My English Grammar Guide 2i453p

Table of English Tenses

Tense

Simple Present

Present Progressive

Simple Past

Past Progressive

Present Perfect Simple

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?

A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?

A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?

A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?

A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?

Use 

action in the present taking place once, never or several times



facts



actions taking place one after another



action set by a timetable or schedule



action taking place in the moment of speaking



action taking place only for a limited period of time



action arranged for the future



action in the past taking place once, never or several times



actions taking place one after another



action taking place in the middle of another action



action going on at a certain time in the past



actions taking place at the same time



action in the past that is interrupted by another action



putting emphasis on the result



action that is still going on



action that stopped recently



finished action that has an influence on the present



action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Signal Words always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)

at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If I talked, …)

when, while, as long as

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Present Perfect Progressive

A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking?

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week



putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)



action that recently stopped or is still going on



finished action that influenced the present



action taking place before a certain time in the past



sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive



putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)



action taking place before a certain time in the past



sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple



putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action



action in the future that cannot be influenced



spontaneous decision



assumption with regard to the future

Future I Simple A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak? (going to)



decision made for the future



conclusion with regard to the future

A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?



in one year, next week, action that is going on at a certain tomorrow time in the future



action that is sure to happen in the near future



action that will be finished at a certain time in the future

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Progressive

A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?

A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?

Future I Simple A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?

Future I Progressive

Future II Simple

A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?

Future II Progressive

A: He will have been speaking.  N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking? 

Conditional I Simple

A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?



action taking place before a certain time in the future

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)

for, since, the whole day, all day

in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, shewill help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps in one year, next week, tomorrow

by Monday, in a week

for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

putting emphasis on the course of an action action that might take place

if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.)

A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?



action that might take place



putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action

Conditional II Simple

A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?



action that might have taken place in the past

Conditional II Progressive

A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?



action that might have taken place in the past



puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action

Conditional I Progressive

if sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)

English Tenses – Examples

Explanation

Past

Present

Future

Simple Past

Simple Present

Future I Simple

action that takes place once, never or several times

He played football every Tuesday.

He plays football every Tuesday.

He will / is going to play football every Tuesday.

actions that happen one after another

He played football and then he went home.

He plays football and then he goes home.

He will play football and then he will go home.

state

He loved football.

He loves football.

He will love football.

Past Progressive

Present Progressive Future I Progressive

action going on at that moment He was playing football.

He is playing football.

He will be playing football.

actions taking place at the same time

He is playing football and she is watching.

He will be playing football and she will be watching.

He was playing football and she was watching.

Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple

Future II Simple

action taking place before a certain moment in time; emphasises the result

action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond), emphasises the duration

He had won five matches until that day.

He has won five matches so far.

He will have won five matches by then.

Past Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect Progressive

Future II Progressive

He had been playing football for ten years.

He has been playing football for ten years.

He will have been playing football for ten years.

Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives are used to modify nouns, e.g. The dog is loud. – What is the dog like? – loud Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, e.g. The dog barks loudly. – How does the dog bark? – loudly

Comparison of Adjectives Positive Form Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as … as Example: Jane is as tall as John. not as … as / not so … as Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est) 

one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap)



two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever) positive form

comparative form

superlative form

clean

cleaner

(the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est 

silent „e‟ is dropped Example: late-later-latest



final „y‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example: easy-easier-easiest 

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most) 

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er) positive form

comparative form

superlative form

difficult

more difficult

most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form

comparative form

superlative form

good

better

best

bad / ill

worse

worst

little (amount)

less

least

little (size)

smaller

smallest

much / many

more

most

far (place + time)

further

furthest

far (place)

farther

farthest

late (time)

later

latest

late (order)

latter

last

near (place)

nearer

nearest

near (order)

-

next

old (people and things)

older

oldest

old (people)

elder

eldest

Form and Comparison of Adverbs Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is). Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutely quiet. Form In general: adjective + -ly adjective

adverb

slow

slowly

Exceptions in spelling exception

example

silent e is dropped in true, due, whole

true → truly

y becomes i

happy → happily

le after a consonant is dropped

sensible → sensibly

after ll only add y

full → fully

Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly) adjective

adverb

fantastic

fantastically

Adjectives ending in -ly: use ‘in a … way / manner’ or another adverb with similar meaning adjective

adverb

friendly

in a friendly way in a friendly manner

likely

probably

Exceptions adjective

adverb (meaning)

adverb (meaning)

good

well

difficult

with difficulty

public

publicly

deep

deep (place)

deeply (feeling)

direct

direct

directly (=soon)

hard

hard

hardly (=seldom)

high

high (place)

highly (figurative)

late

late

lately (=recently)

most

most

mostly (=usually)

near

near

nearly (=almost)

pretty

pretty (=rather)

prettily

short

short

shortly (=soon)

The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without modification):

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly, …

Comparison Comparison (-er/-est) Comparative ending in -er

Superlative ending in -est

one-syllable adverbs (hard)

harder

hardest

adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early)

earlier

earliest

Comparison (more / most)

adverbs ending in ly (happily)

Comparative formed with more

Superlative formed with most

more happily

most happily

Irregular comparisons positive form

comparative

superlative

well

better

best

badly

worse

worst

ill

worse

worst

little

less

least

much

more

most

far (place + time)

further

furthest

far (place)

farther

farthest

late (time)

later

latest

Adjective or Adverb 

Adjectives are used to modify nouns: The dog is loud.



Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs: The dog barks loudly. Linking Verbs Some verbs can only be used with adjectives, others might change their meaning when used with an adverb. verb

used with an adjective

used with an adverb

look

look good (= appearance)

look well (= healthy)

feel

feel good (= state of health/mind)

feel well (= have a good sense of touch)

smell

smell good (= odour)

smell well (= have a good sense of smell)

taste

taste good (= preference)

taste well (= have a good sense of taste)

The following verbs can only be used with adjectives:



be



keep



stay



become



remain



turn



get



seem



grow



sound

Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the ive.

The verb "be" The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the ive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb: Simple Present: I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are Simple Past: I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were Past Participle: been You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for ive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.) Progressive Forms Present Progressive: He is playing football. Past Progressive: He was playing football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has been playing football.

ive Simple Present/Past: The house is/was built. Present/Past Perfect: The house has/had been built. Future I: The house will be built.

Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing football.

"be" as a full verb The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be is used as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions. positive sentence: They are fifteen years old. negative sentence: They are not fifteen years old. question:

Are they fifteen years old?

The verb "have" The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and ive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.) Compound Tenses - Active Voice

Compound Tenses - ive Voice

Present Perfect Simple:

Present/Past Perfect:

He has played football. Past Perfect Simple: He had played football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has been playing football. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing football.

The house has/had been built. Note that have is an irregular verb, too: Simple Present: I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has Simple Past: I/he/she/it/we/you/they had Past Participle: had

"have" in positive sentences As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have got (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb). full verb: I have a car. auxiliary verb: I have got a car. "have" in negative sentences and questions When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences and questions. If we use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary. have as a full verb: I do not have a car. Do I have a car? have as an auxiliary verb: I have not got a car. Have I got a car?

The verb "will" The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses. The auxiliary verb "will" Future I:

He will not play football. Future II: He will have played football. The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative sentences is won't.' Examples: I will, he will I will not = I won't

The verb "do" The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will,have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.) The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences Simple Present:

The auxiliary "do" in questions Simple Present:

He does not play football. Simple Past: He did not play football.

Does he play football? Simple Past: Did he play football?

The verb do is irregular: Simple Present: I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does Simple Past: I/he/she/it/we/you/they did

The full verb "do" As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary. positive sentence: She does her homework every day. negative sentence: She doesn't do her homework every day. question: Does she do her homework every day? Sentences without the auxiliary "do" In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:

the full verb is "be"

Example: I am not angry. / Are you okay? the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will) Example: They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that? the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should) Example: We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please? the question asks for the subject of the sentence Example: Who sings that song?

Modal Verbs and their substitutes Modal verbs are for example may, can, must, should, need. They express an ability, permission, wish etc. to do something. (I may, can, must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know the substitutes to these modal verbs. Modal Verb

Substitute

Example

must

to have to

I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not

not to be allowed to

I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can

to be able to

I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may

to be allowed to

I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need

to have to

I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not

not to have to

I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

shall / should/ ought to

to be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Infinitive and Gerund There are certain words in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. If you are not sure whether to use the infinitive or gerund, check out our lists or look the words up in a dictionary.

Infinitive Use Certain words are followed by an infinite verb with or without ‘to’. Use and Word Lists

Example

as the subject of a clause

To know you is to love you.

after certain expressions (without ‘to’)

Why not go to the cinema?

after certain verbs (without ‘to’)

I can swim.

after certain verbs (with ‘to’)

He wants to swim.

after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitive constructions)

They don‟t know how to swim.

after certain verbs with objects (without ‘to’)

He made her swim.

after certain verbs with objects (with ‘to’)

They wanted him to swim.

after certain adjectives and their comparisons

It‟s easier to swim downstream.

after nouns deriving from the verbs mentioned above

We made a promise to swim. (derived from the verb ‘to promise’)

Gerund Form ing form of the verb

Exceptions in Spelling Use Certain words are followed by an Ing-Form. Use and Word Lists

Example

as the subject of a clause

Cycling is good for your health.

after certain adjectives

He‟s afraid of going by plane.

after certain prepositions

Before going to bed he turned off the lights.

after certain verbs

I enjoy cooking.

after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward to seeing you again.

after certain nouns

We had problems finding our way back home.

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form Use and Word Lists

Example

same meaning

I started to read. / I started reading.

same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.

different meaning

He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.

infinitive or present participle

I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.

Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case.

Article Direct article - the example: the house Indirect article a / an a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example: a car, a university an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example: an apple, an hour Plural general rule: singular form + s example: a car - two cars after s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es example: a box - two boxes y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example: a city - two cities But: y after a vowel is not changed example: a boy - two boys After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco) example: a tomato - two tomatoes

Possessive Case of Nouns adding 's

of phrase

usually used for people

usually used for things

Ronny's brother

the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s is added instead of using an of phrase.

example: 's economy or the ecomony of When using the possessive case with a time, s is added. example: a three weeks' holiday

ive Voice Use of ive ive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in ive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. Form of ive Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. Examples of ive Tense

Simple Present

Simple Past

Present Perfect

Future I

Hilfsverben

Subject

Verb

Object

writes

a letter.

Active:

Rita

ive:

A letter

is written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

wrote

a letter.

ive:

A letter

was written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

has written

a letter.

ive:

A letter

has been written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

will write

a letter.

ive:

A letter

will be written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

can write

a letter.

ive:

A letter

by Rita.

can be written

Examples of ive Tense

Subject

Present Progressive

Past Progressive

Past Perfect

Future II

Conditional I

Conditional II

Verb

Object

is writing

a letter.

Active:

Rita

ive:

A letter

is being written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

was writing

a letter.

ive:

A letter

was being written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

had written

a letter.

ive:

A letter

had been written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

will have written

a letter.

ive:

A letter

will have been written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

would write

a letter.

ive:

A letter

would be written

by Rita.

Active:

Rita

would have written

a letter.

ive:

A letter

would have been written

by Rita.

ive Sentences with Two Objects Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in ive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

wrote

a letter

to me.

Active:

Rita

ive:

A letter

was written

to me

by Rita.

ive:

I

was written

a letter

by Rita.

Participles There are three kinds of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfect participle. You probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apart from that, participles are also used to shorten sentences. Past Participle The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with irregular verbs. You surely know this form: 

from perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) – I have spoken.



from ive voice – The letter was written.



as an adjective form – I was bored to death. Perfect Participle The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if …



… one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts. Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled home.



… one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts. Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town. The perfect participle can be used for active and ive voice.



active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.)



ive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.) The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine ive clauses that have the same subject. Example: The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. – Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.

Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.) Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.: 

look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)



look for – seek (look for her ring)



look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)



There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. In our lists, you will find some frequently used phrasal verbs and their meanings. Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with:



break, bring, call, carry, come, do, fall, get, go, keep, look, make, put, run, set, take, turn The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

English

Usage

Example



on



days of the week



on Monday



in



months / seasons



in August / in winter



time of day



in the morning



year



in 2006



after a certain period of time (when?)



for night



at night



for weekend



at the weekend



a certain point of time (when?)



at half past nine



at

in an hour



since



from a certain point  of time (past till now)

since 1980



for



over a certain period  of time (past till now)

for 2 years



ago



a certain time in the  past

2 years ago



before



earlier than a certain  point of time

before 2004



to



telling the time



ten to six (5:50)



past



telling the time



ten past six (6:10)



to / till / until



marking the  beginning and end of a period of time

from Monday to/till Friday



till / until



in the sense of how  long something is going to last

He is on holiday until Friday.



by



in the sense of at the  latest 

I will be back by 6 o’clock.



up to a certain time

By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction) English 





in

at

on

Usage

Example



room, building, street, town, country



in the kitchen, in London



book, paper etc.



in the book



car, taxi





picture, world

in the car, in a taxi



in the picture, in the world



meaning next to, by an object



at the door, at the station



for table



at the table



for events





place where you are to do something typical (watch a  film, study, work)

at a concert, at the party



attached



for a place with a river

 

at the cinema, at school, at work



the picture on the wall

being on a surface



for a certain side (left, right)

London lies on the Thames.



on the table



for a floor in a house



on the left



for public transport



on the first floor



for television, radio



on the bus, on a plane



on TV, on the radio



by, next to,  beside

left or right of somebody or something

Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.



under



on the ground, lower than  (or covered by) something else

the bag is under the table



below



lower than something else  but above ground

the fish are below the surface



over



covered by something else 



meaning more than

put a jacket over your shirt



getting to the other side (also across)



overcoming an obstacle



over 16 years of age



walk over the bridge



climb over the wall



above



higher than something else, but not directly over it



across



getting to the other side (also over)



walk across the bridge



getting to the other side



swim across the lake

a path above the lake



through



something with limits on  top, bottom and the sides

drive through the tunnel



to



movement to person or building



go to the cinema



go to London / Ireland



go to bed



go into the kitchen / the house



movement to a place or country



for bed



into



enter a room / a building



towards



movement in the direction  of something (but not directly to it)



onto



movement to the top of something



go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table



from



in the sense of where from 



across



getting to the other side (also over)



walk across the bridge



getting to the other side



swim across the lake

a flower from the garden



through



something with limits on  top, bottom and the sides

drive through the tunnel



to



movement to person or building



go to the cinema



go to London / Ireland



go to bed



go into the kitchen / the house



movement to a place or country



for bed



into



enter a room / a building



towards



movement in the direction  of something (but not directly to it)



onto



movement to the top of something



from



in the sense of where from 



go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English

Example

Usage



from



who gave it



a present from Jane



of



who/what does it belong to



a page of the book



what does it show



the picture of a palace



by



who made it



a book by Mark Twain



on



walking or riding on horseback



on foot, on horseback



get on the bus



get in the car



in



entering a public transport vehicle



entering a car / Taxi



off



leaving a public transport vehicle



get off the train



out of



leaving a car / Taxi



get out of the taxi



by



rise or fall of something





travelling (other than walking  or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10 percent



at



for age



about



for topics, meaning what about



by car, by bus she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you

Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Relative and Reflexive Pronouns) Pronouns are words like I, me (personal pronouns) or my, mine (possessive pronouns). Personal Pronouns - Subject Form example: We have got some books. Personal Pronouns - Object Form example: The books are for us. Possessive Adjectives example: These are our books. Possessive Pronouns example: The books are ours. Reflexive Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

subject form

object form

possessive adjective

possessive pronoun

I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

example: He can carry the bags himself.

Relative Pronouns example: This is the man who lives next door

Relative Pronouns relative pronoun

use

example

who

subject or object pronoun for people

I told you about the woman who lives next door.

which

subject or object pronoun for animals and things

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?

which

referring to a whole sentence

He couldn‟t read which surprised me.

whose

possession for people animals and things

Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?

whom

object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we

I was invited by the professor whom I met at the

that

colloquially prefer who)

conference.

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)

I don‟t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Relative Adverbs A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand. This is the shop in which I bought my bike. → This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb

meaning

use

example

when

in/on which

refers to a time expression

the day when we met him

where

in/at which

refers to a place

the place where we met him

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker‟s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. Statements When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

Type

Example

direct speech

“I speak English.”

reported speech He says that he speaks English. (no backshift) reported speech He said that he spoke English. (backshift)

Type

Example “Why don‟t you speak English?”

direct speech with interrogative

reported speech He asked me why I didn‟t speak English. “Do you speak English?”

direct speech without interrogative

reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English. Requests

Type

Example

direct speech

“Carol, speak English.“

reported speech He told Carol to speak English.

Object Pronouns singular: me, you, him, her, it plural: us, you, them

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

I

Me

I talk to you.

You talk to me.

You

You

You talk to me.

I talk to you.

He

Him

He calls you.

You call him.

Noun

for oneself

One person I talk to a boy or a man

She She looks at you.

Her a girl or a woman You look at her.

It

It

It is a cat.

You feed it.

It is a banana.

You eat it.

We We talk together. You

an animal, an idea, a place, a situation, a thing, time, weather, an emotion one banana = it

Us I + you = we Someone talks tous. me + you = us You

You learn English.

I teach youEnglish.

They

Them

They eat ice cream.

Someone gavethem ice cream.

people = they / them things = they / them

VERBS Infinitive

Simple Past

Past Participle

alight

alighted, alit

alighted, alit

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke, awaked

awoken, awaked

be

was, were

been

bear

bore

borne, born

beat

beat

beaten, beat

become

became

become

beget

begot

begotten

begin

began

begun

bend

bent

bent

bereave

bereaved, bereft

bereaved, bereft

beseech

besought, beseeched

besought, beseeched

bet

bet, betted

bet, betted

bid

bade, bid

bidden, bid, bade

bide

bade, bided

bided

bind

bound

bound

bite

bit

bitten

bleed

bled

bled

bless

blessed, blest

blessed, blest

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

breed

bred

bred

bring

brought

brought

broadcast

broadcast, broadcasted

broadcast, broadcasted

build

built

built

burn

burnt, burned

burnt, burned

burst

burst

burst

bust

bust, busted

bust, busted

buy

bought

bought

can

could

(kein Participle)

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

cleave

cleft, cleaved, clove

cleft, cleaved, cloven

cling

clung

clung

clothe

clothed, clad

clothed, clad

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

creep

crept

crept

crow

crowed

crew, crowed

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamt, dreamed

dreamt, dreamed

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

dwell

dwelt, dwelled

dwelt, dwelled

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

flee

fled

fled

fling

flung

flung

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbad, forbade

forbid, forbidden

forecast

forecast, forecasted

forecast, forecasted

forget

forgot

forgotten

forsake

forsook

forsaken

freeze

froze

frozen

geld

gelded, gelt

gelded, gelt

get

got

got, gotten

gild

gilded, gilt

gilded, gilt

give

gave

given

gnaw

gnawed

gnawed, gnawn

go

went

gone

grind

ground

ground

grip

gripped, gript

gripped, gript

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung

hung

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

heave

heaved, hove

heaved, hove

hew

hewed

hewed, hewn

hide

hid

hidden, hid

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt, kneeled

knelt, kneeled

knit

knitted, knit

knitted, knit

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

lean

leant, leaned

leant, leaned

leap

leapt, leaped

leapt, leaped

learn

learnt, learned

learnt, learned

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lit, lighted

lit, lighted

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

may

might

(kein Participle)

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

melt

melted

molten, melted

mow

mowed

mown, mowed

pay

paid

paid

pen

pent, penned

pent, penned

plead

pled, pleaded

pled, pleaded

prove

proved

proven, proved

put

put

put

quit

quit, quitted

quit, quitted

read

read

read

rid

rid, ridded

rid, ridded

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

saw

sawed

sawn, sawed

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

sew

sewed

sewn, sewed

shake

shook

shaken

shall

should

(kein Participle)

shear

sheared

shorn, sheared

shed

shed

shed

shine

shone

shone

shit

shit, shitted, shat

shit, shitted, shat

shoe

shod, shoed

shod, shoed

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown, showed

shred

shred, shredded

shred, shredded

shrink

shrank, shrunk

shrunk

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

sit

sat

sat

slay

slew

slain

sleep

slept

slept

slide

slid

slid

sling

slung

slung

slink

slunk

slunk

slit

slit

slit

smell

smelt, smelled

smelt, smelled

smite

smote

smitten

sow

sowed

sown, sowed

speak

spoke

spoken

speed

sped, speeded

sped, speeded

spell

spelt, spelled

spelt, spelled

spend

spent

spent

spill

spilt, spilled

spilt, spilled

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat

spat

split

split

split

spoil

spoilt, spoiled

spoilt, spoiled

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang, sprung

sprung

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

stink

stank, stunk

stunk

stride

strode

stridden

strike

struck

struck

string

strung

strung

strive

strove

striven

swear

swore

sworn

sweat

sweat, sweated

sweat, sweated

sweep

swept

swept

swell

swelled

swollen, swelled

swim

swam

swum

swing

swung

swung

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear

tore

torn

telecast

telecast, telecasted

telecast, telecasted

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

thrust

thrust

thrust

tread

trod

trodden

understand

understood

understood

wake

woke, waked

woken, waked

wear

wore

worn

weave

wove

woven

wed

wed, wedded

wed, wedded

weep

wept

wept

wet

wet, wetted

wet, wetted

win

won

won

wind

wound

wound

wring

wrung

wrung

write

wrote

written