Visual Vocabulary Builder Contents 4n13i

V1



V2 City and countryside



V4 Mountains and coast



V6 The environment



V8 Trees, plants and flowers



V10 The animal kingdom



V12 Architecture



V13 Buildings



V14 Homes



V15 House



V16 Garden / Yard



V17 DIY and cleaning



V18 Living room



V19 Dining room



V20 Bedroom



V21 Bathroom



V22 Kitchen



V24 Cooking



V26 Fruit and vegetables



V28 Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals



V29 Packaging



V30 Musical instruments



V32 Toys and games



V34 Hobbies



V36 Sports



V40 Extreme sports



V41 Cycles



V42 Cars



V43 Aircraft



V44 Boats and ships



V46 Vehicles



V48 The body



V49 Hair and make-up



V50 Clothes



V52 Accessories



V54 Computing



V56 Office



V57 Classroom



V58 Shapes, solids and angles



V59 The earth and the solar system



V60 The British Isles



V62 Canada and the United States of America



V64 Australia and New Zealand

Contents

Visual Vocabulary Builder Contents

V2

City and countryside

City and countryside 1

2 4 5

6

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13 24

7 10

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25

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37

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22 28

27

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36

18

City 1 skyscraper 2 crane 3 office block (BrE) / office building (NAmE) 4 dome 5 museum 6 clock tower 7 hoarding (BrE) (also billboard especially NAmE) 8 cinema (BrE) / movie theater (NAmE) 9 banner 10 flag 11 flagpole (also flagstaff) 12 alley (also alleyway) 13 awning 14 fountain 15 statue 16 shopping centre (BrE) shopping center (NAmE) 17 arcade 18 street light (BrE also street lamp) 19 lamp post (especially BrE) 20 market 21 market stall 22 road sign 23 theatre (BrE) / theater (especially US)

3

8 12

21 22 29

30 34

35

38

40

39

8

24 shop (BrE) store (NAmE) 25 cafe (also café) 26 postbox / letter box (both BrE) mailbox (NAmE) 27 busker 28 traffic lights (NAmE also stoplights) 29 bollard 30 litter bin (BrE) trash can (NAmE) 31 pedestrian precinct (BrE) / pedestrian mall (NAmE) 32 taxi rank (BrE) (also taxi stand especially NAmE) 33 railings 34 pavement (BrE) sidewalk (NAmE) 35 kerb (BrE) curb (NAmE) 36 parking meter (also meter) 37 pedestrian crossing (BrE) crosswalk (NAmE) 38 cycle lane (BrE) bicycle lane (NAmE) 39 bus stop 40 high street (BrE) main street (NAmE)

Countryside

19 24

25 26 32

31

30

37

38

39

40

1 windmill 2 hill 3 hay 4 haystack 5 vineyard 6 copse (also coppice) 7 stream 8 wood (also woods) 9 furrow 10 polytunnel 11 pasture 12 crops 13 tractor 14 field 15 farmyard 16 orchard 17 footpath 18 footbridge 19 stile 20 silo

21 farmhouse 22 stable 23 hedge 24 signpost 25 village green (BrE) 26 village 27 duck pond 28 farm 29 meadow 30 marsh 31 reeds 32 fence 33 barn 34 hedgerow 35 ditch 36 livestock 37 lane 38 bridge 39 river 40 riverbank

City and countryside

V3

Mountains and coast

V4

Mountains and coast

1 2

5 4

3

6

12

11

13 16 15

14

18

17 21

19 20

23 24 27

26

25

1

3

2

4 5

10 11

12 13

18

24

23

25 28

29

14

15

Mountains 7

8

9 10

22

1 summit 2 ridge 3 glacier 4 snow 5 mountain range 6 plateau 7 peak 8 mountain 9 precipice 10 foothills 11 snowline 12 ice 13 source 14 waterfall 15 forest 16 lake

17 conifers 18 glade (also clearing) 19 tributary 20 river 21 meander 22 23 slope 24 scree 25 track 26 boulder 27 valley 28 gorge (also canyon)

28

Coast 6 7

8

9

16 20

19

17 21

22

26 27

1 coastal path 2 cave 3 headland (also promontory) 4 horizon 5 sea (BrE) ocean (NAmE) 6 lighthouse 7 island 8 cove 9 clifftop 10 dune (also sand dune) 11 estuary 12 wave 13 spit 14 crest 15 foam

16 reef 17 cliff 18 sandbank 19 wake 20 rock 21 rock pool (BrE) tide pool (NAmE) 22 quay 23 beach 24 bay 25 shingle 26 harbour (BrE) harbor (NAmE) 27 jetty (NAmE also dock) 28 sand 29 seashore

Mountains and coast

V5

V6

The environment The environment

7 2

3

5

8

9

4 6 1

Acid rain

Causes of the greenhouse effect • Carbon dioxide is produced by vehicle exhaust fumes (1) and by burning fossil fuels (2) from power plants (BrE also power stations), factories and homes. This causes temperatures to rise. Trees, which absorb carbon dioxide, are felled by logging, causing deforestation (3). • Nitrogen oxide comes from vehicles and power plants, and from agricultural fertilizers and pesticides used in intensive farming (4). • Many household products, such as refrigerators and aerosols, emit CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) which damage the ozone layer. • Methane gas is released from household and industrial waste in landfill sites (5), and also from cattle (6). • Sunlight causes these greenhouse gases to undergo chemical change and react with water vapour (BrE) (NAmE vapor), creating acid rain.

• Acid rain (7) falls on leaves and bark, damaging trees and plants in forests. Nutrients are leached out of the soil, and plants die. • Acid levels build up in lakes and rivers (8), poisoning and killing fish. • Acid corrosion attacks buildings, eating away at metal, stone and wood. • Pollution from smog (9) causes respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.

Global warming • Global warming can cause climate change and environmental disaster. Long-term changes in temperature, wind, pressure, precipitation (rain and snow) and humidity present challenges to our survival. • Environmental degradation, such as desertification and desiccation, creates problems in many parts of the world. • Rising temperatures cause ice caps to melt. Rising sea levels lead to coastal and river flooding and erosion. • Extreme events occur, such as storms, drought, forest fires, soil erosion, landslides, avalanches, tsunamis and the sudden appearance of pests and diseases.

1 10

2 9

11 9 4 3

5

8 7 6 4

Solutions and sustainability • Wind turbines (1), solar power and hydroelectric power (2) provide alternative sources of energy that are renewable and do not pollute the air. • In the home, solar s (3), insulation, energy-efficient light bulbs and biodegradable products are environmentally friendly. Rubbish can be sorted for recycling in bins (4) and bottle banks (5), and biodegradable waste becomes compost (6). • Using a bicycle (7), an electric car (8) or public transport (9) helps to reduce carbon emissions. Avoiding long-distance travel and buying local, seasonal food with low food miles reduces your carbon footprint. • Reforestation (10) and organic farming (11) help to restore the earth’s balance. Trees give off oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide and provide habitats for wildlife. Organic farming is chemical-free.

Some Recyclable Materials • batteries • cans • cardboard • engine oil • fluorescent tubes • glass • organic garden waste

• paper • plastic bottles • scrap metal • textiles • timber

The environment

V7

Trees, plants and flowers

V8

Trees, plants and flowers Trees

Evergreen trees

berry

foliage blossom

bud

twig branch

limb

leaf

trunk

palm

twig

needles

roots

yew

cone (BrE also fir cone)

rings

tree wood bark

fir

log

Deciduous trees

seeds



sycamore (especially BrE)

acorn

oak

catkin

willow

blossom



conker (especially BrE)

horse chestnut

beech nut

beech

seeds

ash

V9 flower

stalk

anther

stigma style

thorn

carpel stem

shoot

stamen

roots

bulb

petal

ovule ovary

sepal roots



plant

flower

variegated leaves



bamboo

bulrush

reed

fern

ivy dandelion clock



moss

lichen

cactus

nettle

thistle

dandelion

seed head



bluebell

daisy

buttercup

primrose

poppy

tendril

carnation

chrysanthemum

sweet pea

sunflower

thorn

rose

trumpet

daffodil

tulip

iris

lily

orchid

lotus

Trees, plants and flowers

bud

V10

The animal kingdom

The animal kingdom Birds

poultry and game

beak / bill wing tail

webbed foot

toe claw

talons

finch

pheasant

duck

turkey

chicken

albatross

puffin

crest

feather

nest

egg

birds of prey

seabirds

carrion

golden eagle

vulture

Mammals coat

gull

barn owl

primates

muzzle

mane

prehensile tail

tail snout

chimpanzee (also informal chimp)

lion

antlers

paw whisker

claw

hooves

horn

cetacean

spider monkey

rodents

beaver

red squirrel

marsupials

blowhole

eucalyptus tree

tusk

trunk

sperm whale

joey pouch

Fish

dorsal fin

tail

bat

scales fin ventral fin

trout

gill

koala (also koala bear)

kangaroo (also informal roo)

Reptiles

Amphibians

V11

shell

warty skin j

fangs

frogspawn

tortoise (BrE) / turtle (NAmE)

forked tongue

j

toad

flipper

salamander

turtle (NAmE also sea turtle)

cobra

frog

Insects

eggs

moth

flea

j

head thorax

j

butterfly caterpillar j

chrysalis (also chrysalid) antenna

mosquito

abdomen

ladybird (BrE) ladybug (NAmE)

dragonfly

ant

wing j

sting (NAmE also stinger)

mandible

larva wasp

bumblebee

Crustaceans

grasshopper

beetle

Arachnids sting (NAmE also stinger)

antenna

shell

web

claw / pincer

crab

Taxonomy

prawn (especially BrE) shrimp (NAmE)

tick

scorpion spider

woodlouse

Living things are grouped on the basis of Gastropods their similarities and differences into smaller and smaller groups. This scientific process of classification is called taxonomy. The main groups, from the largest to the smallest, are: snail • kingdom (animal or plant) • phylum (plural phyla) (e.g. mollusc, arthropod) • class (e.g. mammal, gastropod, insect) slug • order (e.g. primate, marsupial) • family • genus (plural genera) • species

Cephalopod shell

tentacle

sucker

octopus

The animal kingdom

hood

tadpole

V12

Architecture

Architecture

geodesic dome

gargoyle

pedestal

obelisk keystone

dome cupola dome

dome

rotunda

arch

vaulted ceiling relief capital

colonnade

cloister

plinth column

portico

Bridges

humpback bridge (BrE)

suspension bridge

cantilever bridge

viaduct

aqueduct

V13

amphitheatre

fort

battlements

turret portico

palace

castle

glasshouse

pyramid

pub (BrE)

warehouse

stately home

moat

log cabin

lighthouse

oil rig oil platform

Work connected with building

hut

barn

pagoda

person

work – all [U]

building houses and other buildings:

builder

building

deg buildings:

architect

architecture

deg roads and bridges, etc.:

civil engineer

civil engineering

building walls, etc. with bricks:

bricklayer

bricklaying

repairing or building roofs:

roofer

roofing

making doors and window frames from wood:

er

ery

making and repairing wooden objects and structures:

carpenter

carpentry

fitting glass into the frames of windows, etc.:

glazier

glazing

putting plaster on walls:

plasterer

plastering

fitting and repairing water pipes, toilets, etc.:

plumber

plumbing

connecting, repairing, etc. electrical equipment:

electrician

wiring

skyscraper

Buildings

Buildings

V14

Homes

Homes

town house (BrE)

semi-detached house (BrE)

duplex (especially NAmE)

row house (NAmE)

terraced house (BrE)

fire escape

bungalow (BrE) thatch

block of flats (BrE)

apartment building (NAmE)

Other types of home • Duplex (especially NAmE) has two meanings: it is a building divided into two separate homes, each with its own entrance, or it is a flat/apartment with rooms on two floors, with a shared entrance from the street. • An apartment building or group of houses in which each flat/ apartment/house is owned by the person living in it but the building and shared areas are owned by everyone together is a condominium (especially NAmE) (also informal condo). • A flat/apartment with rooms on two floors, and usually its own entrance from the street, is a maisonette (BrE). • A house built on one level, that is very wide but not very deep from front to back, and has a roof that is not very steep, is a ranch house (NAmE) – compare bungalow. • A very large house is a mansion. • An expensive and comfortable flat/apartment at the top of a tall building is a penthouse. • A set of rooms for an old person, especially in a relative’s house, is called a granny flat (BrE) / in-law apartment / mother-in-law apartment (both NAmE).

thatched cottage

mobile home (especially NAmE)

houseboat

House



1 chimney pot 2 chimney 3 aerial (BrE) antenna (NAmE, BrE) 4 ridge 5 gable 6 roof 7 skylight

8 dormer window 9 eaves 10 burglar alarm 11 gutter 12 drainpipe (NAmE also downspout) 13 shutter 14 windowpane

25 bay window 26 letter box (BrE) mail slot (NAmE) 27 front door 28 wall 29 garage 30 brick 31 doorstep 32 basement 33 step 34 drive (also driveway)

15 sash window 16 casement window 17 balcony 18 window box 19 windowsill 20 porch 21 tile 22 hanging basket 23 door knocker 24 French window (BrE) French door (NAmE)

1 3

2 4 6

5 9 12

7

10

8 11

13

14

17 18

16

15

19

21

20 23

22

26

25 24

27

28

29

31

32

30 34

33

Where you live

Buying or renting a house

• The area surrounding a house is the neighbourhood (BrE) / neighborhood (NAmE). • A person who lives next or near to you is your neighbour (BrE) / neighbor (NAmE). The next house, room or building is next door: our next-door neighbours • An area where people live that is outside the main part of a city or town is called a suburb, or the suburbs. The adjective is suburban: suburban houses/streets • An area where a large number of houses are planned and built as a group is called an estate or a development: a new housing estate/development • If you go and live in another house, you move, or move house. You move in/move into a new house, then move out/move out of it when you stop living there.

• A house that is available to buy is for sale or on the market: This property has been on the market for about six weeks. • A person whose job is to buy and sell houses and land for other people is an estate agent (BrE) / real estate agent (NAmE). • When you borrow money from a bank or building society in order to buy a house, you take out a mortgage. • If you pay money for the use of a room, house, etc., you rent it (from sb). The money that you pay, probably each month, is rent. The person who rents a room, house, etc. is a tenant and the person who owns the property is a landlord (or landlady if it is a woman): The landlord has put the rent up again.

House

V15

Garden / Yard

V16

Garden (BrE) / Yard (NAmE)

24 border 25 lawn 26 cane 27 water feature 28 pond 29 cold frame (also frame) 30 seedling 31 cloche 32 vegetable patch / vegetable plot



6 conservatory (BrE) 7 pergola 8 climber 9 gate 10 fence 11 sunlounger (BrE) (also lounger, BrE, NAmE)

1 2 3 4

greenhouse shed hedge bird table (BrE) bird feeder (NAmE) 5 parasol / sunshade

2

1

5

3

17 stake 18 deck 19 flowerpot 20 patio 21 planter 22 flower bed 23 compost bin

12 deckchair 13 barbecue (also BBQ) 14 water butt (BrE) rain barrel (NAmE) 15 bench 16 trellis

7

6

8

4 14

12 18

17

11 13

6 23

15

24

10

9

16

25

22

19 20 21

26

27 28

29

31

30

rakes

lawnmower (also mower)

fork

wheelbarrow (also barrow)

hoe

32

spade

hose watering can (also hosepipe)

shovel

trowel

StrimmerTM (BrE)

hand fork

sprinkler

V17

DIY and cleaning Tools

handsaw

blade

DIY and cleaning

bit

claw

chuck

hammer drill

plane

mallet

coping saw

screwdriver hacksaw

head

bradawl bolt

file

thread

chisel

nut nail

screw

washer

spirit level

spanner (BrE) wrench (especially NAmE)

blade

vice (BrE) / vise (NAmE)

adjustable spanner (BrE) monkey wrench (especially NAmE) wire cutters

scissors penknife

toolbox

pliers

Cleaning

Decorating rung

bucket (NAmE also pail) feather duster

dustpan and brush broom

mop

squeegee mop

duster

iron

step

ladder

stepladder

squeegee

rubber gloves

vacuum cleaner (BrE also HooverTM)

ironing board

roller

paintbrushes

V18

Living room

Living room 5 coal scuttle 6 fire surround 7 fireplace 8 grate 9 hearth 10 poker 11 house plant (BrE also pot plant)

1 hi-fi system 2 speakers 3 waste-paper basket (BrE) / wastebasket (NAmE) 4 mantelpiece (also mantel especially NAmE)

22 coffee table 23 remote control 24 radiator 25 magazine rack 26 recliner 27 scatter cushion (BrE) throw pillow (NAmE) 28 throw 29 sofa / couch 30 occasional table 31 floorboards

12 plant pot 13 armchair 14 rug 15 bookcase 16 ornament (especially BrE) 17 bookend 18 flat-screen TV 19 vase 20 coaster 21 footstool

15 16 4

11 12

6

5

8

2

24

26

13

7

1

18

17

19

14

9

27

21

10

23 20

28

22 29

3

30

25 31

roller

finial slat

curtain pole (BrE) curtain rod (NAmE)

roller

venetian blind

roller blind (BrE) shade (NAmE)

curtains

shutters

lampshade bulb

table lamp

spotlight back

arm

desk lamp

floor lamp (BrE also standard lamp)

lava lamp

cushion

two-seater sofa (BrE) love seat (NAmE)

director’s chair

rocking chair (also rocker especially NAmE)

chaise longue

V19

Dining room fruit bowl cheeseboard cheese knife sideboard drawer cutlery (especially BrE) flatware (NAmE) 7 napkin

8 bowl 9 plate 10 place mat (BrE also table mat) 11 side plate 12 glass 13 pepper pot (especially BrE) pepper shaker (NAmE)

22 21

23

2

7

8

1 3

24 19

20

17

9 10

6

12 13 14

11

18

25

15

5

4

saucer

21 candle 22 wick 23 carafe 24 dining chair 25 high chair 26 dining table 27 tablecloth

14 salt cellar (BrE) salt shaker (NAmE) 15 butter knife 16 butter dish 17 serving dish 18 lid 19 gravy boat 20 candlestick

Dining room

1 2 3 4 5 6

16 26 27

cup handle cup holder

plastic cup

cup and saucer prong / tine

salad servers

teaspoon

mug

blade

knife

fork

soup spoon

baby’s mug / baby’s beaker

egg cup

chopsticks

tablespoon

dessertspoon (BrE)

steak knife fish fork fish knife

stem

beer mug

tumbler

wine glass

champagne flute

V20

Bedroom

Bedroom

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 bedside table (especially BrE) (NAmE usually nightstand, night table) 2 clock radio

10 built-in/fitted wardrobe (BrE) / closet (especially NAmE) 11 rail 12 hanger 13 chest of drawers (NAmE also bureau, dresser) 14 drawer

headboard pillow pillowcase bottom sheet double bed duvet en suite (BrE, from French)

11

9

12 10

15

13

14

3 4 1

2

15 full-length mirror 16 mirror 17 dressing table (NAmE also vanity, vanity table) 18 stool 19 fitted carpet (BrE) wall-to-wall carpet (NAmE) 20 rug

16 5

6

8 17

18

7

20

cradle hammock

19

cot (BrE) / crib (NAmE)

travel cot

canopy

mattress mattress

ing top sheet dd be blanket

bedpost patchwork quilt

valance base base

divan (BrE)

four-poster bed

futon sleeping bag

bedspread (BrE also bedcover) (NAmE also spread)

single bed (NAmE also twin bed)

pump

bunk beds

sofa bed camp bed (BrE) cot (NAmE)

air bed (BrE) / air mattress (especially NAmE)

AmE ed)

Bathroom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 vanity unit (BrE) 9 shower cubicle 10 shower head 11 soap dish 12 shower tray 13 plughole (BrE) drain (US)

bathroom cabinet toothbrush holder beaker mixer tap washbasin soap dispenser flannel (BrE) washcloth (NAmE)

22 tap (especially BrE) faucet (NAmE) 23 bathrobe (also robe) 24 bidet 25 toilet 26 cistern (BrE) 27 toilet paper 28 toilet brush

14 towel rail (BrE) towel rack (NAmE) 15 hand towel 16 bath towel 17 bathroom scales 18 bath (BrE) / bathtub (especially NAmE) 19 bath mat 20 tiling 21 bath

9 10

1

11

14 15 22

20 16 4 2 3

5 7

12

6

13

18 21

17

26

24

27

19

8

nail file

23

25

emery board

nail clippers

nail scissors

28

nail brush

toothbrush

toothpaste

hairbrush

electric toothbrush

comb

tweezers

blade blade razor

shaver (also electric razor)

sponge bag (BrE) toiletry bag (NAmE)

loofah

sponge

Bathroom

V21

V22

Kitchen

Kitchen

7 gas ring (especially BrE) / burner (NAmE) 8 hob (BrE) / stovetop (NAmE) 9 drawer 10 oven glove (also oven mitt) 11 grill (BrE) 12 oven 13 fridge (BrE) refrigerator (NAmE)

1 microwave 2 worktop (BrE) counter (NAmE) 3 knife block 4 kitchen units 5 cooker hood 6 splashback

22 dishcloth (NAmE usually dishrag) 23 sink 24 tap (especially BrE) faucet (NAmE) 25 dishwasher 26 tea towel (BrE) dishtowel (NAmE)

14 breakfast bar 15 stool 16 toaster 17 door 18 shelf 19 kitchen roll holder 20 kitchen paper (BrE) paper towel (NAmE) 21 draining board (BrE) drainboard (NAmE)

18 17 5

1

11 10

6 7 2

16

13

12

19 20 14

8

3

21 22

15

23

24

9 4 25 26

Appliances

blender (BrE also liquidizer)

hand-held blender

food processor

electric whisk

Coffee and tea plunger

spout

pot filter

electric kettle

espresso maker

cafetière (BrE) French press (NAmE)

coffee maker (also coffee machine)

teapot

V23

Kitchen utensils

bread knife

handle

serrated blade

measuring spoons

point

edge

carving knife

measuring cups

steel cleaver

timer

measuring jug

peeler

Opening chopping board (BrE) cutting board (NAmE)

palette knife

paring knife

kitchen scissors

Crushing, grating, squeezing

lemon-squeezer (BrE) juicer (NAmE)

potato masher

grater

corkscrew tin opener (BrE) can opener (NAmE)

bottle opener

nutcracker pestle

mortar

zester garlic press (also garlic crusher) pestle and mortar

Other utensils

pepper mill

tongs

sieve (BrE) sifter (NAmE)

colander

ramekin ice-cream scoop

cake slice

ladle

wooden spoon

whisk

basting spatula fish slice (BrE) spatula (NAmE) brush

rolling pin

Kitchen utensils

Measuring

Cutting

V24

Cook

Cooking Cooking

• When talking generally about preparing meals, use the verb to cook: When you’re cooking for your family, make an extra serving. You can cook food or a meal: Lucas is cooking dinner. Cook the onion gently until soft. … or the food or the meal can cook: Add the meat and let it cook for ten minutes. There are different verbs for particular ways of cooking: with water or oil, or in dry heat. flambé

Fry • You can fry meat, fish, eggs, etc. in a shallow pan of hot oil, or the meat, fish, eggs, etc. can fry: Fry the onion and garlic for five minutes. The smell of frying bacon made her mouth water. • Chips (BrE) / French fries (NAmE), etc. can be completely covered in very hot oil and deep-fried. • You can sauté food by frying it quickly in a little hot fat: new potatoes sautéed in butter and thyme

wok

spatula

stir-fry frying pan (NAmE also skillet) tongs

fry

barbecue

lid

steamer saucepan (especially BrE) (NAmE usually pot)

boil

steam

oven

bun tin (BrE) muffin pan (NAmE)

bake

casserole / casserole dish

casserole

Boil • You can boil vegetables, eggs, rice, etc. by covering them with water and heating to boiling point (=100°C): Boil the potatoes until tender, then drain. • You can also just boil the water: I’m boiling the water for the pasta now. … or the container the water is in: Boil a large pan of salted water. • The vegetables, the water, or (in British English) the container, can boil: The potatoes were boiling away merrily. The kettle’s boiled! Do you want some tea? (BrE) • If you bring something to the boil (BrE) / a boil (NAmE) you heat it until it boils; you can then simmer it or let it simmer by letting it boil gently for a period of time: Simmer the carrots in a large pan of water. Bring to the boil and let it simmer for five minutes. • You can poach food by cooking it gently in a small amount of liquid: Gently poach the salmon fillets for eight minutes.

Steam • You can steam fish, vegetables, etc. by placing the food above boiling water in a covered container with holes in the bottom so the steam reaches it: Chinese rice is always white and usually prepared by steaming.

Roast chop

• You can roast large pieces of meat, potatoes, etc. by covering the surface of the food with oil in the heat of an oven.

Grill • You can grill (BrE) / broil (NAmE) food under direct heat on a grill pan (BrE) / broiler pan (NAmE). dice

Bake • You can bake bread, cakes, potatoes, etc. in the dry heat of an oven or a fire: He baked a cake for her birthday. … or the bread, cakes, etc. can bake: While the cake is baking, avoid opening the oven door. • Baking can be used for things that are baked, or for the activity of baking them: A nice smell of baking came from the kitchen. My grandmother always used to bake/do the baking on Saturdays.

slice

GRAMMaR POINT

knead

rolling pin

roll out whisk potato masher

grater

mash

grate

whip

• The past participle (-ed form) of most cooking verbs can be used as an adjective before an item of food, meaning ‘that has been cooked in this way’: a cooked breakfast (BrE) a warm breakfast (NAmE) a boiled egg sautéed potatoes (also sauté potatoes) BUT roast chicken • The gerund (-ing form) of some cooking verbs can be used as an adjective before an item of food, meaning ‘suitable to be cooked in this way’: cooking apples (= that must be cooked before they are eaten) stewing steak … or before a piece of equipment, meaning ‘suitable to be used when cooking in this way’: a frying pan a baking tray (BrE) / baking sheet (NAmE)

V25

Cooking

Preparation

V26

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables • Larger fruit or vegetables, that you do not • Some fruit and vegetables are always eat whole, are uncountable as food: countable: duck with spring cabbage Do you like bananas? Others may be eaten whole (countable)… Some are always uncountable: baked apples Celery is usually eaten raw. baby carrots • Some may be countable or uncountable, … or prepared in such a way that they are depending on whether you are thinking of not eaten whole (uncountable in British them as plants or as food and on how they are English but still countable in American prepared as food. If you are thinking of a fruit English): or vegetable as a plant you are usually talking stewed apple (BrE) / stewed apples (NAmE) about the whole fruit or vegetable, so it will grated raw carrot (BrE) / grated raw carrots be countable: (NAmE) Plant the cabbages in rows. stalk (BrE) stem (NAmE)

pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE) core

cherries

stone (BrE) / pit (NAmE)

flesh

seeds

peach

apple

kiwi fruit skin (BrE) / peel (NAmE)

watermelon

avocado

fig

a bunch of grapes

banana

Citrus fruits

Berries

peel

pith (BrE)

lemon

lime strawberries

raspberries

blackberries

gooseberries

pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE)

segment

Tropical fruits

mango

grapefruit

orange

mangosteen

persimmon

seeds

ion fruit

pomegranate

pineapple

shell flesh

starfruit

papaya

durian

coconut

milk

lychee

V27

garlic

onion

shallots fennel cabbage

floret (BrE)

cauliflower

Brussels sprouts

leek

mushrooms okra

spring onions (BrE) green onions (NAmE)

broccoli

spear

artichoke (also globe artichoke)

sweet potato chilli

asparagus

celery potato

sweetcorn (BrE) corn (NAmE)

corn on the cob

aubergine (BrE) eggplant (NAmE)

yam

Peas and beans

Squash

pod

marrow (BrE)

green beans

pumpkin

kidney beans

courgette (BrE) zucchini (NAmE)

Root vegetables

peas

chickpeas (especially BrE) garbanzos (NAmE)

bean sprouts

Salad vegetables

parsnip

carrot

radishes

lettuce

moolis / daikons

tomato

cucumber beetroot (BrE) beet (NAmE)

swede (BrE) rutabaga (NAmE)

turnip

peppers (BrE) bell peppers (NAmE)

Fruit and vegetables

clove

V28

Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals

Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals Herbs



bay

sage

basil

oregano

mint

parsley

thyme rosemary dill tarragon chives

coriander (NAmE also cilantro)

Spices pod

seeds



cloves

black peppercorns

star anise

cinnamon

cardamom

ginger saffron turmeric paprika cumin seeds

Nuts

nutmeg

coriander seeds

Cereals grain

cashew peanut macadamia hazelnut (also filbert especially NAmE) wheat



pecan

almond

ear of barley wheat

maize (BrE) corn (NAmE)

pistachio

shell



brazil

walnut

chestnut

rye

rice

oats

millet

V29

Packaging

Packaging

multipack

blister pack

box

box (BrE also packet)

stick

packet (BrE) stick (NAmE)

matchbox cap / top

packet (BrE) pack (NAmE)

packet (BrE) package (NAmE)

packet (BrE) roll (NAmE)

top

tube

sachet (BrE) packet (NAmE)

straw

roll

carton (BrE) juice box (NAmE)

tub

carton (BrE also pot)

carton

cork

nozzle

screw-top

top

aerosol can

can

ring pull (BrE) pull tab (NAmE)

lid

bottle lid

label

tin

tin / can (both BrE) / can (NAmE)

bag (BrE also packet)

bag

shopping bag

punnet (BrE)

carrier bag (BrE)

tray

shopping basket

jar

shopping trolley (BrE) shopping cart (NAmE)

V30

Musical instruments

Musical instruments Playing an instrument • When talking generally about playing musical instruments, the is usually used before the name of the instrument: He played the trumpet in a jazz band. She decided to take up (= start learning to play) the flute. • The is not usually used when two or more instruments are mentioned: She teaches violin, cello and piano.

Brass

Strings

bow

• The preposition on is used to say who is playing which instrument: The CD features James Galway on the flute. She sang and he accompanied her on the piano. • The is not usually used when you are talking about pop or jazz musicians: John Squire on guitar Miles Davis played trumpet. tuning peg

bat

strings

French horn chin rest belly

violin

viola

cello

harp batsman

double bass (BrE) bass (NAmE) reed

tuba

tuning slide

Woodwind

bell

key

trombone

mouthpiece

valve

trumpet key

piccolo

saxophone

flute

clarinet

oboe

bassoon

recorder

Percussion hi-hat (also high-hat)

tom-tom

cymbal

glockenspiel

tambourine

snare drum

congas

drumsticks

xylophone

triangle

steel drum

harmonica

castanets

bass drum

drum kit

kettledrum

maracas

• There are four sections of instruments in an orchestra: strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. • Different bands or ensembles can be formed when instruments from the different sections play separately: a brass band a string quartet a wind band a jazz trio • Particular adjectives are used before the names of musical instruments to describe the type of instrument it is: a tenor saxophone a bass drum a classical guitar GRAMMaR POINT • The names of instruments can be used like adjectives before other nouns: a clarinet lesson Chopin’s Piano Concerto No. 1 She’s going to do her cello practice.

People who play instruments • Some musical instruments have a special name, ending in –ist or –er for the people who play them: The violinist lifted his bow. The South African drummer, Louis Moholo • Check near the entry for each instrument to find the correct word. If there is no special word, you use player after the name of the instrument: the quartet’s viola player • When talking about pop or jazz, people often use player even when there is a word for the person like saxophonist or bassist: A brilliant young sax player We’re looking for a new bass player.

• In an orchestra playing classical music, principal, deputy principal (BrE), associate principal (NAmE) and assistant principal (NAmE) are used with the names of instruments to describe a player’s position or importance: He became principal cellist within a few years. • A person who directs (or conducts) an orchestra is a conductor. The principal violinist (who leads the orchestra) is the leader (BrE) or the concertmaster (NAmE).

Music for instruments • Music is composed or written for an instrument. In a piece of music written for a group of instruments, each has a different part to play: There are parts for oboe and bassoon. • If there is more than one part for the same type of instrument, the first and second, and sometimes third and fourth, are used: She’s a second violin (= plays the second violin part). the deep low notes of the third horn • A solo is a part for one instrument playing alone. A soloist plays it: She performs regularly as a soloist and in chamber music. I love the saxophone solo in this song. More illustrations at accordion and music. strings lid keyboard

piano stool

pedal

grand piano upright piano

amplifier fret

bridge

electric guitar

acoustic guitar

banjo

mandolin

balalaika

sitar

V31

Musical instruments

Describing instruments

V32

Toys and games

Toys and games

FrisbeeTM

kite

skipping rope sandpit (BrE) (BrE) / jump rope sandbox (NAmE) (NAmE)

swing

slide

trampoline

climbing frame (BrE) jungle gym (NAmE)

teddy bear (BrE also teddy)

soft toy (BrE) / stuffed animal (especially NAmE)

rag doll

glove puppet (BrE) hand puppet (NAmE)

rocking horse

building blocks

doll’s house (BrE) / dollhouse (NAmE)

Cards

a hand of cards

playing cards / cards suits

clubs

jack

diamonds

queen

pack of cards (BrE) deck of cards (especially NAmE) hearts

king

court cards (BrE) face cards (especially NAmE)

spades

ace

joker

• To mix the playing cards is to shuffle them: Shuffle the cards well. Shall I shuffle? • To give cards to each individual person who is playing the game is to deal them (out). The person who does this is called the dealer: Whose turn is it to deal? Deal the cards. • To divide the pack of cards into two or three parts is to cut them: Cut the cards to see who starts. • A card which is on the table showing the picture side is face up. A card which is on the table so that you cannot see the picture side is face down. • The cards that you have in your hand when you play cards is a hand. I knew I’d win – I had a really good hand (=I had good cards).

• The official statements that tell you what you can or cannot do in a game are the rules; something which is not allowed in a game is against the rules. • To play a game in a dishonest or unfair way: cheat; noun [U]: cheating; a person who cheats is a cheat: You can’t do that, it’s cheating. He’s such a cheat.

dominoes

Board games noughts and crosses (BrE) / tic-tac-toe (NAmE)

pawn chessboard

• A game played on a flat hard piece of wood or cardboard is a board game. • A small cube with a different number of spots on each side, used in certain games, is called a dice (also die especially NAmE) (plural dice). • A small round flat object that is used in some games to show where a player is on the board is a counter. • To take a piece or a counter and move it to another place on the board: move (something): You can only move your counter one square in any direction. • The time in a game when one person must do something (for example move a piece) is called a move, turn, go (plural goes): It’s your move/turn/go. You’ve just had two goes.

castle / rook

Chess

Chinese chequers (BrE) / Chinese checkers (NAmE) dice (also die especially NAmE) counter snakes and ladders (BrE) queen

chess

knight

king

bishop

backgammon

Puzzles • A game that tests your knowledge or intelligence is a puzzle: to do a puzzle a mathematical puzzle • A picture on cardboard or wood that is cut into small pieces which you have to together is a jigsaw (puzzle). • A word game with black and white squares where you write the word in the white squares is a crossword (puzzle). To find the right word, you have to solve a clue: I can’t do this crossword, the clues are too difficult. to solve a crossword puzzle

• A stage in the game of chess when a player’s king could be taken by the other person is called check noun [U]. When you are in this position, you are in check. • When one player cannot move his king out of check and the game ends is called checkmate noun [U]. • The end of a game of chess when neither player can win is stalemate noun [U].

sudoku

wordsearch

crossword (also crossword puzzle)

jigsaw (puzzle) (BrE) (also puzzle especially NAmE)

Toys and games

V33

Playing games

golf club

golf course

V34 hole

Hobbies

green

Hobbies

map

bunker (NAmE also sand trap, trap) golfer

fairway

com

golf

Golf orienteering

caving (BrE) / spelunking (NAmE)

bow

target

archer ice rink

arrow

archery

ice skating

flipper

snorkel tank mask

wetsuit

scuba-diving

snorkelling (also snorkeling especially US)

• A game of golf is called a round of golf (nine or eighteen holes). • At the start of each hole a player tees off by hitting the ball from the tee (= an area of flat ground). • The act of hitting the ball is called a shot. The swinging movement players make with their arms and body when they hit the ball is called their swing: My golf swing is in need of improvement. • Players attempt to hit their ball down the fairway (= a long strip of short grass), avoiding the bunker (NAmE also sand trap, trap) and the rough (= the part of the golf course with long grass making it difficult to hit the ball), to the green. • The green is an area of short grass on which you putt your ball (= hit the ball gently so that it rolls across the ground a short distance into or towards the hole).

Snooker, pool and billiards

in-line skating

skateboarding

bowling green

pins

lane

tenpin bowling

bowls dartboard dart

cue pocket bullseye

table

cushion cue ball

darts

pool

• Snooker is a game for two people, played on a long table covered with green cloth (baize). Players use cues to hit the cue ball (white) against the other balls (fifteen red, and six of other colours) in order to pot the coloured balls (= hit them into pockets at the edge of the table), in a particular order. • Snooker also refers to a position in the game of snooker in which one player has made it very difficult for the opponent to play a shot within the rules. • A game of snooker is called a frame: He won the frame easily. • Pool is similar to snooker, but is played with a cue ball (white), a black ball, and two sets of coloured balls (seven solid colours and seven striped balls). • Billiards is played with three balls (one white, one white with a spot, and one red). Each player uses one of the white balls as the cue ball. Points are scored by pocketing a ball after with another ball, or by striking your cue ball against the other two balls.

V35

potter’s wheel

palette zoom lens

Hobbies

chisel

flash canvas easel

photography

painting

magnifying glass

pottery

woodcarving

stamps

album

model making knitting needle

stamp collecting

gardening

crochet hook

rows

sewing machine cross stitch

wool / yarn

knitting

crochet

needle

embroidery

sewing reel of cotton (especially BrE) spool of thread (especially NAmE)

Keeping fit Staying healthy

press-up (BrE) push-up (especially NAmE)

jogging

yoga

sit-up

exercise bike

barbell

dumb-bell

rowing machine

treill

• If you are fit (BrE), physically fit, or in shape (especially NAmE), you are healthy and strong, especially as a result of diet and exercise: Top athletes have to be very fit.(BrE) The doctor said I should get more exercise (BrE also …take more exercise). No cream for me – I’m on a diet. She cycles up to 90 miles a day to keep fit. (BrE) I still run every day to stay in shape. (especially NAmE)

Aerobics, step, and circuit training • Aerobics involves physical exercises to make the heart and lungs stronger, often done in classes and to music: do an aerobics class • Step is a type of aerobics that you do by stepping on and off a raised piece of equipment called a step. • Circuit training is a type of training in which different exercises are each done for a short time.

V36

Sports

Sports Talking about a particular sport • You can play a specific sport: Do you play tennis? • This is used particularly for competitive sports in which one team or person plays or plays against another: We played them in last year’s final. Who are you playing against this afternoon? • of a sports team play for their team: He used to play for the Dallas Cowboys.

• If the name of a sport or an activity ends in –ing we often use it with the verb to go: I go swimming twice a week. Have you ever been rock climbing? • Typical sports and activities with this pattern include: go skiing; go sailing; go riding (BrE) or go horseback riding (NAmE); and go dancing. Check at the entry for each sport to see if it can be used in this way. Other sports and activities can take the verbs to do or to go to: • I do aerobics once or twice a week. • I go to judo (= to my judo class) on Mondays.

Team Sports

court

wicketkeeper

hoop

pitch

batsman wicket

basket

cricket

basketball

bat batter

baseball

bat

tackle

catcher catcher

rugby

baseball crossbar

goal

jersey

football goalkeeper

shoulder pad

strip (BrE) uniform (NAmE)

football

soccer (BrE also football)

American football (BrE) / football (NAmE) helmet

blocking glove

catching glove

hockey stick

ball

hockey (BrE) / field hockey (NAmE)

skate face mask puck

ice hockey (BrE) / hockey (NAmE)

ice rink

V37

Where sports are played • The area that is specially marked for playing a sports game is often called a pitch (BrE), field or court, depending on the sport being played: a cricket/ football/rugby/hockey pitch (BrE) a soccer/baseball field (especially NAmE) a tennis/bton/squash/basketball court • A large sports ground surrounded by rows of seats for spectators is called a stadium (plural stadiums or stadia): an all-seater stadium

• Names of American sports teams always start with ‘the’; names of British sports teams almost never do. Names of sports teams may look either singular or plural but always take a plural verb: The Jazz are playing the Chicago Bulls. Aston Villa have started the season well. • Teams are often referred to just by the name of the place they come from. In American English this means a singular verb is used, but in British English the verb is still plural. Cincinnati is having a great season. Norwich were disappointed with the score.

Swimming

crawl

butterfly

backstroke

breaststroke

Racket sports racket / racquet shuttlecock court net

tennis

bton bat

squash

table tennis (BrE) / Ping-PongTM (NAmE)

Sports

GRAMMaR POINT

Sports

V38

People who take part in sports • A person who plays a particular sport is usually called a football/tennis/basketball player: Welsh rugby players could get £2000 each from a new sponsorship deal. • Some sports have a special name for the players or people who do them. Some of these names end in -er but others do not follow a particular pattern. Check near the entry for each sport to find the correct word. talented young footballers (BrE only) an Olympic boxer top athletes from around the world cyclists competing in the Tour de

Track events

hurdle

sprinting lane

sprinting

hurdling

starting blocks

Track events • run the 100 metres • run the relay

Field events

bar

the high jump

the discus

the pole vault

Field events • do the long jump • do the high jump • do the pole vault • do the triple jump • throw the javelin • throw the discus • throw the hammer • put the shot the hammer

the javelin

Equestrian sports jockey

rider

jump mallet racehorse racecourse (BrE) / racetrack (NAmE)

horse racing

showjumping

polo

• You can do sport (BrE): Do you do a lot of sport? …or you can play sports (especially NAmE): We played sports together when we were kids. …but these verbs are not used very often. It is more usual to talk about liking sport/ sports or being good at sport/sports: Are you good at sport? (BrE) Are you good at sports? (NAmE) What sports do you like best? • Do not say that you ‘practise’ sport or a sport if you just mean that you do or play it. Say: I love sport. (BrE) I love sports. (NAmE) (No other verb is necessary.) NOT I love practising sport. • Say which sports you play: Every Sunday I play volleyball or bton with my friends. NOT Every Sunday I practise sport with my friends. • However, you can use the verb ‘practise’, especially in American English (where it is spelt ‘practice’), if it means ‘to train’: The team is practicing for its big game. (NAmE) The team are in training for their big match. (BrE)

V39

GRAMMaR POINT • The names of sports can be used like adjectives before other nouns: a tennis match cycling shorts a football team • The words sports and sporting (but not ‘sport’) can be used in the same way: a sports club sports shoes a sporting event sporting goods

helmet rings

cycling

gymnastics head guard

boxing glove

Winter sports

the luge

goggles

ski

downhill skiing

binding

foil

the ropes

boxing

bobsleigh (BrE) / bobsled (NAmE)

mask

cross-country skiing

fencing

Sports

Talking about sports in general

V40

Extreme sports

Extreme sports

paragliding

hang-gliding

snowboarding

abseiling (BrE) rappelling (NAmE)

skydiving

bungee

• Activities that involve danger or speed or both are often called extreme sports. Many extreme sports are done on or in water. • Surfing and bodyboarding are similar, but a surfer stands on a surfboard to ride on the waves while a bodyboarder lies on their stomach on a bodyboard. Kitesurfing involves riding on a type of surfboard and being pulled along by a kite. • Waterskiing and wakeboarding both involve being pulled through the water by a fast boat: a waterskier wears one or two waterskis, while a wakeboarder stands sideways on a wakeboard. • Other extreme sports involve jumping from great heights. Skydivers jump from a plane and fall for as long as they safely can before opening their parachutes. You can jump from the side of a mountain, wearing a kind of parachute in paragliding, or a frame like a very large kite in hang-gliding. Parasailing and base jumping are both also done wearing parachutes. In parasailing you are pulled behind a fast boat and rise into the air. A base jumper jumps from the top of a tall building or bridge (BASE stands for building, antenna, span, earth). • In rock climbing, a rope is attached to the climber and the rock for safety– this is called belaying. The climber wears a harness to which the rope is attached with a metal ring called a karabiner. • Skateboarders and snowboarders may ride on a half-pipe: a U-shaped structure or a U-shaped channel cut into the snow. They do jumps and tricks, for example a fakie, an ollie, or a kick-turn.

bungee jumping

waterskiing

wakeboarding

sailboard (also windsurfer)

windsurfing

surfing

jet-skiing

bodyboarding

white-water rafting

kitesurfing / kiteboarding

parkour

V41

Cycles

handlebar brake lever water bottle brake cable fork front brake

rear brake

hub

helmet chinstrap

Cycles

saddle

crossbar

spoke frame

chain wheel

D-lock

crank

pump

pedal tyre (BrE) tire (NAmE)

reflector

valve

stand

rim

chain

gears

bicycle

light

drop handlebars

stabilizers (BrE) training wheels (NAmE)

mountain bike

racing bike / racer

tricycle (also informal trike)

unicycle

dirt bike

quad bike petrol tank (BrE) gas tank (NAmE)

engine

tandem

silencer (BrE) muffler (NAmE)

motorcycle (also motorbike especially BrE)

mirror

kickstand

scooter

Other types of bicycle and motorcycle • An early type of bicycle with a very large front wheel and a very small back wheel is a penny-farthing. • A stationary bicycle that is used indoors to exercise is an exercise bike. • A motorcycle with a small engine and pedals is a moped.

V42

Musical instruments Cars

Cars 2

1 3

4

5

10 9

7

12

11

13 14 15

16 17

6

8 23

18

19

21

25

24 22

boot (BrE) trunk (NAmE)

20

26

bonnet (BrE) hood (NAmE) tail light

exhaust (also tailpipe especially NAmE)

convertible

saloon (BrE) sedan (NAmE)

tyre (BrE) tire (NAmE)

indicator (BrE) turn signal (NAmE) aerial (BrE) / antenna (especially NAmE) rear window

1 rear-view mirror 2 visor 3 windscreen (BrE) windshield (NAmE) 4 windscreen wiper (BrE) windshield wiper (NAmE) 5 wing mirror (BrE) side-view mirror (NAmE) 6 door handle 7 air vent 8 glove compartment glove box 9 satnav (also sat nav) 10 dashboard 11 milometer (BrE) odometer (NAmE) 12 speedometer 13 rev counter 14 fuel gauge 15 steering wheel 16 ignition 17 horn 18 gear lever (BrE) gear shift (NAmE) 19 clutch 20 brake 21 accelerator (BrE) / gas pedal (especially NAmE) 22 handbrake (especially BrE) / emergency brake (NAmE) 23 headrest 24 enger seat 25 driver’s seat 26 seat belt headlight

wing (BrE) fender (NAmE) side window door

bumper

people carrier (BrE) minivan (especially NAmE)

four-wheel drive

hubcap

hatchback sports car (US also sport car)

estate car (BrE) station wagon (NAmE)

Verbs to talk about driving • to control the direction in which the car is going: steer • to change direction suddenly: swerve • to signal that your car is going to turn: indicate • to make a car go faster: speed up, accelerate, put your foot down • to make a car go more slowly: slow down, brake, put the brake on

• to put the engine into a higher/lower gear as you get faster/slower: change up/down • to allow another vehicle to go before you: give way (BrE) / yield (NAmE) • to another vehicle because you are moving faster: overtake • to turn round and go back along the same road: do/make a U-turn • to stop and leave the car: park

V43

Aircraft

fin

Aircraft

wing aileron rudder tail

flap fuselage

elevator

cabin tailplane

nose

hold trailing edge

flight deck

undercarriage (also landing gear)

slat jet engine

leading edge

cowling cockpit

rotor blade

propeller

aerobatic display

ski-plane

ski

light aircraft

helicopter

glider

microlight (BrE)

fighter

biplane

skid

seaplane

At the airport

• An airport building where journeys begin and end is a terminal. You go to the check-in desk and say you have arrived (check in). • You check in the baggage (especially NAmE) that will go into the hold (= the part of the plane where goods are stored) but you carry your hand luggage (especially BrE) / carry-on airship baggage (especially NAmE) with you onto the plane. If your bags are heavier than the weight limit you have to pay excess baggage. • You wait in the departure lounge and when your flight is boarding (= is ready for engers to get on) you leave the terminal from a gate. • When you arrive at your destination in a different country you disembark and go through immigration. Collect your luggage hot-air balloon (especially BrE) from baggage reclaim (BrE) / baggage claim (NAmE) and exit through customs.

basket

V44

Boats and ships

Boats and ships

the bridge

tug / tugboat

container ship

lifeboat

ferry

skirt

twin hulls

hovercraft bow

liner

hydrofoil

catamaran

stern

canal boat / narrowboat

More kinds of boat • Any large boat that is used for carrying engers or goods by sea is a ship, or (formal) a vessel: In which country was this vessel ed? • A ship that carries goods from one place to another is a freighter or cargo ship, and one that is used for carrying large amounts of petrol, oil, etc. is an (oil) tanker. • A boat that is used for catching fish is a fishing boat, and a special type of fishing boat which pulls a long net through the sea to catch fish is a trawler. • Lifeboat has two meanings: it is a special boat that is used to rescue people who are in danger at sea, or it is a small boat that is kept on a ship and used by people to escape if the ship is going to sink. • Raft also has two meanings: it is a small boat made of rubber or plastic that is filled with air, or it is a flat structure made of pieces of wood tied together and used as a boat.

Groups of boats

sailing dinghy (NAmE also sailboat)

paddle wheel

paddle steamer (BrE) / paddleboat (NAmE)

cruiser / cabin cruiser

speedboat

• A group of boats that sail and work together is a fleet: a fishing fleet • A group of boats travelling together is a flotilla or a convoy: The boats travelled in convoy. We were travelling in a flotilla of boats.

oar

rowing boat (BrE) / rowboat (NAmE)

V45

Travelling by boat paddle

blade

kayak (BrE also canoe)

canoe

pole

punt

gondolier

gondola

• You sail a sailing boat or yacht, row a rowing boat, and paddle a canoe or kayak: My brother’s planning to sail (his yacht) to Bermuda. They rowed (the boat) back to shore. • You go sailing, go yachting, go rowing and go canoeing. • When you get on a ship you board (it), or (formal) embark: We boarded the ship at midday. One enger had embarked at Alexandria. • When you get off a ship you go ashore, or (formal) disembark. • To begin a journey by sea is to set sail (from/to/for a place): Twenty competitors set sail from Rio on the round-the-world race. • When you are on a ship you are on board or aboard: There were a thousand engers on board. All aboard please! • When you are sailing on the sea in a ship, you are at sea. • A holiday where you travel by boat and visit a number of places is a cruise: They’re going on a cruise. • A long journey by sea is a voyage: Captain Cook made his first voyage to the South Pacific in 1768. • If a boat moves backwards and forwards it pitches; if it moves from side to side it rolls: The trawler was pitching and rolling violently in the storm. • To be carried along by wind or water in no particular direction is to drift: The boat drifted out to sea.

Parts of boats • The side of a boat that is on the left when you are facing the front: port • The side of a boat that is on the right when you are facing the front: starboard • The top outside floor of a boat is called the deck: Let’s go and sit on deck. • The other floors are also called decks: the lower deck of a ship • A small room in a boat where you can sleep is a cabin, and a kind of bed in a cabin is a bunk or a berth: a cabin with four berths • The kitchen on a boat is the galley and a round window is called a porthole.

Steering a boat • A piece of wood or metal in the water at the back of a boat that is used for controlling its direction is a rudder. • A bar that is used to turn the rudder of a small boat in order to steer it is a tiller. • A handle or wheel used for steering a larger boat or ship is called the helm. • The part of a ship where the captain and other officers stand when they are controlling the ship is the bridge.

spinnaker

mainsail

mast

boom cockpit jib

yacht (NAmE also sailboat)

Boats and ships

life jacket (NAmE also life vest)

V46

Vehicles

Vehicles Buses

double-decker

single-decker

school bus

minibus

bus (BrE also coach)

Trucks, etc. cab

articulated lorry (BrE) / tractor-trailer (NAmE)

lorry (BrE) / truck (especially NAmE)

transporter

tanker

van

forklift truck

breakdown truck (BrE) tow truck (especially NAmE)

pickup (also pickup truck)

JeepTM

Transporting goods • Items that are carried by lorries, trains, aeroplanes and ships are called freight [U]: a freight train • Items that are carried by road or rail are also called goods (BrE)(pl.): a goods vehicle • Items that are carried by air and sea are also called cargo [C, U]: a cargo plane

• Something that is being carried, usually in large amounts, is a load: A lorry shed its load (= accidentally dropped its load) on the motorway. • A load of goods that is sent from one place to another is a shipment. • A large metal box in which goods are transported by sea, rail or road is a container.

V47

caravan (BrE) / camper (NAmE)

camper (BrE) / recreational vehicle (RV) minibus (NAmE)

Vehicles

trailer

tractor

taxi (also cab, taxicab)

Trains, etc.

carriage (BrE) / car (NAmE)

rail

platform (BrE)

sleeper (BrE) tie (NAmE)

engine / locomotive

high-speed train

freight train (BrE also goods train)

enger train

funicular

underground (BrE) / subway (NAmE)

cable car

steam train

tram (BrE) / streetcar (US)

Construction vehicles

excavator

bulldozer

cement mixer

dumper truck (NAmE also dump truck)

Caterpillar track™ (especially BrE) tank tread (especially NAmE)

V48

The body The body

crown of the head head

hair

middle finger

ear neck shoulder armpit

arm

index finger / first finger

forehead bridge of the nose

temple

chest

nipple

cheek nose nostril mouth

elbow forearm back

stomach navel waist

small of the back hip buttocks

nape of the neck jaw

palm

lip gum tongue tooth

chin

fingernail wrist

thigh

the hand

eyebrow ciliary muscle

leg calf

knee

heel

instep toenail

ankle foot sole

ball of the foot

the body

sclera retina

iris cornea lens

arch eyelid of the white foot eyelash

shin

big toe

little finger

the face

groin

ring finger cuticle knuckle

thumb

iris pupil

optic nerve

tear duct

the eye

eyeball

skull / cranium

breastbone / sternum

ribcage

cheekbone jawbone / mandible collarbone / clavicle shoulder blade / scapula humerus rib vertebra ulna

backbone / spine hip bone

radius pelvis

brain

uvula pharynx larynx windpipe / trachea

thigh bone / femur

bile duct kidney gall bladder duodenum

shin bone / tibia

lung

heart liver

cartilage

tonsil gullet / oesophagus (BrE) esophagus (NAmE)

bronchial tube

tailbone / coccyx

kneecap / patella

spinal cord

lung

stomach spleen pancreas

colon

large intestine small intestine

appendix rectum

bladder anus

fibula

the skeleton

capillaries

the internal organs

V49

moustache (BrE) mustache (NAmE)

cleanshaven

sideburns (BrE also sideboards)

stubble

crew cut

goatee

beard

shaved head

bald head

receding hairline

long hair

straight hair

layered hair

flat-top

spiky

dreadlocks

cornrows

bob widow’s peak

chignon

bun

French pleat (BrE) French twist (NAmE)

long, wavy

French plait (BrE) French braid (NAmE)

ringlet

curly

perm

parting (BrE) part (NAmE)

fringe (BrE) bangs (NAmE)

plait (BrE) braid (NAmE)

shoulder-length

pigtails (BrE) braids (NAmE)

bunches (BrE) pigtails (NAmE)

ponytail

Make-up compact

sponge

mirror

brush

foundation

concealer

blusher (NAmE also blush)

powder

eyeliner (also liner)

eyeshadow applicator

wand

lip gloss

lip liner

lipstick

mascara

nail polish (BrE also nail varnish)

Hair and make-up

Hair

fer

V50

suit

Clothes

braces (BrE) suspenders (NAmE)

lapel

Clothes

tie striped

rolled-up sleeve

jacket

polka dots

crease

tros (BrE) pants (NAmE)

tartan / plaid

patterned waistcoat (BrE) / vest (NAmE)

bow ties

coats and jackets • The general word for what you wear is clothes (plural) or clothing [U] (formal): She always wears such lovely clothes. a piece of clothing • A set of clothes that you wear together, especially for a particular occasion or purpose, is an outfit. • Any piece of clothing worn on the top part of the body, especially by women, can be called a top. • The clothes which some children wear at school, or which some people wear at work, are called a uniform [C, U]. • When police officers wear ordinary clothes instead of uniforms, they are in plain clothes: a plain clothes police sergeant

Describing clothes and the way people look Clothes can be: • attractive and designed well: elegant • untidy and dirty: scruffy • clean, tidy and rather formal: smart (especially BrE) • not formal: casual • fashionable and attractive: stylish • very fashionable: trendy (informal) • fitting closely to your body: tight, close-fitting, skintight • not fitting closely: loose, baggy • if a piece of clothing is not too big and not too small, it fits you: These jeans don’t fit me any more. • If a piece of clothing looks good on you, it suits you: It’s a nice coat, but it doesn’t really suit you.

overcoat

body warmer

raincoat

denim jacket hood

leather jacket

anorak short-sleeved blouse

sleeveless dress

collar

skirt

lining

• a short piece of clothing with buttons down the front but no sleeves, usually worn over a shirt and under a jacket: British English waistcoat American English vest • a piece of underwear worn under a shirt, etc. next to the skin: British English vest American English undershirt • a piece of clothing that covers the body from the waist down, and is divided into two parts to cover each leg separately: British English tros American English pants • a piece of men’s underwear worn under their tros/pants: British English pants (or underpants) American English underpants • a loose dress with no sleeves, usually worn over a shirt or blouse: British English pinafore American English jumper • a knitted woollen or cotton piece of clothing for the upper part of the body with long sleeves and no buttons: British English jumper American English sweater • straps for holding tros/pants up: British English braces American English suspenders • short elastic fastenings for holding up socks or stockings: British English suspenders American English garters

Fastening clothes • To talk about fastening a piece of clothing in general, use do sth up, fasten sth; opposite: undo sth: Do your coat up. Your shirt is undone. • There are some special verbs for particular types of fastener: buttons: button sth (up); opposite: unbutton sth a zip: zip sth up; opposite: unzip sth eye

V51 breast pocket

button-down collar

hoody sleeve

Clothes

British and American differences

shirt belt

cuff

fly

cargo pants

jeans

pocket

hanger

V-neck

shorts cardigan

polo shirt

sweaters (BrE also jumpers)

T-shirt

nightdress (BrE) nightgown (NAmE)

polo neck (BrE) turtleneck sweater (NAmE)

dressing gown pyjamas crew neck sweater pajamas (especially (BrE) / bathrobe (NAmE) US)

fasteners buttonhole teeth

zip (BrE) / zipper (especially NAmE)

VelcroTM

toggle

button

drawstring

hook

hook and eye

press stud / popper (both BrE) snap (NAmE)

buckle

safety pin

lace

V52

Accessories

Accessories Shoes toe

slingback

mule

stiletto

wedge

stiletto heel

ankle strap

heel

court shoes (BrE) pumps (NAmE)

platform

clogs

kitten heels

slippers

flip-flops (NAmE also thongs)

jelly shoe

sandal

flats (BrE also pumps)

moccasins

tongue upper shoelace

sole

lace-ups (especially BrE) / oxfords (especially NAmE)

brogues

loafer

trainers (BrE) sneakers (NAmE)

baseball boots

wellingtons (BrE) rubber boots (NAmE)

buckle

boot

cowboy boot

hiking boots (also walking boots)

Bags strap

clutch bag

handbag (NAmE also purse)

purse (especially BrE) / change purse (NAmE)

shoulder bag

bumbag (BrE) fanny pack (NAmE)

backpack (BrE also rucksack) handle

holdall (BrE) duffel bag (NAmE)

wallet (NAmE also billfold) attaché case (also briefcase)

briefcase

suitcase

trunk

V53

Hats

panama

band

boater

trilby

bowler (BrE) derby (NAmE)

cowboy hat

peak (BrE) bill (NAmE)

mortar board

top hat

cap

cloth cap / flat cap (both BrE) pom pom (BrE also bobble)

visor

beret

hard hat

sou’wester

hood

baseball cap

crash helmet

beanie

bobble hat

sun hats

Gloves

sombrero

Scarves

fingerless gloves

mitten

glove

scarf

chiffon scarf

Jewellery

stud

clip-on earring

clasp bead

chain pendant

hoop earring

medallion

locket

dangly earrings

string of beads signet ring

wedding ring wedding band

cufflinks pearl

charm

bangle

charm bracelet

brooch (BrE) pin (NAmE)

badge (also button especially NAmE)

pearl necklace

Accessories

brim

V54

Equipment

Computing Computing

screen flat-screen monitor system unit

keys

mouse keyboard space bar

PC

USB port CD-ROM CD/DVD drive

laptop

• This computer has a processor speed of 3 GHz (= gigahertz), 2 Gb (= gigabytes) of RAM (=random access memory) and a hard disk capacity of 500 Gb. • It comes with a 56K modem and a speech recognition system. • The multimedia system includes a sound card with 4D stereo sound and a graphics card with 128 Mb of video RAM for a high resolution colour display. • With DVD (= digital versatile disc or digital videodisc) you can watch films/movies. • You pay extra for the laser printer, scanner and other peripherals. • The new operating system should be compatible with existing hardware. • You can the pictures from your digital camera and burn them to a CD. • Wi-fiTM (= wireless fidelity) broadband connections are not only in computer stores but in coffee shops, public libraries and bookstores – you can to the Internet without physically plugging into anything.

Getting started flash drive / USB drive (also memory stick especially BrE)

router

flatbed scanner

webcam (NAmE also WebcamTM)

stylus

screen

PDA

digital camera

MP3 player

headset

• PC s should log on to the network by entering their name and . • Load the program into the computer. • Save your files onto your hard disk and back them up onto CDs or DVDs. • Important data is archived on the central file server.

When things go wrong • I can’t – the server is down. • The system keeps crashing – I’ve lost all my files. • You’ll have to switch off and reboot. • Error. name contains invalid characters. • My computer can’t read this disk. • The virus in the software was programmed to corrupt the hard disk. • A firewall provides essential security for your computer network. • and install this patch to fix the fault.

earbud

microphone

pull-down/drop-down menu

application (= a word-processing, database, spreadsheet, etc. program)

PC training schedule - March

Course

Date

Time

Room

spreadsheets

9 March

10.00

A37

spreadsheets

12 March

10.00

A37

intro to DTP

12 March

9.00

A38

DTP (intermediate) 13 March

9.00

A38

dialog box

cursor

interface • Click on the window to make it active. • You can run several applications at the same time. • To create a new document, select New from the File menu. • Insert the cursor at the beginning of the line. • Use the mouse to drag the icon to the desktop. • Scroll up or down the text by clicking on the scroll bar. • Search and replace options are activated from the command prompt. • Interactive computer terminals allow visitors to take an ‘electronic walk’ through a virtual Pompeii. Screen desktop

document

scroll bar

• This search engine indexes over a million websites. • Do a search on language schools in the UK. • Brief summaries are hyperlinked to the complete texts. • The site’s says it has over 100,000 hits a day. • This chat room is a forum for debating civil liberties issues online. • My email address is ‘joanna_smith@oup. com’ (said ‘joanna underscore smith at o-u-p dot com). • The web address / URL (= uniform/universal resource locator) is ‘www.oup.com/elt’ (said ‘double-U, double-U, double-U dot o-u-p dot com slash e-l-t). • The website lets you photos, then edit and share them. • You can images to your PC much more quickly with broadband than with a dial-up connection. • Bookmarking a page stores the information which enables you to revisit a favourite website instantly. • Cookies are files used by some websites to gain information about their visitors, or to simplify the process by saving names and s. • He maintains a personal web which he writes (= blogs) extensively about film and his own film-making. • Most spam mails disguise the sender’s identity. • VoIP allows you to use your computer as a telephone, or use the Internet to transmit your call over ordinary phone lines.

PC training schedule - March Course

Date

Time

Room

spreadsheets

9 March

10.00

A37

spreadsheets

12 March

10.00

A37

intro to DTP

12 March

9.00

A38

DTP (intermediate) 13 March

9.00

A38

icons

Home page web browser website

windows

The Internet • There is a wide range range of ISPs (= Internet Service Providers). • My free time is spent surfing the net in Internet cafes. • It’s a software package that helps you browse the Web.

contents

link

V55

Computing

Window

V56

Office

Office

1 wall planner 2 noticeboard (BrE) bulletin board (NAmE) 3 flip chart 4 data projector 5 laptop 6 meeting/conference room

22 swivel chair 23 arm 24 printer 25 hard copy / printout 26 castor 27 filing cabinet (BrE) file cabinet (NAmE) 28 suspension file 29 photocopier

15 mouse mat (BrE) mouse pad (especially NAmE) 16 flatbed scanner 17 calculator 18 desk diary (BrE) datebook (NAmE) 19 desk 20 stationery tray 21 waste-paper basket (BrE) / wastebasket (NAmE)

7 water cooler 8 desk lamp 9 workstation / PC 10 partition 11 in tray (NAmE also in box) 12 out tray (BrE) out box (US) 13 calendar 14 pen holder



2

1

3 4

8

6

5

10

9

7 11

13

12

14

27

15 19

17 16

20 24

29

28

18 22

21

23

26

25

Stationery and office supplies

paper clips

Bulldog clipTM ring binder

files

Post-itTM

folders

clip

nib

spiral-bound

fountain pen staple remover stapler

lead

pencil sharpener

notebook

notepad

clipboard

index card

pencil ballpoint (BrE also BiroTM)

eraser correction card index (BrE) (BrE also rubber) pushpins (NAmE) fluid card catalog (NAmE) Sellotape TM (BrE) Scotch tape TM (NAmE)

highlighter felt tip

marker

staples

glue stick

tape dispenser

drawing pins (BrE) thumbtacks (NAmE)

flap

envelope

rubber band (BrE also elastic band)

ink- pad

rubber stamp hole punch

V57



6 whiteboard 7 board pen 8 sports field 9 desk 10 school bag

1 projector 2 corridor (NAmE also hallway) 3 poster

11 backpack (BrE also rucksack) 12 textbook (NAmE also text) 13 workbook (BrE) exercise book (NAmE) 14 exercise book (BrE) notebook (NAmE)

15 pencil case 16 satchel 17 protractor 18 ruler 19 set square (BrE) triangle (NAmE)

Classroom

Classroom 4 5 locker interactive whiteboard

1 2 5

3

7

6

4

8

9

11

10 13 14

12

17 18

15 16

19

burette (US also buret)

Laboratory equipment

cover

glass rod dropper Petri dish

tongs

plunger

syringe beaker

clamp

spatula

flask

evaporating dish

stand

gauze mat

pestle

graduated cylinder

spatula pipette

crucible

retort filter paper

tripod

mortar

eyepiece stopper objective lens

flame test tube

slide

rubber tubing

magnet Bunsen burner

funnel

test tube rack

microscope

V58

Shapes, solids and angles

Shapes, solids and angles Shapes

triangles

quadrilaterals scalene triangle

square

trapezium (BrE) trapezoid (NAmE)

rectangle

rhombus

hypotenuse

equilateral triangle

rhomboid

trapezoid (BrE) trapezium (NAmE)

right angle

isosceles triangle

circles

other polygons

right-angled triangle (especially BrE) / right triangle (NAmE)

semicircle

arc

circumference

side

radius

sector

centre (also center especially US)

diameter

chord

quadrant arc

hexagon

pentagon

Solids

octagon

vertex

tangent

segment

conic sections

edge

face

cone

cylinder

prism

pyramid

cube

tetrahedron

sphere

circle

ellipse

octahedron

parabola

hyperbola

Angles

37° 90°

acute angle

right angle

143° 143°

37°

40°

alternate angles (also Z angles)

143°

143°

115°

324°

reflex angle

obtuse angle

corresponding angles (also F angles)

interior angle 108°

exterior angle

72°

V59

The earth

line of longitude

North Pole

The world

Arctic Circle

• A map is a drawing or plan of the world or a part of the world.

prime meridian (also Greenwich meridian) (0º longitude)

• A n atlas is a book of maps and a globe is a model of the earth in the shape of a ball.

northern hemisphere

• T he planet where we live, and its surface: earth, the earth (also the Earth).

tropic of Cancer (23º 26´ north)

equator (0º latitude)

• T he earth, including all the countries, people, etc.: world (often the world).

tropic of Capricorn (23º 26´ south)

• T he study of the world, including its natural and man-made features (seas, mountains, countries, cities, etc.), is geography [U]; adjective: geographical; person: geographer. line of latitude

southern hemisphere Antarctic Circle

International Date Line (180º longitude)

South Pole

axis northern spring southern autumn/fall

21 March equinox

northern winter southern summer

southern winter

21 June solstice

northern autumn/fall

The stars and planets • The planets in the solar system orbit

22 December (= go round) the sun. • Everything that exists, including the solstice earth, the planets, the stars, etc. is called the universe.

southern spring

The solar system

• A group of stars with a name is a constellation and a very large group of stars is a galaxy.

23 September equinox

• A piece of rock moving through space is a meteor and a meteor that has landed on earth is a meteorite.

orbit

Su

n

• T he scientific study of the stars, planets, etc. is astronomy [U]; adjective: astronomical; person: astronomer.

ne ptu Ne

s an u Ur

urn Sat

r ite Jup

rs

th

Ma

Ear

Ve

nu

s

the ry rcu Me

Seasons • W hen talking about the seasons we normally do not use the, but we may do if we want to talk about a particular winter, summer, etc.: I love spring – it’s my favourite season. That was the summer we went to Australia.

The seasons

northern summer

• T he study of the rocks, etc. which form the surface of the earth is geology [U]; adjective: geological; person: geologist.

• T he belief that the positions and movements of the stars and planets influence what people do and what happens to them is astrology [U]; adjective: astrological; person: astrologer. See also geographical names

The earth and the solar system

The earth and the solar system

Atlantic Ocean

Barra

South Uist

Benbecula

North Uist

Islay

Skye

Lough

Antrim Mountains

Tiree

Coll

Giant’s Causeway

Lough Foyle Londonderry

Stornoway

Lewis

Harris

NORTHERN IRELAND

There are special adjectives and nouns to describe people from some cities, for example a person from London is a Londoner, from Dublin a Dubliner, from Glasgow a Glaswegian, from Aberdeen an Aberdonian, from Manchester a Mancunian and from Liverpool a Liverpudlian. A Londoner who speaks with the local accent is also called a Cockney. There are also informal names for people from some cities: Brummie (from Birmingham); Scouse or Sco (from Liverpool); and Geordie (from Tyneside, which stretches from Newcastle to the coast).

To refer to the nationality of the people of Britain or the United Kingdom, you use the adjective British. English describes people from England, and should not be used to describe people from Ireland, Scotland or Wales, who are Irish, Scottish and Welsh. There is further information in the notes at the entries for British and Scottish.

The British Isles is a group of islands that includes Britain and Ireland, and a number of smaller islands. The Republic of Ireland (also the Irish Republic; formerly Eire) is an independent state occupying the southern part of the island of Ireland.

H

O u t e r

i

r

b e

s e

The name Britain is also incorrectly used to refer to the political state, officially called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This is abbreviated to the United Kingdom or the UK.

Jura

Mull

T

Rona

h

th

Glasgow

For th

Stirling

a olw

yF

Dumfries

Fir th

ir th

Carlisle

ot evi Ch

ds

r th of Fo

n pla

Lake

Dee

Ty n e

s Hill

Newcastle upon Tyne Sunderland Durham

Berwick-uponTweed

Aberdeen

St.Andrews

Dundee

U

Fair Isle

SCOTLAND

Edinburgh East Kilbride Kilmarnock yde Arran n Glasgow er Ayr Prestwick u t h

So

Orkney Islands

Shetland Islands

John o’Groats

Perth

ins Ta y

nta

The Lowlands

n

u Mo

s ngorm Cair

Inverness

y Fir

ra Mo

The Highlands

Ben Nevis 1344m

Spey

Loch Ness

Loch Lomond

Fort William

nc

Mi he

Britain or Great Britain (GB) is a geographical area consisting of England, Scotland and Wales (but not Ireland).

r No

d Hebr ide s

Inner

H st

thw e

am

Gr F ir t h o f Clyde

ds lan igh

a

pi

The British Isles

Cl

M Do ou neg nt al ain s

Tw ee d

0

100 km

UNITED

Nor th Sea

50

lake

river

major airport

town or city

over 1 million inhabitants

capital city

built-up area

internal boundary

international boundary

0

Musical The instruments British Isles

peak or highest point

metres 5000 3000 2000 1000 500 300 200 100 sea level

V60

n Ede

P

Dingle

Bay

1041m Carrauntoohill

Galway Bay

Lough Ree

a Sh Lough Derg

Bo yn

Douglas

ir th

ot evi Ch

Carlisle

Ty n e

s Hill

The NorthWest

978m Scafell Pike

Lake District

l

Blackpool Preston

yF

e

Land’s End

Truro

WALES

Irish Sea

Exmoor

Plymouth

Dartmoor

The West Country

Eng

Taunton

Tees

York

Ou

Sea

ENGLAND

UNITED KINGDOM

The NorthKingston East upon Hull s

North York Moors

Middlesbrough

Newcastle upon Tyne Sunderland Durham Hartlepool

St. Helier

Jersey

lish

Cha

nne

Isle of Wight

l

Portsmouth

Hastings

Musical The instruments British Isles

Eastbourne

Southampton South Downs Brighton Bournemouth Poole

Salisbury

Channel Islands

St. Peter Port Guernsey

Exeter

e

Isles of Scilly

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

Cork

Blackwater

Limerick

Galway

Barrow

Leeds e Bradford Ai r e Blackburn Humb Huddersfield er Bolton Manchester Anglesey y e s r e y Liverpool M e Sheffield Peak f f Li Dublin Holyhead District Colwyn Lincoln Bay Chester Stokeon-Trent Caernarfon 1085m Wicklow The Derby Snowdon Mountains Nottingham Wash D ee We The nsu The Snowdonia East Midlands m Shrewsbury Midlands Fens Great Yarmouth Norwich Leicester Wolverhampton Anglia East Peterborough Birmingham Cardigan Bay use Great O Coventry Suir Waterford Aberystwyth Northampton Worcester Cambridge Warwick Ipswich C StratfordHereford Stansted Stour s upon-Avon ’ Keynes Milton e Colchester rg C Luton ls Gloucester Hil Us eo Brecon ills k Oxford old Home The H .t G w Luton Beacons Milford Haven ts Thames S Counties Co Thames Watford Estuary Newport Swindon London Southend-on-Sea Swansea Bristol Cardiff Slough Heathrow Margate Salisbury Reading Canterbury Bristo Nor th Downs Plain Bath l Ch a n n e l Dover Gatwick

852m Slieve Donard

Newry

ISLE OF MAN

br

am

el

nn

ha

unta ins

i an Mo

Lough Corrib

Belfast Lisburn

a Solw

Dumfries

So

Up

Avo n

Lough Mask

Mourne Mountains

Lough Neagh

Antrim Mountains

Kilmarnock yde n Glasgow er Ayr Prestwick u t h

Trent

Ch ilte rn

Lough Conn

Giant’s Causeway

Clyde

F ir t h o f

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V61

Bro oks

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Vancouver

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Kelowna

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Great Bear Lake

Calgary

Edmonton Calgary

Edmonton ALBERTA

ALBERTA

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C C

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Queen Elizabeth Islands

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MANITOBA Lake Winnipeg

MANITOBA

N N

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D D

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NUNAVUT

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a Nevad Nevada Sierra Sierra

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Los Angeles

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0

0

peak or highest point

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metres 5000 metres 3000 5000 2000 3000 1000 2000 500 1000 300 500 200 300 100 200 sea level 100 peak or sea levelpoint highest

Phoenix

ARIZONA

Phoenix

O NTA R I O

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250

250 500 km

500 km

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA s

0

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Winnipeg

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international boundary international internal boundary boundary internal capital city boundary over 1 million capital city inhabitants over 1 town ormillion city inhabitants major airport town or city river major airport lake river

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Indian Ocean

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Eyre (salt) SOUTH AUSTRALIA

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Uluru 867m (Ayers Rock)

M

A U S T R A L I A

Lake Mackay (salt)

Gibson Desert

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

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Great Sandy Desert

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Australia and New Zealand

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Wollongong

Sydney

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Melbourne

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Brisbane

Sunshine Coast

Stewart Island

0

Christchurch

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Bay of Plenty Tauranga

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Chatham Islands (New Zealand)

Kermadec Islands (New Zealand)

peak or highest point

metres 5000 3000 2000 1000 500 300 200 100 sea level

Pacific Ocean

Wellington

Lake Taupo

Cook

South Island

Mt. Cook 3764m A l p s rn the Sou

NEW ZEALAND

0

1000 km

Hamilton

North Cape

Norfolk Island (Australia)

500

seasonal lake

lake

river seasonal river

major airport

town or city

over 1 million inhabitants

capital city

internal boundary

international boundary

Australia Musical and New instruments Zealand

Lord Howe Island (Australia)

Coral Sea

Tasman Sea

t AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL ea TERRITORY (ACT) G r ts. 2230m M

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V64