many newspapers covering the story were describing it as an apocalypse. This is from the Greek for “uncover.” This word is usually used figuratively to describe any catastrophic events.

apostle (n.) əˈpäsəl One who is a follower of another figure and typically spreads that figure’s message. He was an early apostle of the powers of the Internet, speaking as early as 1995 about the Web’s potential to transform our lives. Comes from the Greek for “person sent forth.” Apostle can also mean “a er of a certain cause or idea” (see example sentence).

apogee (n.) apəjē The point in its orbit at which the moon is farthest away from Earth, or any apex. To many art historians, the period between Da Vinci and Rembrandt was the apogee of Western art. From the Greek “away from the Earth.” This word is also used to describe the highest point in the development of something (see example sentence).

apothecary (n.) əˈpäθiˌkerē A pharmacist.

apoplectic (adj.) apəˈplektik Extremely angry.

apologist (n.) əˈpäləjist One who defends a controversial idea.

apothegm (n.) apəˌθem A saying.

apotheosis (n.) əˌpäθēˈōsis The idealization of something or someone, the perfect instance of something.

ACTIVITY 150 Match the word with its meaning: 1. a saying ______

a. apocalypse

2. extremely angry ______

b. apothecary

3. a perfect embodiment of something ______

c. apogee

4. a pharmacist ______

d. apologist

5. the highest point in something ______

e. apothegm

6. defender of a controversial position ______

f. apoplectic

7. catastrophe ______

g. apotheosis

LESSON

151 Root: -Mit Words below are based on the root -mit, meaning “to send.”

omit (v.) ōˈmit To leave out, not include. She omitted details of her alibi that she had earlier mentioned to police, thereby arousing suspicion. This is from the Latin for “to let go.” Omission is the noun form.

emit (v.) iˈmit To send out. The pulsar emitted a light that radio telescopes were able to detect. Comes from the Latin for “to send forth.” Do not confuse this word with omit. Emit can be used to describe an action more ive than transmit.

manumit (v.) manyəˈmit To release from slavery or captivity. Very few captured by the Romans were lucky enough to be manumitted. Comes from the Latin for “send from one’s hand.” This term is formal and usually isn’t encountered outside of history texts.

unremitting (adj.) ənriˈmiting Not ending, constant.

noncommittal (adj.) nänkəˈmitl Unwilling to make a decision or to commit oneself.

transmit (v.) tranzˈmit To intentionally send or emit.

ACTIVITY 151 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to release someone from servitude ______

a. manumit

2. unending ______

b. unremitting

3. to intentionally send ______

c. transmit

4. to leave out ______

d. omit

5. not committing oneself ______

e. emit

6. to send out ______

f. noncommittal

LESSON

152 Prefix: PanWords below come from the root pan-, meaning “all.”

panacea (n.) panəˈsēə A cure-all. Many politicians peddle the usual panaceas, but few ever deliver even half of what they promise. This is from the Latin word for a herb that would heal all illnesses. The term magic bullet is a good way of thinking about a panacea.

pandemonium (n.) pandəˈmōnēəm Complete chaos and disorder. When the home team came from behind to win the final game of the series, the streets were pure pandemonium, with revelers rejoicing. From a Latin word meaning “all demon,” this was the name of the city in the center of hell, according to John Milton’s Paradise Lost. Bedlam is a similar word and one with an interesting backstory: It was the name of a hospital for the insane.

panegyric (n.) panəˈjirik Public praise, usually before a large crowd. The dean was fond of giving a few panegyrics at graduation, referring to several students who had truly made a difference in the school. This comes from the Greek word for “all assembly,” referring to the public aspect of this word. This word can also refer to praise in writing. This is a pretty fancy word, but an even more formal synonym is encomium.

pantomime (n.) pantəˌmīm To use only gestures to communicate information.

pantheist (n.) panθēˌist A person who believes that there is an all-pervading spirit or mind.

pandemic (n.) panˈdemik A disease that breaks out in a large area.

panoply (n.) panəplē A full, lavish display of something.

panopticon (n.) paˈnäptiˌkän A surveillance tower in a prison, from which the entire prison is visible to the guards.

ACTIVITY 152 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The influenza _______________ of 1917 killed more people worldwide than the number of lives lost in World War I. 2. The baron enjoyed showing guests his _______________ of art relics, ranging from Aztec to Celtic pieces. 3. The dictator loved being praised and so had “writers” pen daily _______________. 4. There is no _______________ for the many problems that plague that small nation. 5. The riot was pure _______________, with businesses being looted and bystanders being injured.

LESSON

153 Prefix: ParaThese words feature the root para-, meaning “beside.”

paradox (n.) parəˌdäks A statement that doesn’t seem genuine on the surface but is, in fact, true. If one believed that nice guys finish last, he was a walking paradox—a successful CEO of multiple companies who had a heart of gold. This comes from Greek, meaning “contrary opinion.” This word can also refer to any situation or person that is contradictory.

paradigm (n.) parəˌdīm A model or system that is the basis for a way of investigating or understanding the world. Until recently, the medical establishment had discounted the role of the microbiome, the myriad bacteria in each one of us; but now the paradigm includes these tiny species when trying to understand why people become sick and why they stay healthy. Also from Greek, meaning “show side by side.” The term paradigm shift refers to a different way of thinking about something.

paroxysm (n.) parəkˌsizəm A sudden explosion of emotion. At the political debate, a highly polarized audience burst into paroxysms of joy one moment and anger the next. Comes from the Greek to “sharpen beyond.” Spasm is a similar word to paroxysm.

paragon (n.) parəˌgän The perfect example of something.

parabola (n.) pəˈrabələ A figure that describes the path of any thrown object.

paralegal (n.) parəˈlēgəl A person whose job it is to aid lawyers in legal matters.

paramount (adj.) parəˌmount Of greatest importance.

parapet (n.) parəpit A defensive wall behind which troops hide.

ACTIVITY 153 Match the word with its meaning: 1. sudden explosion of emotion ______

a. parapet

2. a defensive wall ______

b. paralegal

3. of greatest importance ______

c. paradigm

4. a person involved in legal matters but not a lawyer ______

d. paradox

5. contradictory statement ______

e. paroxysm

6. model used when studying something ______

f. paramount

LESSON

154 Prefix: PeriWords on this list use the prefix peri-, meaning “around.”

peripheral (adj.) pəˈrifərəl Not of main importance, to the side. Once war seemed imminent, all other issues in the media became peripheral. From the Greek for “circumference.” This word can also describe a physical location, as in “The periphery of the mountain was dotted with tiny villages.”

peripatetic (adj.) peripəˈtetik Moving around on foot. In some dense urban areas, certain doctors are still peripatetic, making house calls on foot. This comes from the Greek, meaning “walking up and down.” This word comes from an ancient Greek school in which the philosophers would “hold class” by walking around and discussing ideas.

perigee (n.) perəˌjē The point at which the moon is closest to Earth. During the perigee, the moon will appear brighter than usual. This is from Late Greek, meaning “near the Earth.” Unlike apogee, this word has no figurative usage.

periscope (n.) perəˌskōp A device that allows occupants of a submarine to see to the surface of the water.

periodontal (adj.) ˌperēəˈdäntl Relating to the structures around the teeth.

perihelion (n.) perəˈhēlyən The point at which Earth is closest to the sun.

periphrastic (adj.) perəˈfrastik Long-winded, not straightforward.

ACTIVITY 154 Complete the word for the given definition: 1. peri_________ = a device that allows occupants of a submarine to see to the surface 2. peri_________ = relating to the structures around the teeth 3. peri_________ = point at which the moon is closest to Earth 4. peri_________ = point at which Earth is closest to the sun 5. peri_________ = long-winded, not straightforward 6. peri_________ = not of main importance, to the side

LESSON

155 Root: -Scribe, -Script These words are all based on the root -scribe or -script meaning “to write.”

ascribe (v.) əˈskrīb To attribute something to. The recent spate of burglaries was ascribed to the spike in unemployment. From the Latin meaning “to write in, enter in a list.” A more informal way of thinking about this word is “to chalk up,” which is somewhat apt since chalk is used for writing.

nondescript (adj.) nändəˈskript Lacking any distinguishing features or qualities. The embassy was in a long block of nondescript gray buildings and would have been hard to find if not for the flag waving from its entryway. The first known use of this word was in the 1680s, derived from the Latin for “not hitherto described.” Unremarkable and unexceptional are two similar words.

inscribe (v.) inˈskrīb To write in or carve on. The old couple found the picnic bench where decades earlier they had inscribed their names and a heart. This comes from Latin, meaning “to write into.” Etch and engrave are two synonyms.

subscribe (v.) səbˈskrīb To believe or attribute validity to.

scribe (n.) skrīb A writer.

conscript (n.) kənˈskript A soldier.

descry (v.) diˈskrī To discern.

ACTIVITY 155 Complete the word for the given definition: 1. con___pt = a soldier 2. in_____e = to write in or carve on 3. sc__b_ = a writer 4. as____e = to attribute 5. su_____e = to believe or attribute validity to

LESSON

156 Prefix: TransThese words incorporate the root trans-, meaning “across.”

transcribe (v.) tranˈskrīb To turn information—speech, thoughts, etc.—into writing. Some of the fastest typists in the world work in the courtroom, where they transcribe hours of rapid speech into error-free documents. This comes from Latin, meaning “write across.” This word can also describe the process of arranging music for an instrument that it was not originally intended for.

transcend (v.) tranˈsend To go beyond the normal, usually in some creative or academic endeavor. Even as a teen, her writing transcended what professional writers could produce, so few were surprised when she became a staff writer for a respected magazine. Comes from the Latin for “climb across.” Eclipse or go beyond are two synonyms for this word.

transgress (v.) transˈgres To stray from what is considered proper or moral behavior. He repeatedly transgressed the church teachings, yet continued to strive to be a more principled person. Another word from Latin, this time meaning “to step across.” The noun form of this word is transgression.

transverse (v.) transˈvərs To extend across something.

transpose (v.) transˈpōz To swap the position of two things.

transmogrify (v.) transˈmägrəˌfī To warp.

ACTIVITY 156 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to extend across something ______

a. transmogrify

2. to betray ______

b. transient

3. short-lasting ______

c. traduce

4. to warp ______

d. transcend

5. partially transparent ______

e. transgress

6. to go beyond the normal ______

f. translucent

7. to do something not considered proper ______

g. transverse

LESSON

157 Prefix: ProThis list of words is based on the root pro-, meaning “forward.”

proponent (n.) prəˈpōnənt A er of a cause or way of thinking. Though he was an enthusiastic proponent of solar s, his house relied on traditional electricity. This is from Latin, meaning “putting forth.” The antonym of this word is opponent.

protracted (adj.) prəˈtraktəd Lasting longer than expected. At three hours running time, the movie felt protracted, trying to tie up all the loose plot ends. From the Latin for “to draw out.” A common word that is a synonym for protracted is prolonged.

procrastinate (v.) rəˈkrastəˌnāt To delay in carrying out or fulfilling a task. Larry always procrastinated on school assignments, sometimes staying up until 1:00 a.m. to finish his homework. From the Latin for “to put off until tomorrow.” A person who procrastinates is called a procrastinator.

protuberance (n.) prəˈt(y)o Something that sticks out.

b(ə)rəns

propagate (v.) präpəˌgāt To spread.

provenance (n.) prävənəns The origin of something.

providential (adj.) prävəˈdenCHəl Fortunate, happening at just the right time.

prolix (adj.) prōˈliks Talkative.

ACTIVITY 157 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He tended to be _______________ in public, chatting up total strangers. 2. Since the advent of the Internet, ideas have _______________ with greater rapidity than ever before. Provide the word for the given definition: 3. the origin of something = _______________ 4. fortunate = _______________ 5. something that sticks out = _______________ 6. lasting longer than expected = _______________ 7. to delay in carrying out a task = _______________

LESSON

158 Root: PunctThese words are based on the root punct-, meaning “pointed.”

compunction (n.) kəmˈpəNG(k)SHən A pricking of the conscience, a sense of guilt. At first he felt elated at finding a $20 bill on the ground, but later he felt compunction, thinking that somebody must be sad that they had lost some money. From the Latin “to prick sharply.” Scruples and qualms are two similar words in that they both refer to a sense that one has done or is about to do something wrong.

poignant (adj.) poinyənt Emotionally moving, touching. The poignant scene in the novel showed the two characters locked in an embrace that they thought would be their last. From the Latin “to prick.” The root of this word looks different from that found in the other words here because this word, though originally Latin, came from Old French.

punctilio (n.) pəNGkˈtilēˌō A specific point about correct behavior or conduct. The heaster chief’s punctilio was requiring students to raise their hands before asking a question. From Spanish and Italian for “a fine point.” This word is related to an earlier word in the book, punctilious.

acupuncture (n.) akyəˌpəNGkCHər The therapeutic use of needles implanted into certain locations on the body.

punctuate (v.) pəNGkCHo

ˌāt

To add strong emphasis to.

ACTIVITY 158 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. emotionally touching = _______________ 2. a pricking of the conscience = _______________ 3. a specific point about correct behavior = _______________ 4. to add strong emphasis to = _______________

LESSON

159 Root: PutThese words are based on the root put-, meaning “to consider.”

disreputable (adj.) disˈrepyətəbəl Not respectable. A few disreputable establishments at the periphery of town had recently shut down, marking the end of many decades of vice and corruption. First used in the 1680s, from Latin for “not reflect upon.” An informal synonym is shady.

impute (v.) imˈpyoōt To attribute to, ascribe. She imputed a certain amount of intelligence to those who had graduated from her alma mater, until she met Dexter, who prided himself on his ignorance. This comes from the Latin for “to for.” Ascribe is a synonym for impute.

putative (adj.) pyo

tətiv Supposed, assumed to be. He was the putative village doctor, though he’d never been to medical school. This is from Late Latin, meaning “judge, suppose, thought.” A synonym for putative that also has the put- root is reputed.

dispute (v.) disˈpyo

t

To argue.

undisputed (adj.) əndiˈspyo

tid Leaving no room for argument or debate.

deputy (n.) depyətē Someone who answers to the most senior figure in an organization.

ACTIVITY 159 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. leaving no room for debate = _______________ 2. supposed, in name = _______________ 3. to attribute to = _______________ 4. to argue = _______________ 5. not respectable = _______________

LESSON

160 Root: QuisitThese words incorporate the root quisit-, meaning “to ask.”

requisite (adj.) rekwəzət Necessary. He didn’t have the requisite tact to become a diplomat, yet he insisted on entering the foreign service. Comes from the Latin, meaning “searched for.” This word is also a noun meaning “something that is required.”

perquisite (n.) pərkwəzit A benefit from a job (often shortened to perk). One perquisite of working in retail was that he got 30 percent in-store discounts. From Medieval Latin, meaning “search thoroughly.” This word is commonly confused with prerequisite (see below).

prerequisite (n.) prēˈrekwəzət Something that must be fulfilled before something else can happen. She hoped to double-major in biology and math but learned that there were so many prerequisites to fill, her graduation might delayed by a year. From the Latin for “searched for before.”

requisition (n.) rekwəˈziSHən An official document that claims specific goods or property.

inquisition (n.) inkwiˈziSHən A sustained and often violent questioning.

acquisition (n.) akwəˈziSHən The attainment of something.

ACTIVITY 160 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. the attainment of something = _______________ 2. a sustained questioning = _______________ 3. an official document that claims specific goods = _______________ 4. something that must be fulfilled before something else can happen = _______________ 5. a perk = _______________

LESSON

161 Root: RogThe following words include the root rog-, meaning “to ask.”

arrogate (v.) arəˌgāt To take something without justification. The new neighbor arrogated the land between his fence and his neighbor’s fence, using it as a miniature bowling alley. Comes from the Latin for “to ask for oneself.” This word should not be confused with abrogate, which means “to repeal.”

surrogate (n.) sərəgit A substitute. When professional coaches are sick or cannot attend a game, the assistant manager usually steps in as a surrogate. From Latin, meaning “put in another’s place.” Be careful not to use this word for substitute in every instance. For example, it would be odd to say that the sick teacher was temporarily replaced by a surrogate teacher.

prerogative (n.) priˈrägətiv A special right that of a certain group possess. The royal family had many prerogatives, yet the prince was still thrown in jail for his utter disregard for the law. This comes from Medieval Latin, meaning “ask before.” This word is similar to entitlement and privilege.

arrogant (adj.) arəgənt

Self-impressed, haughty.

roguish (adj.) rōgiSH Immoral and disreputable but in a way that is charming.

derogate (v.) derəˌgāt To insult.

supererogatory (adj.) so

pəriˈrägəˌtôrē

Beyond what is required.

ACTIVITY 161 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. beyond what is required = _______________ 2. to insult = _______________ 3. a special right that of a certain group possess = _______________ 4. disreputable in a way that is charming = _______________ 5. a substitute = _______________ 6. to take something without justification = _______________

LESSON

162 Root: SequThis list of words is based on the root sequ-, meaning “to follow.”

subsequent (adj.) səbsəkwənt Coming after. The original movie was highly praised by critics, whereas all subsequent films in the franchise were described as poor imitators. This comes from the Latin meaning “following after.” This word is often bundled in the phrase “subsequent to.”

segue (v.) segwā To transition from one scene to another in an interrupted manner. The movie segued from one character to the next by having the characters meet each other while walking around in public. This is from the Latin for “to follow.” This word is typically reserved for discussion of music and film.

obsequious (adj.) əbˈsēkwēəs Following someone with slavish obedience. He acted in an obsequious manner whenever he saw the director, always asking her if she needed a coffee mug filled or another glass of water. Comes from Latin, meaning “compliant, obedient.” On The Simpsons, there is an obsequious character named Smithers, who praises his nefarious boss Mr. Burns no matter how vile his behavior.

inconsequential (adj.) inkänsəˈkwenCHəl

Unimportant.

sequester (v.) səˈkwestər To cut off a group from with others.

obsequies (n.) äbsəkwēz Funeral rites.

ACTIVITY 162 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The first speaker was so charismatic and captivating that all the _______________ speakers felt intimidated. 2. Juries are typically _______________ during trials that garner national attention. 3. After she found out she’d been accepted to an Ivy League school, the grades she received in her remaining classes seemed _______________. 4. Leaders who are surrounded by _______________ types become poor at making decisions because nobody ever questions their judgment.

LESSON

163 Root: EcThese words include the root ec-, meaning “out of.”

eccentric (adj.) ikˈsentrik Slightly off, weird. She was known for her eccentric style of dressing: bright orange skirts, purple boas, and rhinestone cowgirl boots. From Medieval Latin, meaning “out of center.” This word also describes how much the orbit of one planet around another planet deviates from a perfect circle.

anecdote (n.) anikˌdōt A retelling of something that happened. The speaker liked to start his presentations off with a humorous anecdote, so the audience would feel relaxed. From the Greek for “things published.” It’s important to that an anecdote does not necessarily refer to an event that actually happened to the speaker. These are called “personal anecdotes.”

eclectic (adj.) iˈklektik A style or idea that comes from a variety of sources. His taste in music was eclectic; his favorite mix CD contained jazz, hip-hop, classical, and electronic dance music. This word comes from Greek, meaning “selective.” A simple way to think of this word is wide-ranging.

ecstatic (adj.) ekˈstatik Extremely happy, elated.

appendectomy (n.) apənˈdektəmē The removal of the appendix.

synecdoche (n.) siˈnekdəkē A literary device in which a part of the whole is used to refer to the whole.

ACTIVITY 163 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The family’s diet was _______________, so they enjoyed many different restaurants, including Ethiopian, Indian, Japanese, and Mexican. 2. Upon hearing that she had chosen the winning lotto numbers, the woman was _______________. 3. He was so fond of reciting the same personal _______________ to strangers that his wife would, in jest, often mouth the words to the story. 4. The _______________ scientist—quirky, with wild hair and thickrimmed glasses—has become a stereotype.

LESSON

164 Prefix: A- (PART 1) These words begin with the prefix a-, when an “a-” in front of a word doesn’t mean “not.” It is easy to get carried away with roots, thinking that they apply in all cases. This is clearly not the case, especially when the prefix is the letter “a.” Here are a smattering of words beginning with “a” that do not have the prefix “a-”, though one might be tempted to apply the root to try to figure out the meaning.

abet (v.) əˈbet To help or assist in wrongdoing. A bank guard was incarcerated after having been found guilty of abetting the bank robbers. Meaning “to urge on” (the a- here does not mean “not” but comes from ad-, meaning “to”). to use this word only in negative contexts, where something clearly wrong has taken place. Do not use it in place of help or assist.

ameliorate (v.) əˈmēlyəˌrāt To improve, usually something that is bad. Poor living conditions at the periphery were ameliorated by donations from charity groups. This word comes from French or Medieval Latin, meaning “make better.” Meliorate means the same thing, so this word can be confusing, especially for those who speak Romance language and assume, mistakenly, that the ameans “not.”

aficionado (n.) əˌfiSH(ē)əˈnädō

A person who is ionate about a specific field or subject. Coin-collecting aficionados—known as numismatists—are a dying breed since its heyday in the 1970s. This word comes from the Spanish for “affectionate.” This word is used in Spanish to describe somebody who is devoted to bullfighting.

abut (v.) əˈbət To share a land border with.

abridge (v.) əˈbrij To make shorter.

awry (adj.) əˈrī Not straight.

acolyte (n.) akəˌlīt A follower or disciple.

ACTIVITY 164 Complete the word for the given definition: 1. af____do = a person ionate about a specific subject 2. a_____e = to make shorter 3. am____te = to improve something bad 4. a__t = to share a land border with 5. a__t = to assist in a crime

LESSON

165 Prefix: A- (PART 2) amnesia (n.) amˈnēZHə The sudden onset of forgetting. Soap operas are fond of featuring a character with amnesia who suddenly forgets all the dastardly things he or she did. This comes from Greek via Modern Latin, meaning “forgetfulness.” A person who suffers from amnesia is referred to as an amnesiac.

amorphous (adj.) əˈmôrfəs Lacking a discernible shape. The oil spill was an amorphous black blob in the middle of the lake. This word is also from Greek via Modern Latin, meaning “no shape.” The word morph means “to change from one shape into another.”

anomalous (adj.) əˈnämələs Deviating from what is expected. Rain in the desert during the summer months is anomalous. From the Greek for “uneven.” Anomaly is the noun form.

atypical (adj.) āˈtipikəl Not typical.

amnesty (n.) amnistē Forgiveness, leniency.

atheist (n.) āθēˌist

A person who is certain that God or any higher power does not exist.

atrophy (n.) atrəfē Wearing down through the lack of use.

aphasia (n.) əˈfāZHə Inability to speak.

ACTIVITY 165 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The teacher found it _______________ when the straight-A student forgot her homework three days in a row. (2 possible words) 2. Because the accused was so young, the judge granted _______________ and shortened the sentence. 3. Peter broke his arm, and when he removed the cast three months later, _______________ had reduced his arm to half its original size. Provide the word that answers each question: 4. Which word describes a person who does not believe in a higher power? _______________ 5. Which word means the inability to speak? _______________

LESSON

166 Root: CitThese words make use of the root cit-, meaning “move.”

resuscitate (v.) riˈsəsəˌtāt To bring back to life. After three years of nothing but losses, there was little left to do to resuscitate the financial firm. This comes from the Latin for “raise back.” This word is often used literally, especially when R is involved, though it can also be used figuratively to describe something inanimate, like a trend or an organization.

cite (v.) sīt To fine. The motorists were cited for not obeying the traffic laws. Comes from Latin via Old French, meaning “to summon.” Cite can also mean to reference a work, book, or some authority when one is trying to a claim. This usage becomes more common the more academic the text.

solicitous (adj.) səˈlisitəs Very eager to help, concerned. The neighbor was solicitous toward the children living next door because she had known them since they were babies. From the Latin for “anxiously set in motion.” Solicitude is the noun form of this word.

recitation (n.) resiˈtāSHən The act of reading or repeating aloud, often publicly.

unsolicited (adj.) ənsəˈlisitid Not asked for, unwanted.

ACTIVITY 166 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. very eager to help = _______________ 2. to fine = _______________ 3. to bring back to life = _______________ 4. not asked for = _______________

LESSON

167 Prefix: Con- (PART 1) These words begin with the prefix con-, meaning “with.”

convivial (adj.) kənˈvivēəl Lively. The mood at the baseball game was convivial until the home team failed to score. This comes from Late Latin, meaning “with life.” This word is similar to vivacious—lively—however, it typically describes a setting or atmosphere and not a person, the way vivacious does.

confluence (n.) känˌflo

əns The coming together of two things. The European city sat at the confluence of the traditional and the modern— gleaming skyscrapers housing financial institutions jostled with centuries-old buildings. Another word that comes from Late Latin, this one meaning “flow together.” This word can be used to refer to rivers or any fast-moving bodies of water or, in a more literary vein, to describe the coming together of two attributes.

conflate (v.) kənˈflāt To treat or combine two different things as though they were similar. It is tempting to conflate hard work and success; in reality, a person can work hard and not be successful, and vice versa. From the Latin for “blow together.” Conflate implies that the combining of two things is unintentional, that confusion is involved.

condolence (n.) kənˈdōləns Regret.

convoke (v.) kənˈvōk To call together.

conclave (n.) känˌklāv A meeting, usually conducted secretly.

consanguinity (n.) känˌsaNGgwinitē Relatedness through blood.

ACTIVITY 167 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to summon ______

a. consanguinity

2. lively ______

b. convivial

3. relatedness through blood ______

c. conflate

4. to treat two different things as though they were the same ______

d. convoke

5. the coming together of two different things ______

e. condolence

6. regret ______

f. confluence

LESSON

168 Prefix: Con- (PART 2) condone (v.) kənˈdōn To not put a stop to something objectionable, thereby implying that it is okay. The landlord condoned smoking, never saying anything to tenants whose apartments clearly smelled of smoke. Comes from Latin, meaning “give altogether.” To condone something can be as simple as turning the other way when something bad is happening.

connote (v.) kəˈnōt To mean something beyond the literal definition. To discriminate simply means to tell the difference between two things; the way the word is generally used, however, connotes targeting a specific group of people. From the Latin for “to mark together with.” What a word denotes is the literal dictionary definition, whereas how the word is used and the associations that go along with it make up what the word connotes. The noun form is connotation.

conjugal (adj.) känjəgəl Pertaining to the relationship between husband and wife. The prison allowed two conjugal visits a month. Meaning to “tie together” (-jugal is derived from a Latin word for “spouse”). Marital and matrimonial are two common synonyms, whereas connubial is a more formal synonym.

congeal (v.) kənˈjēl To turn from liquid to solid.

concentric (adj.) kənˈsentrik Arranged in overlapping circles.

contiguous (adj.) kənˈtigyo

s

Bordering, touching.

contumacious (adj.) känt(y)əˈmāSHəs Stubbornly defiant.

ACTIVITY 168 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. stubbornly defiant = _______________ 2. pertaining to the relationship between husband and wife = _______________ 3. bordering = _______________ 4. to turn from liquid to solid = _______________ 5. to mean something beyond the literal definition = _______________

LESSON

169 Prefix: DeThese words use the prefix de-, meaning “down, completely.”

delineate (v.) diˈlinēˌāt To describe in detail. The psychology teacher spent most of the first class delineating the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist. From the Latin for “to outline.” Delineate can also describe the action of marking boundaries on a map.

devolve (v.) diˈvälv To hand off to someone else, delegate. The president devolved many duties to his cabinet so he could spend more time mending diplomatic ties. Again from Latin, meaning “to roll down.” This word can also mean “to degenerate” (the opposite of evolve). This usage, though, isn’t too common.

denude (v.) di-ˈn(y)üd To strip bare, remove any trace of. The first winter storm swept through the town, leaving the trees denuded of their leaves. Meaning “completely bare.” This verb will often be used together with “to be,” as in “the tree was denuded” vs. “the wind denudes the tree.”

descend (v.) diˈsend To move downward.

delimit (v.) diˈlimit To mark the boundaries of.

decipher (v.) diˈsīfər To figure out, discern.

debunk (v.) diˈbəNGk To disprove.

defenestrate (v.) dēfenəˌstrāt To throw someone out of a window (typically used in jest).

decadent (adj.) dekədənt Inclined to disreputable and immoral behavior.

detritus (n.) diˈtrītəs Refuse.

denouement (n.) dāno

ˈmän The falling action after the climax, typically in novels and movies.

ACTIVITY 169 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He was skillful at _______________ tasks and duties to large groups of people, though he didn’t care to do the task himself. 2. Though every story of the Sasquatch has so far been _______________, many continue to believe that the latest sighting might be legitimate. 3. The storm left mounds of _______________ strewn about the neighborhood. Unscramble and define:

4. pichered ______________________________ 5. dancedte ______________________________ 6. meedontune _____________________________

LESSON

170 Prefix: En- (PART 1) These words feature the prefix en-, meaning “in” or “on.”

envisage (v.) enˈvizij To imagine. He was so destitute he could not even envisage a time when he would own a home. This comes from the French for “look in the face of.” This word is a more eloquent way of saying imagine.

entice (v.) enˈtīs To tempt. The brochure made the timeshare seem far more enticing than it actually was. From a French word meaning “stir up,” possibly from Vulgar Latin for “to set on fire.” Lure and beguile are two similar words.

en (v.) enˈ To urge someone to do something. Her friend’s mother ened her to the Girl Scouts. Comes from Latin for “to .” In a legal context, this word can also mean “prohibit,” which makes it confusing.

entourage (n.) änto

ˈräzh A group that accompanies a celebrity or very important person.

ensue (v.) enˈso To follow, in of events or actions.

encroach (v.) enˈkrōCH To move in on so as to threaten.

ensconce (v.) enˈskäns To hide.

ACTIVITY 170 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to hide ______

a. entice

2. to tempt ______

b. envisage

3. to prohibit ______

c. encroach

4. to infringe upon one’s boundaries ______

d. en

5. to imagine ______

e. ensue

6. to follow, in of events ______

f. ensconce

LESSON

171 Prefix En- (PART 2) endorse (v.) enˈdôrs To publicly. Some athletes make more money when they endorse a product, typically in the form of commercials where they wear a popular shoe brand, than they do from playing the sport itself. From the Latin for “on one’s back.” An endorsement can refer to the backing of somebody for political office or when companies pay lavish sums for athletes to promote their products.

engorge (v.) enˈgôrj To fill with another fluid so that it becomes swollen. Ticks become engorged with blood after attaching themselves to an animal. From the Latin for “into the throat.” This word can also mean “to eat too much,” as in “to engorge oneself,” though this usage is very dated, and “to gorge oneself” is far more common.

enclave (n.) enˌklāv A small area within a larger area. There were a few enclaves scattered throughout town, where authentic international cuisine abounded. From the Latin for “key.” This word doesn’t just have to describe territory or land but can describe any group that sticks to itself and is isolated from, while being a part of, a larger group.

encom (v.) enˈkəmpəs

To include or surround entirely.

unencumbered (adj.) ənenˈkəmbərd Not weighed down by obligations.

enthrall (v.) enˈθrôl To hold spellbound.

encomium (n.) enˈkōmēəm Speech that highly praises.

ACTIVITY 171 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to surround entirely ______

a. endorse

2. to hold spellbound ______

b. enthrall

3. high praise ______

c. encomium

4. to swell with liquid ______

d. engorge

5. to publicly ______

e. enclave

6. a small area within a larger area ______

f. encom

LESSON

172 Root: EThese words use the root e-, meaning “out of” or “from.”

enormity (n.) iˈnôrmitē Wickedness. The enormity of twentieth-century dictators will hopefully serve as a check on those who wield power in this century. From the Latin for “out of the pattern.” This word is often thought to mean “enormousness,” though the words are very different. Nonetheless, this erroneous usage is gaining ground and might soon be accepted.

ineluctable (adj.) iniˈləktəbəl Unavoidable. Since he had failed to appear in court twice for a spate of speeding tickets, an even heftier fine was ineluctable. From the Latin for “not struggle out.” Inescapable and inevitable are two synonyms.

evocative (adj.) iˈväkətiv Causing one to have a vivid recollection of something. Her writing was so evocative of the places she had visited that it was as though the reader were traipsing through the same foreign lands. This word comes from the Latin for “summoning forth.” The verb form is evoke.

enunciate (v.) iˈnənsēˌāt

To pronounce very clearly.

elocution (n.) eləˈkyo

SHən The proper way of speaking and pronouncing.

emolument (n.) iˈmälyəmənt Payment given for work done.

ACTIVITY 172 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The _______________ of the crime carried with it a life sentence. 2. She asked the teacher to repeat himself and to _______________ each syllable. 3. The hurricane was _______________, bearing down upon the small island with catastrophic winds. Give the word for each definition: 4. the proper way of speaking = _______________ 5. causing one to have a vivid recollection = _______________

LESSON

173 Root: FactThe words below contain the root fact-, meaning “made.”

factoid (n.) fakˌtoid A tidbit of inaccurate information that has been repeated so often it is accepted as true. The campaign speech contained numerous questionable factoids without providing reliable sources for them. This word comes from fact plus the suffix -oid, which means “having the appearance of.” Factoid can carry a slightly negative connotation, implying that whatever the factoid is describing is somewhat trivial.

factotum (n.) fakˈtōtəm A person who does odd jobs. Jenny was the office’s factotum, able to take care of anything from maintenance issues to legal matters. From the Latin for “do everything.” Jack-of-all-trades is a more common way of saying this word (though factotum is more gender neutral).

olfactory (adj.) älˈfakt(ə)rē Relating to the sense of smell. His severe head cold had diminished his olfactory sense to the point that he couldn’t discriminate between chicken soup and tomato soup. This is from the Latin for “smell.”

artifact (n.) ärtəˌfakt

A physical object made by a person.

putrefaction (n.) pyo

trəˈfakSHən The decay and rotting of flesh.

factious (adj.) fakSHəs Marked by inner conflict.

factitious (adj.) fakˈtiSHəs Fictional, not real.

ACTIVITY 173 Match the word with its meaning: 1. fictional ______

a. factotum

2. the process of rotting ______

b. factoid

3. a human-made object of historical interest ______ c. olfactory 4. relating to smell ______

d. putrefaction

5. Jack-of-all-trades ______

e. artifact

6. a tidbit of inaccurate information ______

f. factitious

LESSON

174 Root: FicThese words build upon the root fic-, meaning “to do.”

prolific (adj.) prəˈlifik Creating something in abundance. Haydn was a prolific composer, writing over 100 symphonies in his lifetime. From the Latin for “offspring.” This word was traditionally used to describe a woman who bore many offspring, though this usage has become outdated. Today, prolific is used more commonly to describe creative output (see example sentence).

ramification (n.) raməfəˈkāSHən A consequence, typically an unwanted one. The municipal board had not thought through the ramifications of doubling the price of utilities: Soon there was a major shortage of renters. From the French for “to form branches.” This word is similar to aftermath, though the latter tends to imply something with very serious consequences.

pontificate (v.) pänˈtifiˌkāt To speak pompously and in a highly opinionated manner. Matt didn’t know much, but sometimes it was hard to tell by the way he pontificated. From the Latin pontifex (pontiff is another name for the pope). “To speak dogmatically” is another way of thinking about this word.

fortification (n.) fôrtəˌfəˈkāSHən

A strong defense.

edifice (n.) ˈedəfis A building.

ratification (n.) ratəfəˈkāSHən The process by which a treaty is made officially valid.

edification (n.) edəfiˈkāSHən The process by which someone is improved on a deep level.

ACTIVITY 174 Match the word with its meaning: 1. a strong defense ______

a. edify

2. confirmation of a treaty ______

b. edifice

3. to improve on a deeper level ______

c. ramification

4. unforeseen consequence ______

d. pontificate

5. building ______

e. ratification

6. to speak pompously ______

f. fortification

LESSON

175 Root: GenThe words below include the root gen-, meaning “born.”

progeny (n.) präjənē One’s offspring. His progeny—all three children and seven grandchildren—went on to attend college. From the Latin for “beget,” which means to bring a child into the world. The word progenitor, which shares the same root, means “parent.”

indigenous (adj.) inˈdijənəs Native to a specific country. Many indigenous plants had succumbed to drought, so they brought in nonnative species that could survive on less rainfall. This comes from the Latin for “native.” This word should not be confused with indignant (meaning “angry”) or indigent (meaning “poor”).

carcinogenic (adj.) kärsənəˈjenik Cancer-causing. After the factory fire, the atmosphere was deemed carcinogenic, and residents were advised to stay indoors. From the Latin for “cancer.” Carcinogen is the noun form of this word.

genesis (n.) ˈjenəsis Beginning, origin.

genealogy (n.) jēnēˈäləjē One’s family tree.

genocide (n.) jenəˌsīd The killing of all the people of a certain group.

endogenous (adj.) enˈdäjənəs Originating internally.

ACTIVITY 175 Unscramble and define: 1. encodige ______________________________ 2. singese ______________________________ 3. dousingeni ______________________________ Write the word that completes each sentence: 4. Jack traced his _______________ back six generations. 5. Many things in our environment are _______________ if we are exposed to them enough.

LESSON

176 Suffix: -Gress These words contain the suffix -gress, meaning “step.”

regress (v.) riˈgres To return to a former, inferior state. Without his aunt to check his homework every day, Harold regressed to his old habit of staying up until midnight watching TV. This is from Latin, meaning “walk back.” The noun form of this word is regression.

digress (v.) dīˈgres To stray from the main topic. The professor digressed from the main topic and soon the students lost interest. Comes from Latin, meaning “walk away.” Digression is the noun form of this word.

progressive (adj.) prəˈgresiv Having liberal views or views that promote innovative ideas. The political divide in that country is marked by conservatives, who want to keep things the way they are, and progressives, who are constantly looking for new approaches. This possibly comes from the French for “gone forward.” Politically speaking, progressives are on the other side of the spectrum from conservatives.

congress (n.) käNGgrəs The coming together of political groups.

ingress (n.) inˌgres Entrance.

egress (n.) ēˌgres Exit.

ACTIVITY 176 Match the word with its definition: 1. exit ______

a. digress

2. entrance ______

b. egress

3. the coming together of political groups ______

c. congress

4. to stray from the main topic ______

d. regress

5. to return to a former state ______

e. ingress

LESSON

177 Root: -Graph This list of words contains the root -graph, meaning “to write.”

calligraphy (n.) kəˈligrəfē The art of decorative writing. Though some believe that the Internet has made calligraphy a dying art, there are small pockets of enthusiasts who keep the tradition alive. This comes from Greek, meaning “beautiful writing.” Calligraphy got the spotlight when Steve Jobs revealed that one of the most important classes he ever took was a calligraphy class because it taught him the importance of design.

topography (n.) təˈpägrəfē The description of the physical features of the landscape. On the second day of the hike, the topography had changed markedly, the rolling foothills giving way to jagged peaks. This is from Greek via Late Latin, meaning “place writing.” Topographical maps show the altitudes of the land they cover.

demographics (n.) deməˈgrafiks The study of the components of a population. The demographics of the city had changed in the last 50 years, with the influx of young immigrants. Meaning “people writing,” the first known use of this word was in the late 1960s. A demographer is one who studies demographics.

graphite (n.) graˌfīt A mineral that is used for the lead of pencils.

cartography (n.) kärˈtägrəfē The writing of maps, mapmaking.

bibliography (n.) biblēˈägrəfē A list of books, typically in an appendix.

choreography (n.) kôrēˈägrəfē The creation and arrangement of dance movements.

graphologist (n.) graˈfäləjist A person who studies handwriting.

ACTIVITY 177 Match the word with its meaning: 1. dance composition ______

a. cartography

2. pencil lead ______

b. bibliography

3. list of books ______

c. graphite

4. one who studies handwriting ______

d. choreography

5. map making ______

e. demographics

6. study of population groups ______

f. graphologist

LESSON

178 Root: IgThe following words utilize the root ig-, meaning “to act or do.”

ambiguous (adj.) ambiˈgyo

wəs Vague because of having more than one possible interpretation. When his mother told Fred to leave his lunchbox by the door, he found the instructions ambiguous because the house had a front door and a back door. From the Latin for “doubtful.” Ambiguity is the noun form of this word.

mitigate (v.) mitəˌgāt To lessen the severity. Hoping to mitigate the disappointment of his 2.1 GPA, Hank told his parents that he had made the basketball team. From the Latin for “softened.” Do not confuse mitigate with militate, which means “to prevent something from happening” (and is used with the preposition “against”).

castigate (v.) kastəˌgāt To criticize harshly. He was castigated for not letting his boss know that he would be returning from vacation four days later than expected. This is from the Latin for “reprove,” which is another way of saying scolding. Castigate is typically only used in formal contexts.

navigate (v.) naviˌgāt To guide a vehicle or to travel over a specific course.

exigent (adj.) eksijənt Urgent.

unmitigated (adj.) ənˈmitəˌgātid Absolute, not lessened (typically describes a negative word).

ACTIVITY 178 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The minivan was unable to _______________ around the snowdrift. 2. It is _______________ that the building be evacuated immediately. 3. The new hire just out of college had the _______________ nerve to tell his boss how to run the business. Provide the word for the given definition: 4. vague = _______________ 5. to lessen the severity of = _______________ 6. to criticize harshly = _______________

LESSON

179 Root: PendThe following words are based on the root pend-, meaning “to hang.”

appendix (n.) əˈpendiks Something that comes at the end of a book describing additional topics relevant to the book. The appendix to the Spanish language book contained conjugations for the 500 most common verbs. From the Latin for “hang upon.” Another definition of appendix is “a small sac that has no known function in humans but in some animals is used to process cellulose.”

compendious (adj.) kəmˈpendēəs Comprehensive but concise. Her survey of Roman history is compendious, touching all the main parts without going into unnecessary detail. This is from the Latin for “brief and advantageous.” The related word compendium describes a large book that contains comprehensive information on a certain subject.

impending (adj.) imˈpendiNG About to happen. With an impending deadline, Tiffany worked efficiently. This word also comes from Latin, meaning “hanging.” Another way of saying this is looming.

appendage (n.) əˈpendij Something that is a part of a larger thing.

pending (adj.) pendiNG Describing an issue that is awaiting a decision so it can be settled.

expenditure (n.) ikˈspendiCHər The spending of money.

ACTIVITY 179 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. section found at the back of a book = _______________ 2. about to happen = _______________ 3. describes a decision that is yet to be settled = _______________ 4. describes something both comprehensive and concise = _______________ 5. the payment of something = _______________

LESSON

180 Root: RegThese words include the root reg-, meaning “rule.”

regicide (n.) rejəˌsīd The killing of a king or queen. Regicide is common in the works of Shakespeare. From the Latin for “royal killing.” The Lion King and Hamlet (on which the movie is partially based) begin with a memorable regicide.

regalia (n.) riˈgālyə The symbols of royalty, such as the crown. The regalia of the Romanov empire—from Fabergé eggs to a formidable scepter—were on display at the local museum. Comes from Latin, meaning “royal privileges.”

regal (adj.) rēgəl Royal in manner, like a king.

regent (n.) rējənt A person who rules a country in the absence of the king or queen.

regiment (n.) ˈrejəmənt The largest unit in an army that is broken down into smaller units.

regnant (adj.) regnənt Ruling, dominant.

ACTIVITY 180 Provide the word for the given definition: 1. ruling = _______________ 2. the largest unit in an army = _______________ 3. the killing of a king or queen = _______________ 4. the symbols of royalty = _______________ 5. a person who rules in the absence of the king or queen = _______________ 6. royal in manner = _______________

LESSON

181 Words Beginning with A The remaining lessons will address words beginning with a specific letter of the alphabet, starting with A and working alphabetically through most of the letters. These words didn’t happen to fall into one of the groupings in the previous lessons, but they are important words to know.

ascertain (v.) asərˈtān To determine something. Scientists ascertained that the asteroid would miss Earth by tens of thousands of miles. From the Latin for “settled.” A simple synonym for this word is “figure out.”

antiquated (adj.) antiˌkwātid Old-fashioned. Each generation thinks the previous generation’s dance moves are antiquated. This is from the Latin for “to make old.” Antiquarian, a similar-looking word, refers to someone who collects antiques.

accretion (n.) əˈkrēSHən The buildup of something. The accretion of debris at the river mouth caused a blockage, and water began to trickle where before it had flowed. Comes from the Latin for “to become larger.” The word accrue, which means “to build up over time,” is related to accretion.

adulate (v.) ajəˌlāt To praise to the point of worship.

onish (v.) ədˈmäniSH To warn and criticize at the same time.

agrarian (adj.) əˈgre(ə)rēən Relating to the countryside, rural.

ailment (n.) ālmənt Illness.

ACTIVITY 181 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. She _______________ her children not to leave the house once it got dark. 2. An _______________ revolution took place, whereby all the farmers refused to sell their crops. 3. Today, CEOs are often _______________ the way pop stars are. 4. At first it was difficult for detectives to _______________ the motive for the crime. 5. Just as stagecoaches have become_______________, one day so too will automobiles.

LESSON

182 Words Beginning with B banter (n.) bantər Light teasing. Though to an outsider Tyler’s friends’ words sounded hostile, Tyler knew it was mere banter. The origin of this word is not known. Repartee and raillery are somewhat common words similar to banter.

bedlam (n.) bedləm Utter chaos. Bedlam broke out in the lecture hall when a giant rat scurried across the front of the room. This word comes from the name of the hospital for the insane. Pandemonium is a synonym.

belie (v.) biˈlī To show to be false, contradict. Her calm demeanor belied the anger raging inside her. From Old English for “to lie.” “To be at odds with” is another way of thinking of this word.

bemoan (v.) biˈmōn To lament, express sorrow over.

beguile (v.) biˈgīl To deceive in a charming way.

berate (v.) biˈrāt To criticize at length.

betrothed (n.) bəˈtrōθt One to be married.

ACTIVITY 182 Match the word with its meaning: 1.

to lament ______

a.

beguile

2.

to criticize at length ______

b.

belie

3.

to deceptively charm ______

c.

bedlam

4.

be at odds with ______

d.

berate

5.

hysteria ______

e.

bemoan

6.

light teasing ______

f.

banter

LESSON

183 Words Beginning with C caustic (adj.) kôstik Very harsh. His words were so caustic, so painful to hear, that she decided to no longer be friends with him. From the Greek “to burn.” The definition and example sentence use the word figuratively. Literally, this word describes chemicals that burn.

collude (v.) kəˈloōd To conspire. Documents revealed that different governmental agencies had colluded. This word is from the Latin for “have a secret agreement.” The noun form of this word, collusion, is also common.

cantankerous (adj.) kanˈtaNGkərəs Ill-tempered. The later it got the more cantankerous Uncle Phil became, berating his nephews for no reason at all. From an Anglo-Irish word made up of cankerous and rancorous. Irascible and choleric are two other ways of thinking about this word, whereas grumpy is a more straightforward description.

clamber (v.) klambər To climb up something, usually in an awkward manner.

catatonic (adj.) kadəˈtänik

Describing a mental state where someone is completely unresponsive.

carouse (v.) kəˈrouz To go around partying.

commiserate (v.) kəˈmizəˌrāt To sympathize.

ACTIVITY 183 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Both Tommy and Becky had dropped their ice cream cones, so they _______________ over hot cocoa. 2. The intrepid father made his way into the child’s fun house, daftly _______________ up the net walls. 3. After the accident, she remained _______________ for days before returning to full health. Provide the definition: 4. carouse = ______________________________ 5. cantankerous = ______________________________ 6. collude = ______________________________

LESSON

184 Words Beginning with D divulge (v.) diˈvəlj To reveal (typically something that should remain hidden). Once the magician divulged all of his secrets, the public no longer found his act engaging. From the Latin for to “publish widely.” Disclose is a synonym for divulge.

deign (v.) dān To do something one thinks is below them, to stoop. She did not even deign to reply to the man’s impertinent comment. This comes from the Latin for “to deem worthy.” This word is often used with the word not (as in the sample sentence).

disdain (n.) disˈdān Intense dislike. His disdain for loud public spaces was known to all of his friends, who usually met with him at a quiet café. Also from Latin, meaning “not considering worthy.” Contempt is a good synonym to know.

demonstrative (adj.) diˈmänstrətiv Emotionally expressive.

delirious (adj.) diˈli(ə)rēəs In a wild state, where one cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is in one’s mind.

dismay (n.) disˈmā Sudden loss of courage, sudden disappointment.

dilapidated (adj.) diˈlapiˌdātd Run-down, usually describing a structure or building.

disparage (v.) diˈsparij To insult.

ACTIVITY 184 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to spill the beans ______

a. dilapidated

2. run-down ______

b. deign

3. sudden disappointment ______

c. disdain

4. to put down ______

d. disparage

5. emotionally expressive ______

e. divulge

6. to do something one considers below one’s dignity ______

f. dismay

7. intense hate ______

g. demonstrative

LESSON

185 Words Beginning with E eschew (v.) esˈcho To shun, avoid using. She eschewed all forms of merrymaking while training for the triathlon. From the German for “to shun.” Abstain is an important synonym to know.

eradicate (v.) iˈradiˌkāt To wipe out any trace of, kill completely. Though the exterminators had promised to eradicate the cockroaches in the Millers’ home, as soon as the family returned, a giant one scuttled across the kitchen floor. Comes from the Latin “to pull up from the roots.” A fancy synonym, rarely seen outside of standardized tests, is extirpate.

elegant (adj.) eləgənt Graceful, effective yet straightforward. Though the teacher showed a solution to a difficult math question, a discerning pupil arrived at an even more elegant explanation. This is from the Latin for “to choose” or “select.” This definition of the word is not too common but is useful to know in college when taking science courses or any course that discusses experiments.

entertain (v.) entərˈtān To consider.

evident (adj.) evədənt

Obvious, easily seen.

espouse (v.) iˈspouz To , typically a belief or an idea.

endow (v.) enˈdou To give ability to.

ACTIVITY 185 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He did not _______________ ideas that did not rest on strong scientific evidence. 2. She was _______________ with a kind, generous spirit. 3. Her musical talent was _______________ from a young age, when she was able to play sonatas from memory. 4. The family of four would not even _______________ the notion of living in an apartment. 5. The gardener was unable to _______________ the weeds and they grew back the following year.

LESSON

186 Words Beginning with F finagle (v.) fəˈnāgəl To get something through trickery. Charming and witty, Patty was usually able to finagle free drink refills at the burger t. This word is of an uncertain origin but likely popped up in the United States around 100 years ago. Finagle is typically used informally.

foist (v.) foist To force something upon someone. Chuck foisted his old rock albums on his kids, who invariably put them aside without ever listening to them. This word comes from a Dutch dialect. This word is usually embedded in the phrase “to foist someone/something on” e.g., his parents constantly foisted job ads on him.

festoon (v.) fesˈto

n To decorate a place, usually with garlands. To spruce up his apartment for the housewarming, Oliver festooned it with black and red garlands, in honor of his love of checkers. From the Italian for “feast.” Festoon, loosely speaking, can also mean “to adorn with any decorations, not necessarily rope-like.”

fritter (v.) fritər To waste (typically time or resources).

feral (adj.) ferəl Wild.

filigree (n.) filəˌgrē Fanciful decoration around the edges.

fickle (adj.) fikəl Constantly changing one’s mind.

ACTIVITY 186 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. The cat was _______________, one moment lavishing attention on a guest and the next moment hissing at them. 2. The dog was _______________ despite the best efforts of the Robertsons to tame it. 3. Each year college students bemoan that 10-pound textbooks are _______________ on them. Define the word: 4. fritter ______________________________ 5. filigree ______________________________ 6. festoon ______________________________

LESSON

187 Words Beginning with G germane (adj.) jərˈmān Relevant to whatever is being discussed. Questions not germane to the topic were removed from the online Q&A session, since the speaker was given only 20 minutes to answer. This word originally meant “German,” but the way it is used today can be traced back to Shakespeare’s Hamlet. A synonym for germane is pertinent.

garner (v.) gärnər To gather. Despite his efforts to appeal to the entire electorate, the governor was unable to garner from the working class. From the Latin for “granary.” A synonym for this word is collect.

gentrification (n.) jentrəfiˈkāSHən The process of turning a run-down area into a hip area. Once an area avoided by the middle class and wealthy, the downtown had undergone gentrification and was now a mecca of art galleries and Parisianstyle cafes. From an Anglo–Irish word describing those who were enchanted. The gentry are a group from a high social class.

gripe (v.) grīp To complain persistently.

glom (v.) glam

To grab on to.

glum (adj.) gləm Depressed, sullen.

grovel (v.) grävəl To beg pathetically when asking for forgiveness.

ACTIVITY 187 Match the word with its meaning: 1. renovation of a downtrodden area ______

a. grovel

2. blue ______

b. garner

3. to beg obsequiously ______

c. glum

4. to grab on to ______

d. gripe

5. to gather ______

e. germane

6. relevant to ______

f. gentrification

7. to complain constantly ______

g. glom

LESSON

188 Words Beginning with H heretic (n.) herətik A person who believes in something that is at odds with the prevailing belief. Many tea enthusiasts claim that one should always add milk after steeping teabags, but Jonathan is a heretic, believing that the teabags should be steeped in boiling milk. From the Greek for “to choose.” This word was traditionally used to describe those who went against church teachings but now has a broader application.

hegemony (n.) həˈjemənē Dominance of one nation over another or one group over another. After defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, Great Britain gained hegemony of the Atlantic and retained it for centuries to come. This comes from the Greek for “leader.” Dominance is a synonym for hegemony.

husbandry (n.) həzbəndrē The careful management of resources. Husbandry was essential during the two-week desert trek; the nomads carefully measured, down to the nearest ounce, the amount of water consumed. This word is related to “husband,” in the now-obsolete sense of “peasant farmer.” Animal husbandry refers to the careful management of livestock.

haven (n.) hāvən

A safe place, refuge.

hallow (v.) halo To make sacred.

hirsute (adj.) hərˌso

t

Hairy.

harry (v.) ˈherē,ˈharē To harass incessantly.

ACTIVITY 188 Match the word with its meaning: 1. management of resources ______

a. hirsute

2. safe place ______

b. heretic

3. persistently harass ______

c. hegemony

4. sacred ______

d. hallowed

5. dominance ______

e. harry

6. one who does not subscribe to prevailing belief ______

f. haven

7. hairy ______

g. husbandry

LESSON

189 Words Beginning with I inveterate (adj.) inˈvetərit Describing a deeply ingrained habit. Wilson was an inveterate stock trader and couldn’t imagine a morning without trading. From the Latin for “made old.” This word is typically used to describe a bad habit.

inoculate (v.) iˈnäkyəˌlāt To protect against disease by giving a vaccine to. Before babies can be released from the hospital, they must be inoculated. Comes from the Latin for “into eye.” The noun form of the word is inoculation.

impervious (adj.) imˈpərvēəs Unaffected by, immune to. While the wrestler feigned to be impervious to pain, the morning after every bout, he’d grimace when getting out of bed. From the Latin for “not ing through.” This word can also describe something physical in which liquid cannot through, such as a raincoat. When used in this way, impermeable is a good synonym to know.

itinerary (n.) īˈtinəˌrerē A breakdown or description of one’s travel plans.

idiom (n.) idēəm

A saying that is particular to a language.

intuitive (adj.) inˈt(y)o

itiv Not based on rational assessment, from the gut.

imprint (v.) imˈprint To leave a lasting impression.

impetus (n.) impitəs Motivation.

ACTIVITY 189 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. He lacked any _______________ and felt himself drifting through life. 2. Her experience with the Peace Corps left a lifelong _______________. 3. She trusted his _______________, even though she couldn’t say exactly why he knew something bad was going to happen. 4. “Every dog has its day” is an example of an _______________. 5. She was _______________ to negative criticism, able to create great work no matter what her critics said.

LESSON

190 Words Beginning with L lithe (adj.) līθ Flexible. She was never lithe, finding activities like ballet and gymnastics difficult. From the German for “soft” and “gentle.” Graceful and supple are two good synonyms to know.

livid (adj.) livid Extremely angry. After receiving two parking tickets for the same infraction, Liz became livid. Comes from the French for “bluish.” There are many words in English that are synonyms for livid, among them fuming, furious, infuriated, irate, and incensed.

languorous (adj.) laNGərəs Pleasantly tired, lethargic. For Rick, vacations meant taxing day hikes; his wife, though, couldn’t be more different, enjoying languorous afternoons poolside. This word comes from the Latin for “loose, lax.” The noun form of this word is languor.

leery (adj.) li(ə)rē Suspicious of real dangers.

lull (n.) ləl A break in the action, downtime.

liable (adj.) lī(ə)bəl able for something.

lumber (v.) ləmbər To move clumsily.

ACTIVITY 190 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to move clumsily ______

a. lull

2. suspicious ______

b. leery

3. pleasantly tired ______

c. lumber

4. a momentary pause in the action ______

d. lithe

5. very angry ______

e. languorous

6. flexible ______

f. livid

LESSON

191 Words Beginning with M mirth (n.) mərTH Laughter and merriment. There was mirth in the air at the Christmas party, with eggnog and gifts flowing freely. From the German for “merry.” The adjective form of this word is mirthful.

mettle (n.) metl The ability to endure despite tough circumstances. During the days in which the soldiers were in the trenches, they had to keep their mettle, at the risk of losing their minds. Despite the different spelling, this word is related to metal. The adjective mettlesome should not be confused with the word meddlesome, which means “to be eager to learn about affairs that do not directly concern oneself.”

myopic (adj.) mīˈäpik Shortsighted or lacking foresight. The firm was myopic, focusing mostly on the quarter gains, and did not plan adequately for the year. From the Greek for “to shut the eye.” This word can also describe someone who is literally nearsighted and needs glasses.

maim (v.) mām To cause permanent injury to.

meager (adj.) mēgər

Pathetically small in amount.

meander (v.) mēˈandər To move indirectly.

mull (v.) məl To consider.

ACTIVITY 191 Unscramble and define: 1. luml ______________________________ 2. amender ______________________________ 3. ammi ______________________________ 4. compyi ______________________________ 5. rithm ______________________________

LESSON

192 Words Beginning with N negligible (adj.) neglijəbəl Having little to no effect, insignificant. Though the rain was welcome by the drought-stricken region, the amount proved negligible, in some places less than a quarter inch. From the French for “to neglect.” This word should not be confused with negligent, which means not properly doing what one has been tasked to do.

nadir (n.) nādər Lowest point. Though she went on to become a successful CEO, she ed her nadir distinctly, when she had a weekend gig as “Molly the Clown.” The word comes from the Arabic for “lowest point.” This word isn’t typically used to describe a physical lowest point (like Death Valley) but rather the point in one’s life or career where one is at the bottom-most point.

noisome (adj.) noisəm Extremely foul smelling. The noisome vapors emanating from the factory worried those in town. This word is related to the word “annoy.” Noisome does not have anything to do with noise.

nimble (adj.) nimbəl Agile, quick.

nary (adj.) ne(ə)rē

Not any.

natter (v.) natər To chatter.

natty (adj.) natē Wearing nice, fashionable clothes.

ACTIVITY 192 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. She had a _______________ mind, able to dissect her opponent’s argument quickly and offer an eloquent rebuttal. 2. The teacher onished the students in the back not to _______________ while he spoke. 3. There was _______________ a drop of water left in their canisters after the nine-hour hike. Provide the word for the given definition: 4. extremely foul smelling = _______________ 5. lowest point = _______________ 6. insignificant = _______________

LESSON

193 Words Beginning with O ominous (adj.) ämənəs Threatening, menacing. Upon seeing the ominous rainclouds on the horizon, the children returned indoors. From the Latin for “omen” or “sign.” While an omen can be a sign prophesizing something either good or bad, ominous refers only to something bad.

omnipotent (adj.) ämˈnipətənt All-powerful. On the baseball diamond, Babe Ruth seemed omnipotent, able to send the ball flying over the fences with a single swat of his bat. This comes from the Latin for “all-powerful.” This word should not be confused with omniscient, which means “all-knowing.”

ossify (v.) äsəˌfī To harden, become rigid and inflexible. Once an agile company, able to adapt to the market, it had ossified into one full of managers concerned only with getting promoted. From the Latin for “bone.” The definition provided above is figurative. Ossify can also refer to the physical process by which tissue becomes bony.

opine (v.) ōˈpīn To express an opinion.

oeuvre (n.) œvrə The oe is pronounced like the “u” in full. The complete work of an author, musician, or artist.

ornery (adj.) ôrn(ə)rē Mean-spirited, cantankerous.

onerous (adj.) ōnərəs Burdensome.

ACTIVITY 193 Match the word with its meaning: 1. to express an opinion ______

a. ornery

2. to harden, become rigid ______

b. onerous

3. all-powerful ______

c. opine

4. threatening ______

d. omnipotent

5. complete body of work ______

e. oeuvre

6. cantankerous ______

f.

7. burdensome ______

g. ossify

ominous

LESSON

194 Words Beginning with P perpetuate (v.) pərˈpeCHo

ˌāt To make something last indefinitely. The Internet has a way of perpetuating untruths—when we continue to see the same “facts” online, we begin to think them true. This word is from the Latin for “made permanent.” The adjective form of the word—perpetual—is just as common, if not more common.

prevaricate (v.) priˈvariˌkāt To deviate from the truth, to lie. When Greg caught his wife hiding his Christmas present in their closet, she began to prevaricate, saying the box was just filled with old stuff. From the Latin for “to walk crookedly.” Synonyms for prevaricate are equivocate and lie. Prevaricate is the least accusatory of the .

penchant (n.) penCHənt A strong liking or fondness for something; an inclination. He had a penchant for collecting stuff from bygone generations. This comes from the French for “leaning.” Propensity and proclivity are two synonyms for penchant.

peddle (v.) pedl To sell, hawk.

pander (v.) pandər To indulge the baser instincts of.

preempt (v.) prēˈempt To take or do before someone else can.

pilfer (v.) pilfər To steal.

ACTIVITY 194 Complete the word for the given definition: 1. pil__________ = to steal 2. pre__________ = to take or do before someone else can 3. pan_________ = to indulge the baser instincts of 4. pen_________ = fondness 5. pre__________ = to deviate from the truth 6. ped__________ = to sell 7. per__________ = to make something last indefinitely

LESSON

195 Words Beginning with Q quagmire (n.) kwagˌmīr A situation difficult to get out of or escape. After he had double-booked two important interviews, he found himself in a quagmire. A quag is swampy ground, and a mire is also swampy ground. Put them together and you get a very swampy ground, from which it can be difficult to extract one’s foot. Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld famously claimed that Iraq was not becoming a quagmire, though the war had no end in sight.

quixotic (adj.) kwikˈsätik Wildly impractical. The governor claimed to have many great ideas, but they were so quixotic that even his ers knew there was no way he could pull them off. This word comes from the literary character Don Quixote, known for his delusional schemes and loose grip on reality. Quixotic is typically used in the context of a project or venture. While you can use quixotic to describe a person, typically impractical or idealistic will do.

quisling (n.) kwizling A traitor, specially one who is in league with an enemy. When the firm was bought and new management took over, most knew it was time to find another job, save for a few quislings who had begun getting chummy with the new bosses. This word came into use after World War II. Vidkun Quisling was a Norwegian major in the army whom installed as the leader of

Norway between 1940 and 1945.

quip (v.) kwip To make a clever comment.

quandary (n.) kwänd(ə)rē A difficult situation in which you don’t know what to do.

quizzical (adj.) kwizəkəl Confused, puzzled.

querulous (adj.) kwer(y)ələs Complaining constantly.

ACTIVITY 195 Match the word with its meaning: 1. collaborator with the enemy ______

a. quixotic

2. puzzled ______

b. quisling

3. dilemma ______

c. quizzical

4. to make a witty comment ______

d. quip

5. complaining ______

e. quandary

6. wildly idealistic ______

f. querulous

LESSON

196 Words Beginning with R refine (v.) riˈfīn To make more pure, to remove impurities from. She was able to refine her dissertation before presenting it before the committee. Meaning “finish again,” from the French verb “to finish” and re-, meaning again. This word is often seen in the phrase “refined manners,” which describes someone with highly polished manners.

relinquish (v.) riˈliNGkwiSH To give up. When she suddenly became very sick, she was forced to relinquish her role as CEO. From Old French for “to leave.” Renounce is a synonym for relinquish.

ramshackle (adj.) ramˌSHakəl Run-down, describing a building or structure. Once a warren of ramshackle buildings, the west end of town has recently been gentrified. Likely from Scottish dialect, this originally meant “to loot a home.” Dilapidated is a synonym.

revert (v.) riˈvərt To change back to an earlier state.

resilient (adj.) riˈzilyənt

Able to bounce back from hardships.

retribution (n.) retrəˈbyo

SHən

Deserved punishment.

ACTIVITY 196 Mark “S” if the meanings of the two words are similar, “O” if they are opposite, or “D” if they are different: 1. revert and relinquish ______ 2. refine and spoil ______ 3. retribution and distribution ______ 4. ramshackle and dilapidated ______

LESSON

197 Words Beginning with S stringent (adj.) strinjənt Extremely strict, usually referring to rules. The rules in the boarding school were highly stringent, and students were not allowed to make noise after 8 p.m. nor leave their rooms after this time unless accompanied by an adult. This word comes from the Latin for “becoming tight.” Though the word astringent has the same root, it refers to something that is bitter tasting.

soporific (adj.) ˌsäpəˈrifik Causing sleep. The movie had great actors, but the soporific scenes lulled the audience to sleep. From the Latin for “to sleep.” This word can also describe something that is boring and tedious.

spurious (adj.) spyo

rēəs

Fake, counterfeit. The reports that the city had fallen to the enemy were spurious. This comes from the Latin for “false.” Bogus and fraudulent are two synonyms.

sequential (adj.) siˈkwenCHəl Following in order.

stark (adj.) stärk

Standing out strongly.

spurn (v.) spərn To reject.

specious (adj.) spēSHəs Attractive at first glance but not so upon closer examination.

ACTIVITY 197 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. There was a _______________ difference between his freshman GPA (when he was on probation) and his senior GPA (when he was on the dean’s list). 2. He _______________ any clothes that he thought were outmoded, preferring the latest trends. 3. Over-the-counter flu medicines tend to be _______________, helping many fall asleep more easily. Provide the word for the given definition: 4. fake = _______________ 5. attractive at first glance but not so upon closer examination = _______________ 6. extremely strict = _______________

LESSON

198 Words Beginning with T tantamount (adj.) ‘tantəˌmount Equivalent to. His statement that he couldn’t where he was on the night of the crime was, at least for the prosecution, tantamount to an ission of guilt. From the Italian for “amounting to the same.” Two phrases that are similar to tantamount are “on par with” and “much the same as.”

taut (adj.) tôt Tight and tense. The movie scenes were taut, not a single moment seemed unnecessary. This word might be related to “tough.” Taut is often used to describe muscles that are very tight and lean (think of an Olympic sprinter).

travesty (n.) travistē An absurd, grossly inferior imitation of the real thing. His recent novel was a travesty: There was no real plot, characters were left undeveloped, and there was no discernible conclusion. Comes from the Italian for “disguised in ridiculous clothing.” This word should not be confused with tragedy.

triage (n.) trēˈäZH A process by which the most serious cases are identified and treated first.

tempest (n.) Tempest

A strong wind.

titillate (v.) titlˌāt To excite.

ACTIVITY 198 Fill in the missing letters to complete the word: 1. t_____t (3 possible words) 2. t___ate 3. tr___ge 4. t____sty

LESSON

199 Words Beginning with U unanimous (adj.) yo

ˈnanəməs

Agreed on by all. The pollution was so obvious that the city board’s unanimous vote to close down the factory surprised nobody. From the Latin for “one mind.” Unanimous indicates 100 percent agreement among all parties involved. Even if 98 out of 100 agree on something, this is still not unanimous.

undulate (v.) ənjəˌlāt To move in a wavelike manner. The young recruits formed a sea of undulating bodies as they crawled under rows of barbed wire fences. Comes from the Latin for “a wave.” This word can also be used to describe the rise and fall of sound.

unctuous (adj.) əng(k)CHo

əs

Excessively flattering. The car salesman wore an unctuous smile as he said, “Mrs. Jones, you would look amazing in that red sports car!” This word comes from the Latin for “to anoint with oil.” This word can also describe something that is oily and soapy, though this usage is not as common.

unassuming (adj.) ənəˈso Modest.

miNG

usher (v.) əSHər To bring about or cause to happen.

utilitarian (adj.) yo

ˌtiliˈte(ə)rēən Serving a useful function but not necessarily attractive.

ululate (v.) ˈəlyəˌlāt To howl like a wolf.

ACTIVITY 199 Write the word that completes each sentence: 1. Always dressed in sweatpants and a baseball cap, he looked _______________, though he was worth over a billion dollars. 2. The Internet has _______________ in changes to the social landscape that 20 years ago would have been the stuff of science fiction. 3. With its many peaks and valleys, the landscape _______________ as far as the eye could sea. 4. The building was _______________, providing hundreds of offices but about as nondescript as a prison cell block. 5. Kendrick had trouble making friends because he was too _______________; people did not believe he was sincere and hence did not trust him.

LESSON

200 Words Beginning with V vacuous (adj.) vakyəwəs Lacking intelligence and the ability to generate interesting thoughts. As the summer went on and there was little to do beyond watch television, the two brothers took on an increasingly vacuous look. This word comes from the Latin for “empty.” This word has two acceptable noun forms, either vacuity or vacuousness.

vaunt (v.) vônt To boast continually. The much-vaunted sports area turned out to have uncomfortable seats, overpriced food, and narrow entryways. From the Latin for “vain and empty.” This verb is most often used in its participle form—vaunted—to describe something that is continuously boasted about (see example sentence).

vehement (adj.) vēəmənt ionate and intense. His vehement argument for subsidized cafeteria lunches revealed how deeply he felt about the issue. This word is from the Latin for “violent.” The noun form of this word is vehemence.

valiant (adj.) valyənt Brave, daring.

vouch (n.) vouCH To speak in favor of someone or something based on one’s experience.

vernacular (n.) vərˈnakyələr A specific way of speaking to a particular group or region.

vignette (n.) vinˈyet A short sketch, a brief but detailed description.

ACTIVITY 200 Match the word with its meaning: 1. brave, daring ______

a. vernacular

2. way of speaking to a specific area ______

b. vignette

3. to attest that someone is of a certain character ______

c. vaunt

4. intensely ionate ______

d. vehement

5. short sketch ______

e. vouch

6. boast ______

f. valiant

FURTHER RESOURCES Vocabulary.com This site provides not just definitions but also the context in which words are used, ultimately offering a much fuller sense of what words mean and how to use them in the real world. Quizlet.com Flashcards are a great way to get words to stick. With Quizlet you can make as many flashcards as you want online, and then study on the go. theFreeDictionary.com Easy-to-digest definitions along with a daily wordmatching game make this a useful site to visit. Dictionary.com This is a good source for concise definitions. Memrise.com This site contains roots galore, as well as effective ways to make words stick in your long-term memory. books.google.com/ngrams Enter a word into the Google Books Ngram Viewer to see how common it is and how its usage has changed over

time. In addition to being mildly addictive, this site will give you a good sense of just how widely used certain words are and, by extension, which ones should be a part of your vocabulary. Merriam-Webster.com This is a good source for definitions and also offers plenty of vocabulary games and an interesting blog. Word Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis This classic is similar to this book in that it groups words according to families and also provides short activities. Barron’s 1100 Words You Need to Know by Murray Bromberg and Melvin Gordon This book is a great place to learn words through context instead of merely parroting definitions. Plenty of activities provide examples of how words appear in published sources. Magoosh.com Magoosh’s GRE vocabulary blog and Vocabulary Wednesday videos are a great place to get descriptions of the more difficult words likely to appear on the GRE.

ANSWER KEY ACTIVITY 1 1. precipitate 2. predilection 3. R 4. NR ACTIVITY 2 1. precocious 2. preclude 3. precedent 4. S 5. NR 6. NR ACTIVITY 3 1. f 2. e 3. a 4. d 5. b

6. c ACTIVITY 4 1. spartan 2. platonic 3. thespian 4. hector 5. nemesis 6. juggernaut 7. pyrrhic 8. maudlin ACTIVITY 5 1. arriviste = parvenu 2. insouciant = nonchalant 3. subterfuge = chicanery 4. demur 5. chicanery ACTIVITY 6 1. sangfroid 2. rapport 3. é 4. gauche 5. cache

6. raconteur ACTIVITY 7 1. liaison 2. sans 3. droll 4. envoy 5. filial ACTIVITY 8 1. e 2. a 3. g 4. f 5. b 6. c 7. d ACTIVITY 9 1. poltergeist 2. verboten 3. zeitgeist 4. schadenfreude 5. bildungsroman 6. kaput

7. kitsch 8. doppelganger ACTIVITY 10 1. archipelago 2. citadel 3. pastiche 4. salvo 5. located along the coast 6. complicated situation 7. an exaggerated imitation ACTIVITY 11 1. dilettante, cognoscenti 2. ruffian, bravado 3. the highly educated people in a society 4. a declaration describing the aims of a group ACTIVITY 12 1. e 2. a 3. f 4. b 5. c 6. d

7. g ACTIVITY 13 1. O 2. S 3. S (not exactly the same, though) 4. D ACTIVITY 14 1. predicament 2. prepossessing 3. punctilious 4. restive 5. sedulous 6. peruse 7. equivocate ACTIVITY 15 1. burnish 2. redress 3. remiss 4. quiescent 5. intemperate 6. gratuitous

ACTIVITY 16 1. rambunctious 2. raucous 3. obstreperous 4. murmur 5. susurrus 6. hubbub ACTIVITY 17 1. O 2. S 3. D ACTIVITY 18 1. verbose 2. palaver 3. mince 4. hedge 5. taciturn ACTIVITY 19 1. cornucopia 2. surfeit 3. legion 4. myriad

5. plethora ACTIVITY 20 1. extraneous, superfluous 2. modicum 3. iota 4. wanting 5. dearth, paucity ACTIVITY 21 1. didactic 2. repudiate 3. doctrinaire 4. adamant 5. assertive ACTIVITY 22 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T ACTIVITY 23 1. d 2. e

3. a 4. b 5. c ACTIVITY 24 1. lionize 2. reproach 3. laud 4. hail 5. deprecate 6. approbative ACTIVITY 25 1. pejorative 2. venerate 3. belittle 4. kudos 5. commend ACTIVITY 26 1. O 2. O 3. O 4. S

ACTIVITY 27 1. industrious, assiduous 2. bustle 3. celerity, dispatch 4. lackadaisical ACTIVITY 28 1. tautology 2. barbarism 3. archaic 4. eponymous 5. palindromes 6. portmanteau ACTIVITY 29 1. S 2. D 3. D 4. D ACTIVITY 30 1. pedantic, erudite 2. eminent 3. pedagogue 4. collegial

5. benighted ACTIVITY 31 1. R 2. NR 3. NR 4. NR ACTIVITY 32 1. O 2. S 3. D 4. D ACTIVITY 33 1. philistine 2. base, ignoble, contemptible 3. vulgar 4. uncultivated ACTIVITY 34 1. virtuoso 2. forte 3. mellifluous 4. crescendo

5. coda ACTIVITY 35 1. badger 2. ape 3. crow 4. slothful 5. mulish ACTIVITY 36 1. elephantine 2. apian 3. simian 4. vulpine 5. asinine 6. avian 7. ursine 8. bovine ACTIVITY 37 1. agnostic 2. sacrilege 3. apostate 4. iconoclast

ACTIVITY 38 1. NR 2. NR 3. NR 4. NR ACTIVITY 39 1. expurgate 2. exude 3. expunge 4. extenuate 5. exonerate 6. execrate ACTIVITY 40 1. discrete 2. venal 3. effect 4. affected ACTIVITY 41 1. complaisant 2. censured 3. emigrating 4. censor

5. complacent 6. elude ACTIVITY 42 1. foundered 2. tortuous 3. proscribed 4. elicit 5. torturous ACTIVITY 43 1. S 2. S 3. NR ACTIVITY 44 1. raillery 2. besmirch 3. impugn 4. vilify, traduce ACTIVITY 45 1. c 2. d 3. b

4. e 5. a ACTIVITY 46 1. propitiate 2. contentious 3. jingoist 4. implacable 5. truculent 6. conciliatory ACTIVITY 47 1. S 2. NR 3. R (these imply different degrees of fear) ACTIVITY 48 1. synergy 2. schism 3. hierarchy 4. R (both describe groups but aren’t quite the same thing) 5. S 6. S ACTIVITY 49

1. tyrant 2. despot 3. autocratic 4. subjugate ACTIVITY 50 1. S 2. O 3. S ACTIVITY 51 1. S 2. R 3. NR 4. vicissitude 5. tribulations, travail ACTIVITY 52 1. persnickety, fastidious; quibble 2. perfunctory 3. slipshod 4. scrutinize 5. cursory ACTIVITY 53

1. moribund 2. chrysalis 3. senile 4. callow, fledgling 5. geriatric 6. juvenile ACTIVITY 54 1. unassailable 2. riposte 3. forensics 4. parry 5. maintain ACTIVITY 55 1. extrovert 2. debauchery 3. inebriated 4. retiring 5. affable ACTIVITY 56 1. bucolic, rustic, pastoral 2. verdant 3. lush

4. barren 5. idyllic ACTIVITY 57 1. D 2. S 3. S 4. O ACTIVITY 58 1. D 2. D 3. S 4. S ACTIVITY 59 1. junta, usurp 2. cataclysmic 3. turmoil 4. concord ACTIVITY 60 1. g 2. f 3. d

4. h 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. e ACTIVITY 61 1. f 2. e 3. c 4. h 5. g 6. d 7. b 8. a ACTIVITY 62 1. g 2. f 3. b 4. h 5. d 6. c 7. e

8. a ACTIVITY 63 1. f 2. c 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. d ACTIVITY 64 1. ambivalent 2. saturnine, morose 3. dour 4. elated 5. blithe ACTIVITY 65 1. crepuscular 2. antediluvian 3. fin-de-siècle 4. bimonthly 5. semimonthly 6. fortnight

ACTIVITY 66 1. briny 2. acrid 3. toothsome 4. insipid 5. palatable 6. succulent ACTIVITY 67 1. effervescent 2. buoyant 3. avocation, diversion 4. stultifying 5. ennui ACTIVITY 68 1. S 2. D 3. D 4. D ACTIVITY 69 1. protean 2. fatuous 3. panache

4. buttressed 5. hapless 6. garish ACTIVITY 70 1. e 2. c 3. a 4. g 5. b 6. f 7. d ACTIVITY 71 1. ruddy 2. purple 3. cynosure 4. blackball 5. flamboyant ACTIVITY 72 1. parsimonious, miserly, frugal 2. economical 3. munificence, largesse 4. magnanimous

ACTIVITY 73 1. sybarite, hedonist 2. profligate, prodigal 3. profligate 4. spendthrift ACTIVITY 74 1. NR 2. S 3. NR 4. NR ACTIVITY 75 1. elysian 2. dionysian 3. apollonian 4. narcissist 5. chimera 6. herculean ACTIVITY 76 1. cosmogony 2. sublime 3. numinous 4. theodicy

5. cherub 6. seraphic ACTIVITY 77 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F ACTIVITY 78 1. S 2. D 3. D 4. D ACTIVITY 79 1. polymath 2. maven 3. tyro 4. savant 5. novice 6. greenhorn ACTIVITY 80 1. opulent, lavish

2. avarice, cupidity 3. destitute, affluent 4. lavish, opulent ACTIVITY 81 1. f 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. c ACTIVITY 82 1. f 2. g 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. e 7. d ACTIVITY 83 1. S 2. O 3. S

4. O ACTIVITY 84 1. leviathan 2. pestilence 3. atonement 4. advent ACTIVITY 85 1. c 2. f 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. e ACTIVITY 86 1. S 2. S 3. D (dirge is a sad song, whereas a lament doesn’t take song form) ACTIVITY 87 1. S 2. D 3. D

4. snubbed 5. fanfare ACTIVITY 88 1. S 2. D 3. D ACTIVITY 89 1. irreproachable 2. incorruptible 3. turpitude 4. scrupulous 5. ruthless ACTIVITY 90 1. O 2. D 3. D 4. S ACTIVITY 91 1. ponderous 2. confound 3. nonplussed

4. histrionic 5. contrite ACTIVITY 92 1. shtick 2. schmaltzy 3. kibitz 4. klutz 5. chutzpah 6. kvetch ACTIVITY 93 1. clairvoyant 2. berserk 3. maelstrom 4. bazaar 5. mecca 6. hegira ACTIVITY 94 1. mundane 2. penultimate 3. abysmal 4. mediocre 5. cardinal

6. nonpareil ACTIVITY 95 1. irrefutable 2. empirical 3. centripetal 4. fulcrum 5. hypothesize 6. catalyst ACTIVITY 96 1. D 2. D 3. O 4. D (ubiquitous does not have a negative connotation) ACTIVITY 97 1. D 2. D 3. S 4. D ACTIVITY 98 1. O 2. D

3. D ACTIVITY 99 1. marauding 2. annex, cede 3. accord 4. armistice 5. entente ACTIVITY 100 1. c 2. f 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. e ACTIVITY 101 1. lambaste 2. rail 3. aspersion 4. invidious 5. vituperative 6. inveigh

ACTIVITY 102 1. S 2. O 3. O ACTIVITY 103 1. aphorism, maxim 2. dictum 3. precept 4. bromide, cliché, platitude ACTIVITY 104 1. exacerbate, escalate 2. assuage 3. truncated 4. abated 5. cessation ACTIVITY 105 1. selfless, altruistic 2. self-effacing 3. modest 4. self-deprecating 5. self-aggrandizing

ACTIVITY 106 1. woe 2. vie 3. imp 4. mar 5. eke 6. ire 7. nub ACTIVITY 107 1. moil 2. foil 3. pith 4. curt 5. deft 6. crux 7. carp 8. char ACTIVITY 108 1. prognostication 2. disenchantment 3. commensurate 4. indefatigable

5. infinitesimal ACTIVITY 109 1. D 2. S 3. D 4. O ACTIVITY 110 1. fracas 2. furor 3. détente 4. ado 5. rift 6. melee 7. fiasco ACTIVITY 111 1. trite 2. hackneyed 3. prosaic 4. banal 5. quotidian 6. pedestrian

ACTIVITY 112 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T ACTIVITY 113 1. O 2. S 3. O 4. D (coaxing involves flattery) ACTIVITY 114 1. S 2. S 3. O 4. S ACTIVITY 115 1. presumption 2. conjecture, speculation 3. submit 4. posit 5. aver

6. presumption ACTIVITY 116 1. D 2. S 3. D 4. O ACTIVITY 117 1. wrath 2. peeved, piqued 3. irate, incensed 4. disgruntled ACTIVITY 118 1. intrepid 2. plucky 3. valorous 4. redoubtable 5. pusillanimous 6. craven ACTIVITY 119 1. S 2. R (promulgate means “to announce changes” but not to actually put them into practice, the way enact does)

3. S 4. S ACTIVITY 120 1. astute, shrewd, acute 2. obtuse 3. bailiwick, niche ACTIVITY 121 1. benign, benevolent 2. benign 3. beneficiary 4. benediction 5. beneficial ACTIVITY 122 1. malice 2. malign 3. maleficent 4. malapropism 5. malodorous 6. malaria 7. malady 8. malfeasance

ACTIVITY 123 1. phonetic 2. francophone 3. homophone 4. cacophony 5. anglophone 6. phoneme ACTIVITY 124 1. eulogy 2. euphony 3. eureka 4. euphemism 5. euthanasia ACTIVITY 125 1. anthropogenic 2. anthropology 3. Anthropocene 4. anthropocentric 5. anthropomorphism ACTIVITY 126 1. circumambulate 2. circumscribe

3. circumlocution 4. circumference 5. circumvent ACTIVITY 127 1. theocracy 2. democracy 3. aristocracy 4. plutocracy 5. bureaucracy 6. gerontocracy ACTIVITY 128 1. diurnal 2. dichotomy 3. diverge 4. dissect 5. dilate 6. diverse ACTIVITY 129 1. diadem 2. diorama 3. diapason 4. dialogue

5. diameter 6. diagnosis ACTIVITY 130 1. epistolary 2. epithet 3. epigram 4. epitaph 5. epigraph 6. epidemic 7. epitome ACTIVITY 131 1. a 2. f 3. g 4. b 5. c 6. d 7. e ACTIVITY 132 1. exploit 2. expend 3. explicating

4. expedient 5. expeditious 6. exhume 7. exorcise ACTIVITY 133 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. e 5. f 6. d 7. g ACTIVITY 134 1. imbibe 2. impart 3. impair 4. impeach 5. imbue ACTIVITY 135 1. implore 2. impel 3. impoverished

4. imponderable ACTIVITY 136 1. f 2. d 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. c 7. g ACTIVITY 137 1. incarcerated 2. incipient 3. incinerated 4. incite 5. inclement 6. incentivize ACTIVITY 138 1. incorrigible 2. indiscriminate 3. incredulous 4. incontrovertible

ACTIVITY 139 1. e 2. f 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. a ACTIVITY 140 1. g 2. e 3. f 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. a ACTIVITY 141 1. interject 2. interrogated 3. intercede 4. interdict 5. interim 6. intersperse

ACTIVITY 142 1. f 2. e 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. a ACTIVITY 143 1. f 2. c 3. b 4. g 5. e 6. d 7. a ACTIVITY 144 1. e 2. f 3. g 4. b 5. c 6. a

7. d ACTIVITY 145 1. fractured 2. fragile 3. fragments 4. refractory 5. fractious ACTIVITY 146 1. belligerent, bellicose 2. casus belli 3. antebellum 4. belle 5. bellow ACTIVITY 147 1. a 2. e 3. d 4. c 5. b ACTIVITY 148 1. reconnoitered, reconnaissance

2. precognition 3. incognito 4. cognitive ACTIVITY 149 1. diminution 2. minatory 3. minute 4. prominent 5. imminent ACTIVITY 150 1. e 2. f 3. g 4. b 5. c 6. d 7. a ACTIVITY 151 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d

5. f 6. e ACTIVITY 152 1. pandemic 2. panoply 3. panegyrics 4. panacea 5. pandemonium ACTIVITY 153 1. e 2. a 3. f 4. b 5. d 6. c ACTIVITY 154 1. periscope 2. periodontal 3. perigee 4. perihelion 5. periphrastic 6. peripheral

ACTIVITY 155 1. conscript 2. inscribe 3. scribe 4. ascribe 5. subscribe ACTIVITY 156 1. g 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. f 6. d 7. e ACTIVITY 157 1. prolix 2. propagated 3. provenance 4. providential 5. protuberance 6. protracted 7. procrastinate

ACTIVITY 158 1. poignant 2. compunction 3. punctilio 4. punctuate ACTIVITY 159 1. undisputable 2. putative 3. impute 4. dispute 5. disreputable ACTIVITY 160 1. acquisition 2. inquisition 3. requisition 4. prerequisite 5. perquisite ACTIVITY 161 1. supererogatory 2. derogate 3. prerogative 4. roguish

5. surrogate 6. arrogate ACTIVITY 162 1. subsequent 2. sequestered 3. inconsequential 4. obsequious ACTIVITY 163 1. eclectic 2. ecstatic 3. anecdote 4. eccentric ACTIVITY 164 1. aficionado 2. abridge 3. ameliorate 4. abut 5. abet ACTIVITY 165 1. anomalous, atypical 2. amnesty

3. atrophy 4. atheist 5. aphasia ACTIVITY 166 1. solicitous 2. cite 3. resuscitate 4. unsolicited ACTIVITY 167 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. f 6. e ACTIVITY 168 1. contumacious 2. conjugal 3. contiguous 4. congeal 5. connote

ACTIVITY 169 1. devolving 2. debunked 3. detritus 4. decipher 5. decadent 6. denouement ACTIVITY 170 1. f 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. e ACTIVITY 171 1. f 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. e ACTIVITY 172

1. enormity 2. enunciate 3. ineluctable 4. elocution 5. evocative ACTIVITY 173 1. f 2. d 3. e 4. c 5. a 6. b ACTIVITY 174 1. f 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. d ACTIVITY 175 1. genocide 2. genesis

3. indigenous 4. genealogy 5. carcinogenic ACTIVITY 176 1. b 2. e 3. c 4. a 5. d ACTIVITY 177 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. f 5. a 6. e ACTIVITY 178 1. navigate 2. exigent 3. unmitigated 4. ambiguous 5. mitigate

6. castigate ACTIVITY 179 1. appendix 2. impending 3. pending 4. compendious 5. expenditure ACTIVITY 180 1. regnant 2. regiment 3. regicide 4. regalia 5. regent 6. regal ACTIVITY 181 1. onished 2. agrarian 3. adulated 4. ascertain 5. antiquated ACTIVITY 182

1. e 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. f ACTIVITY 183 1. commiserated 2. clambering 3. catatonic 4. to go about making revelry 5. ill-tempered 6. to conspire ACTIVITY 184 1. e 2. a 3. f 4. d 5. g 6. b 7. c ACTIVITY 185

1. espouse 2. endowed 3. evident 4. entertain 5. eradicate ACTIVITY 186 1. fickle 2. feral 3. foisted 4. to waste 5. delicate outlines or tracings 6. to decorate with garlands ACTIVITY 187 1. f 2. c 3. a 4. g 5. b 6. e 7. d ACTIVITY 188 1. g

2. f 3. e 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. a ACTIVITY 189 1. impetus 2. imprint 3. intuition 4. idiom 5. impervious ACTIVITY 190 1. c 2. b 3. e 4. a 5. f 6. d ACTIVITY 191 1. mull 2. meander

3. maim 4. myopic 5. mirth ACTIVITY 192 1. nimble 2. natter 3. nary 4. noisome 5. nadir 6. negligible ACTIVITY 193 1. c 2. g 3. d 4. f 5. e 6. a 7. b ACTIVITY 194 1. pilfer 2. preempt 3. pander

4. penchant 5. prevaricate 6. peddle 7. perpetuate ACTIVITY 195 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. d 5. f 6. a ACTIVITY 196 1. D 2. O 3. D 4. S ACTIVITY 197 1. stark 2. spurned 3. soporific 4. spurious 5. specious

6. stringent ACTIVITY 198 1. taut, tempest, tantamount 2. titillate 3. triage 4. travesty ACTIVITY 199 1. unassuming 2. ushered 3. undulated 4. utilitarian 5. unctuous ACTIVITY 200 1. f 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. b 6. c