Mhd Power Generation 2c6i2e
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- Pages: 16
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
INDEX
SR. NO. 1
TOPIC Introduction PRINCIPLE OF MHD POWER
2 3 4
7
2 3
GENERATION MHD SYSTEM OPEN CYCLE MHD SYSTEM HYBRID MHD STEAM PART OPEN
5 6
PAGE NO.
4 6 8
CYCLE CLOSED CYCLE MHD SYSTEM NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ADVANTAGES OF MHD
8
9 11 11
9
GENERATION APPLICATIONS
12
10
CONCLUSION
13
11
REFERENCES
14
1 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
INTRODUCTION It is well known that man had always been trying to find something new to achieve
a new aims
80%
of
total
electricity produced in the world is hydras while remaining 20% is produced from
nuclear,
thermal,
solar, Geothermal energy
and from magneto hydro dynamic power generation. MHD power generation
is a new system of electric
power generation which is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution. In advanced countries MHD generator are widely used but in developing countries like India it construction.
This
Tiruchirapalli
in
(Bhabha
construction
Tamilnadu
work
under
Atomic Research
is
t
Centre) ,
is in
still
under
progress
efforts BHEL,
of
at
BA RC
Associated
cement corporation and Russian technologists. As
its
is concerned presence
of
name with
implies, the
magnetic
magneto-hydro-dynamic
flow
of
conducting
(MHD)
fluid
in
and electric field. This fluid may be gas
at elevated temperature or liquid metal like sodium or potassium. A MHD generator is a device for converting heat energy of directly
into electric energy without
a conventional
fuel
electric
generator. The basic difference between conventional generator and MHD generator is in the nature of conductor.
2 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
PRINCIPLE OF MHD POWER GENERATION The principle of MHD generation is simple, discovered by faraday when an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, a emf. Is induced in it, which produced an electric current. This is the principle of
the conventional generator also, where the
conductors consists of copper strips. In MHD generator the solid conductors are replaced by a gaseous conductor; i.e. an
ionized
gas. If such gas is ed at high velocity through a powerful magnetic field i.e. suppose we have
a charged particle (having
charge q) moving at a high velocity ‘V’ towards right and a perpendicular
magnetic field is applied. A magnetic
force ‘F’
acts on the charged particle. Show in fig. A Positively charged particles as forced upward and negatively charged particle is forced downward. The positive ions would be accelerated towards the upper plate P, and negative ions would be accelerated towards the plate P2. If the P1 and P2 through a resistance, resistance.
Thus
a current
gas
energy
are externally connected
would
flow through
directly
converted
the into
electrical energy. This is the principle of MHD generator. A MHD conversion is known as direct produced
electricity
necessity of
directly
energy
conversion
because
from heat source without
it the
the additional stage of steam generation as in a
steam power plant.
3 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
MHD SYSTEM There are two types of MHD System 1.) Open cycle System 2.) Closed cycle System In open cycle system the working fluid after generating electrical energy is discharged to the atmosphere through a stack. In a closed cycle system the working fluid is recycled to the heat sources and thus used again and again. The operation of MHD generator directly on combustion products in an open cycle system. In open cycle system working fluid is air. In closed cycle system helium or argon is used as the working fluid.
4 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
5 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
OPEN CYCLE MHD SYSTEM An elementary open cycle MHD system is shown in fig. The MHD generator resembles a rocket engine surrounded by a magnet the coal is burnt to produce hot gas. The hot gas is then seeded with a small amount of an ionized alkali metal (cesium or potassium) to increase the electrical conductivities of gas. The gas expand through the generator surrounded by powerful magnet. During the motion of gas the positive and negative ions move to the electrodes and constitute an electric current. The rejected gas es through an air heater for preheating the inlet air. The seed material is recovered for successive use. The nitrogen and sulphor are removing for pollution controlled and then gasses are discharged to the atmosphere. The above cycle is not suitable for commercial use. The exhaust gases of MHD unit are still at a sufficiently hot temperature it is possible to use for additional power generation in a steam turbine alternator unit. This is increase the efficiency of process. Such cycle is known as hybrid MHD-steam plant cycle. Figure shows hybrid MHD steam cycle, coal is processed and burnt in the combustor at high temperature (2750 to 3000 °K) and pressure (7 to 15 at atmosphere) with preheated air to form the plasma. The plasma is then seeded with small fraction (1%) of an alkali metal (potassium) introduced usually as a carbonate powder or solution.
6 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
7 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
HYBRID MHD STEAM PART OPEN CYCLE The resulting mixture having an electrically conductivity of about 10 ohm/m is expanded through a nozzle to increase its velocity and then ed through the high magnetic field (5 to 7 teslas) of the MHD generator. Electrodes channel provided electric between flow and external load. The power o/p is dc and it is necessary to use to change it to ac before the power can be fed to an electric grid. The gas coming out of MHD generator is still sufficiently hot and is used to raise steam, which generates additional energy in a steam in a steam turbine alternator unit. A part of this steam is also used in a steam turbine which driver a compressor for compressing air for the MHD cycle. The seed material is recovered from the gas the harmful emissions (sulphur) are also removed from gas before it is discharged to atmosphere through a stack. For efficient practical realization a MHD system must have following features: 1) Air superheating arrangement to heat the gas to around 2500 °C so that the electrical conductivity gas is increased. 2) The combustion chamber must have low heat losses 3) A management to add a low ionization potential seed material to the gas to increase, its conductivity. 4) A water cooled but electrically insulating expanding dust with long life electrodes. 5) A magnet capable of producing high magnetic flux density. 8 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
6) Seed recovery apparatus necessary for both environmental and economics reasons.
9 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
CLOSED CYCLE MHD SYSTEM The closed cycle inert gas MHD system was conceived 1965. The main disadvantages of the open cycle system is very high MHD Power Generation temperature requirement and a very chemically active flow could be removed, by closed cycle MHD system. As the name suggests the working fluid in closed cycle, is circulated in a closed loop. The working fluid is helium or argon with cesium seeding. Figure show a closed cycle MHD system.
10 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
The complete system has three distinct but interlocking loops. On the left is the external heating loop, coal is gasified and the gas having a high heat value of about 5.35 MJ/kg and temperature of about 530°C is burnt in a combustor to produce heat. In the heat exchanger HX, this heat is transferred to argon the working fluid of MHD cycle. The combustion products after ing through the air preheater (to recover a part of the heat of combustion product) and purifiers (To remove harmful emissions) and discharged to atmosphere. The loop in the centre is the MHD loop. The hot argon gas is seeded with cesium and ed through MHD generator. The dc power output of MHD generator is converted to A.C. by the inverter and is then feed into the grid. The loop shown on the right hand side in fig is the steam loop for further recovering the heat of the working fluid and converting this heat into electrical energy. The fluid es through the heat exchanges HX2 where it imparts its heat to water which gets converted to steam. This steam is used partly for during a turbine which runs the compressor partly for turbine driver an alternator. The output of the alternator is also to the grid. The working fluid goes back to the heat exchanges HX) after ing through compressor and intercooler. A closed system can provide more useful power conversion at lower temperatures (around 1900o K as compared to 2500o K for open cycle system).
11 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The commercial use of MHD concept has not been possible because numerous technological advancements are needed prior to commercialization of MHD systems. Most of these are related to material problem created by the simultaneous presence of high temperature and a highly corrosive and abrasive environment. The MHD channel operates extreme conditions of temperature, magnetic and electric fields. Search is on for better insulator and electrode materials which can with stand the electrical, thermal, mechanical and thermo-chemical stresses and corrosion.
ADVANTAGES OF MHD GENERATION MHD generation offers several advantages as compared to other methods of electric generation. 1) The conversion efficiency of a MHD system can be 50% as compared to less than 40 percent for the most efficient steam plants. 2) Large amount of power is generated. 3) It has no moving parts, so more reliable. 4) It has ability to reach the full power level as soon as started. 5) Because of higher efficiency, the overall generation cost of an MHD plant will be less. 6) The more efficient heat utilization would efficient heat utilization would
12 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
decreases the amount of heat discharged to environment and the cooling water requirements would also be lower. 7) The higher efficiency means better fuel utilization. The reduce fuel consumption would offer additional economic and social benefits. 8) The Closed cycle system produces power free of pollution. Following table show the pollutant emission of an MUD plant and a conventional steam plant. Pollutant emission m tons per day based on use of coal having-3 percent sulphur contents.
Applications 1.)
Power generation in space craft. 13
A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
2.) Hypersonic wind tunnel experiments. 3.) Defense application.
14 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
CONCLUSION With the increased industrial and agricultural activities, power demand is also highly increased. In the country is sure to fall short of the energy demand by the first decade of next century. This means an additional capacity of power is required next 10 year. The answer to this is in non conventional energy. The MHD power generation is in advanced stage today and closer to commercial utilization significant progress has been made in development of all critical component and sub system technologies coal burning MHD combined steam power plant promise significant economic and environmental advantages compared to other coal burning power generate technologies. It will not be long before the technological problem of MHD generate are overcome and MHD power generation transform itself from nonconventional to conventional energy sources.
15 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
REFERENCES Non-Conventional energy source : G.D. Rai
Electrical Power System : Dr. Inamdar
Generation Distribution & Utilization of Electrical Energy : C.L.Wadwa
www.howstuffworks.com www.wikipedia.org
16 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
INDEX
SR. NO. 1
TOPIC Introduction PRINCIPLE OF MHD POWER
2 3 4
7
2 3
GENERATION MHD SYSTEM OPEN CYCLE MHD SYSTEM HYBRID MHD STEAM PART OPEN
5 6
PAGE NO.
4 6 8
CYCLE CLOSED CYCLE MHD SYSTEM NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ADVANTAGES OF MHD
8
9 11 11
9
GENERATION APPLICATIONS
12
10
CONCLUSION
13
11
REFERENCES
14
1 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
INTRODUCTION It is well known that man had always been trying to find something new to achieve
a new aims
80%
of
total
electricity produced in the world is hydras while remaining 20% is produced from
nuclear,
thermal,
solar, Geothermal energy
and from magneto hydro dynamic power generation. MHD power generation
is a new system of electric
power generation which is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution. In advanced countries MHD generator are widely used but in developing countries like India it construction.
This
Tiruchirapalli
in
(Bhabha
construction
Tamilnadu
work
under
Atomic Research
is
t
Centre) ,
is in
still
under
progress
efforts BHEL,
of
at
BA RC
Associated
cement corporation and Russian technologists. As
its
is concerned presence
of
name with
implies, the
magnetic
magneto-hydro-dynamic
flow
of
conducting
(MHD)
fluid
in
and electric field. This fluid may be gas
at elevated temperature or liquid metal like sodium or potassium. A MHD generator is a device for converting heat energy of directly
into electric energy without
a conventional
fuel
electric
generator. The basic difference between conventional generator and MHD generator is in the nature of conductor.
2 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
PRINCIPLE OF MHD POWER GENERATION The principle of MHD generation is simple, discovered by faraday when an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, a emf. Is induced in it, which produced an electric current. This is the principle of
the conventional generator also, where the
conductors consists of copper strips. In MHD generator the solid conductors are replaced by a gaseous conductor; i.e. an
ionized
gas. If such gas is ed at high velocity through a powerful magnetic field i.e. suppose we have
a charged particle (having
charge q) moving at a high velocity ‘V’ towards right and a perpendicular
magnetic field is applied. A magnetic
force ‘F’
acts on the charged particle. Show in fig. A Positively charged particles as forced upward and negatively charged particle is forced downward. The positive ions would be accelerated towards the upper plate P, and negative ions would be accelerated towards the plate P2. If the P1 and P2 through a resistance, resistance.
Thus
a current
gas
energy
are externally connected
would
flow through
directly
converted
the into
electrical energy. This is the principle of MHD generator. A MHD conversion is known as direct produced
electricity
necessity of
directly
energy
conversion
because
from heat source without
it the
the additional stage of steam generation as in a
steam power plant.
3 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
MHD SYSTEM There are two types of MHD System 1.) Open cycle System 2.) Closed cycle System In open cycle system the working fluid after generating electrical energy is discharged to the atmosphere through a stack. In a closed cycle system the working fluid is recycled to the heat sources and thus used again and again. The operation of MHD generator directly on combustion products in an open cycle system. In open cycle system working fluid is air. In closed cycle system helium or argon is used as the working fluid.
4 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
5 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
OPEN CYCLE MHD SYSTEM An elementary open cycle MHD system is shown in fig. The MHD generator resembles a rocket engine surrounded by a magnet the coal is burnt to produce hot gas. The hot gas is then seeded with a small amount of an ionized alkali metal (cesium or potassium) to increase the electrical conductivities of gas. The gas expand through the generator surrounded by powerful magnet. During the motion of gas the positive and negative ions move to the electrodes and constitute an electric current. The rejected gas es through an air heater for preheating the inlet air. The seed material is recovered for successive use. The nitrogen and sulphor are removing for pollution controlled and then gasses are discharged to the atmosphere. The above cycle is not suitable for commercial use. The exhaust gases of MHD unit are still at a sufficiently hot temperature it is possible to use for additional power generation in a steam turbine alternator unit. This is increase the efficiency of process. Such cycle is known as hybrid MHD-steam plant cycle. Figure shows hybrid MHD steam cycle, coal is processed and burnt in the combustor at high temperature (2750 to 3000 °K) and pressure (7 to 15 at atmosphere) with preheated air to form the plasma. The plasma is then seeded with small fraction (1%) of an alkali metal (potassium) introduced usually as a carbonate powder or solution.
6 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
7 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
HYBRID MHD STEAM PART OPEN CYCLE The resulting mixture having an electrically conductivity of about 10 ohm/m is expanded through a nozzle to increase its velocity and then ed through the high magnetic field (5 to 7 teslas) of the MHD generator. Electrodes channel provided electric between flow and external load. The power o/p is dc and it is necessary to use to change it to ac before the power can be fed to an electric grid. The gas coming out of MHD generator is still sufficiently hot and is used to raise steam, which generates additional energy in a steam in a steam turbine alternator unit. A part of this steam is also used in a steam turbine which driver a compressor for compressing air for the MHD cycle. The seed material is recovered from the gas the harmful emissions (sulphur) are also removed from gas before it is discharged to atmosphere through a stack. For efficient practical realization a MHD system must have following features: 1) Air superheating arrangement to heat the gas to around 2500 °C so that the electrical conductivity gas is increased. 2) The combustion chamber must have low heat losses 3) A management to add a low ionization potential seed material to the gas to increase, its conductivity. 4) A water cooled but electrically insulating expanding dust with long life electrodes. 5) A magnet capable of producing high magnetic flux density. 8 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
6) Seed recovery apparatus necessary for both environmental and economics reasons.
9 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
CLOSED CYCLE MHD SYSTEM The closed cycle inert gas MHD system was conceived 1965. The main disadvantages of the open cycle system is very high MHD Power Generation temperature requirement and a very chemically active flow could be removed, by closed cycle MHD system. As the name suggests the working fluid in closed cycle, is circulated in a closed loop. The working fluid is helium or argon with cesium seeding. Figure show a closed cycle MHD system.
10 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
The complete system has three distinct but interlocking loops. On the left is the external heating loop, coal is gasified and the gas having a high heat value of about 5.35 MJ/kg and temperature of about 530°C is burnt in a combustor to produce heat. In the heat exchanger HX, this heat is transferred to argon the working fluid of MHD cycle. The combustion products after ing through the air preheater (to recover a part of the heat of combustion product) and purifiers (To remove harmful emissions) and discharged to atmosphere. The loop in the centre is the MHD loop. The hot argon gas is seeded with cesium and ed through MHD generator. The dc power output of MHD generator is converted to A.C. by the inverter and is then feed into the grid. The loop shown on the right hand side in fig is the steam loop for further recovering the heat of the working fluid and converting this heat into electrical energy. The fluid es through the heat exchanges HX2 where it imparts its heat to water which gets converted to steam. This steam is used partly for during a turbine which runs the compressor partly for turbine driver an alternator. The output of the alternator is also to the grid. The working fluid goes back to the heat exchanges HX) after ing through compressor and intercooler. A closed system can provide more useful power conversion at lower temperatures (around 1900o K as compared to 2500o K for open cycle system).
11 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The commercial use of MHD concept has not been possible because numerous technological advancements are needed prior to commercialization of MHD systems. Most of these are related to material problem created by the simultaneous presence of high temperature and a highly corrosive and abrasive environment. The MHD channel operates extreme conditions of temperature, magnetic and electric fields. Search is on for better insulator and electrode materials which can with stand the electrical, thermal, mechanical and thermo-chemical stresses and corrosion.
ADVANTAGES OF MHD GENERATION MHD generation offers several advantages as compared to other methods of electric generation. 1) The conversion efficiency of a MHD system can be 50% as compared to less than 40 percent for the most efficient steam plants. 2) Large amount of power is generated. 3) It has no moving parts, so more reliable. 4) It has ability to reach the full power level as soon as started. 5) Because of higher efficiency, the overall generation cost of an MHD plant will be less. 6) The more efficient heat utilization would efficient heat utilization would
12 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
decreases the amount of heat discharged to environment and the cooling water requirements would also be lower. 7) The higher efficiency means better fuel utilization. The reduce fuel consumption would offer additional economic and social benefits. 8) The Closed cycle system produces power free of pollution. Following table show the pollutant emission of an MUD plant and a conventional steam plant. Pollutant emission m tons per day based on use of coal having-3 percent sulphur contents.
Applications 1.)
Power generation in space craft. 13
A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
2.) Hypersonic wind tunnel experiments. 3.) Defense application.
14 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
CONCLUSION With the increased industrial and agricultural activities, power demand is also highly increased. In the country is sure to fall short of the energy demand by the first decade of next century. This means an additional capacity of power is required next 10 year. The answer to this is in non conventional energy. The MHD power generation is in advanced stage today and closer to commercial utilization significant progress has been made in development of all critical component and sub system technologies coal burning MHD combined steam power plant promise significant economic and environmental advantages compared to other coal burning power generate technologies. It will not be long before the technological problem of MHD generate are overcome and MHD power generation transform itself from nonconventional to conventional energy sources.
15 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
MHD – Magneto Hydro Dynamic
REFERENCES Non-Conventional energy source : G.D. Rai
Electrical Power System : Dr. Inamdar
Generation Distribution & Utilization of Electrical Energy : C.L.Wadwa
www.howstuffworks.com www.wikipedia.org
16 A Seminar Report by ROHAN SHARMA
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