Functional Groups Of Organic Compounds 4ux4t

Hydrocarbons (Carbon and Hydrogen Compounds) Compound

Examples

Acceptable Name

Characteristic Reactions

Alkanes

CH3CH3

Ethane

Free-radical substitution

Alkenes

CH2=CH2

Ethene or ethylene

Electrophilic addition

Alkynes Dienes

CH2=CHCH=CH2

Arenes

Ethyne or acetylene

Electrophilic addition

1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition

Benzene (C6H6 )

Electrophilic subsitution

Functional Group Containing Compounds Compound

Examples

Acceptable Name

Characteristic Reactions

Alkyl halides

CH3CH2Cl

Chloroethane or ethyl chloride

Nucleophilic subsitution; elimination

Chloroethene or vinyl chloride

Electrophilic addition; elimination

Alkenyl halides

CH2=CHCl

Alkenes

CH2=CH2

Alkynes

Ethene or ethylene

Electrophilic addition

Ethyne or acetylene

Electrophilic addition

1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition

Arenes

Benzene (C6H6 )

Electrophilic subsitution

Alkyl halides

CH3CH2Cl

Chloroethane or ethyl chloride

Nucleophilic subsitution; elimination

Alkenyl halides

CH2=CHCl

Chloroethene or vinyl chloride

Electrophilic addition; elimination

Aryl halides

C6H5Cl

Chlorobenzene

Electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substituion

Alcohols

CH3CH2OH

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol

Dehydration; esterification

Phenols

C6H5OH

Phenol

Electrophilic subsitution

Dienes

CH2=CHCH=CH2

Epoxides

Ethylene oxide or oxirane Nucleophilic ring opening

Aldehydes

CH3CHO

Ethanal or acetaldehyde

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl

Ketone

CH3COCH3

2-Propanone or acetone

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl

Aryl halides

C6H5Cl

Chlorobenzene

Electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substituion

Alcohols

CH3CH2OH

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol

Dehydration; esterification

Phenols

C6H5OH

Phenol

Electrophilic subsitution

Carboxylic acids

CH3COOH

Ethanoic (acetic) acid

Acid ionization; ester formation

Ethylene oxide or oxirane

Nucleophilic ring opening

Acyl halides

CH3COCl

Ethanoyl (acetyl) chloride

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Ethanal or acetaldehyde

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl

Acid anhydrides

Ethanoic (acetic) anhydride

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Esters

Ethyl ethanoate (acetate)

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Epoxides Aldehydes

CH3CHO

Ketone

CH3COCH3

2-Propanone or acetone

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl

Carboxylic acids

CH3COOH

Ethanoic (acetic) acid

Acid ionization; ester formation

Acyl halides

CH3COCl

Ethanoyl (acetyl) chloride

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Ethanoic (acetic) anhydride

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Acid anhydrides

Esters

Ethyl ethanoate (acetate)

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Amides

CH3CONHCH3

N-Methylethanamide or N- Nucleophilic acyl methylacetamide subsitution

Amines

CH3CH2NH2

Ethanamine or ethylamine

Nitriles

CH3CN

Ethanenitrile or acetonitrile Nucleophilic addition

Nitro comps.

C6H5NO2

Nitrobenzene

Reduction of nitro to amine

Thiols

CH3CH2SH

Ethanethiol

Oxidation to acids or disulfides

Sulfides

CH3CH2SCH2CH3

Diethyl sulfide

Alkylation or oxidation

Nitrogen (base) as nucleophile

Amides

CH3CONHCH3

N-Methylethanamide or N-methylacetamide

Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Amines

CH3CH2NH2

Ethanamine or ethylamine

Nitrogen (base) as nucleophile

Nitriles

CH3CN

Ethanenitrile or acetonitrile

Nucleophilic addition

Nitro comps.

C6H5NO2

Nitrobenzene

Reduction of nitro to amine

Thiols

CH3CH2SH

Ethanethiol

Oxidation to acids or disulfides

Sulfides

CH3CH2SCH2CH3

Diethyl sulfide

Alkylation or oxidation

Some Commonly Encountered Groups

Organic Compounds, and the Types of Reactions They Undergo Compound

Examples

Acceptable Name

Characteristic Reactions

Alkanes

CH3CH3

Ethane

Free-radical substitution

Group

Name

Group

Name

CH3 —

Methyl

CH3CH2 —

Ethyl

CH3CH2CH2 —

Propyl or n-propyl

(CH3)2CH —

1-Methylethyl or isopropyl

CH3CH2CH2CH2 — Butyl or n-butyl

|

1-Methylpropyl or sec-

CH3CHCH2CH3

butyl

(CH3)3C —

1,1-Dimethylethyl or tert(CH3)2CHCH2 — butyl

2-Methylpropyl or isobutyl

(CH3)3CCH2 —

2,2-Dimethylpropyl or neopentyl

CH2=CH —

Ethenyl or vinyl

CH2=CHCH2 —

2-Propenyl or allyl

| CH2=CCH3

1-Methylvinyl or isopropenyl

| CH3C=O

Ethanoyl or acetyl

Phenyl (C6H5 — )

Phenylmethyl or benzyl (C6H5-CH2 — )

Benzenecarbonyl or benzoyl (C6H5-CO — )

.