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VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY Course Structure COURSE NO.
COURSE ITLE
CREDITS
SEM
VPT 601 VPT 602 VPT 603 VPT 604 VPT 605 VPT 606 VPT 607 VPT 608 VPT 609 VPT 610
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AUTONOMIC AND AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY CNS PHARMACOLOGY DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY PHARMACOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL PHARMACOLOGY ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHARMACOLOGY CHEMOTHERAPY TOXICOLOGY OF XENOBIOTICS TOXICOLOGY OF PLANTS AND TOXINS PHARMACOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
2+0 2+1 2+1 2+0 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+1 2+0 1+1
I I II I I II I I II I
VPT 611
TECHNIQUES IN TOXICOLOGY
1+1
II
VPT 612
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
2+0
II
VPT 691
MASTER’S SEMINAR
1
I, II
VPT 699
MASTER’S RESEARCH
20
I, II
VPT 701 VPT 702 VPT 703 VPT 704 VPT 705 VPT 706 VPT 707 VPT 708 VPT 709 VPT 710 VPT 711 VPT 712 VPT 713 VPT 790
ADVANCES IN NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY OF HERBAL DRUGS DRUG METABOLISM MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACOGENOMICS IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ECOTOXICOLOGY REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY SPECIAL PROBLEM
2+0 1+0 2+1 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+0 1+0 2+0 1+1 2+1 2+0 2+1 0+2
I II I II I I II I II I II I II I, II
VPT 791 VPT 792
DOCTORAL SEMINAR I DOCTORAL SEMINAR II
I I
I, II I, II
VPT 799
DOCTORAL RESEARCH
45
I, II
716
VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY Course Contents VPT 601
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 602
AUTONOMIC AND AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY
2+1
SEM - I
CNS PHARMACOLOGY
2+1
Objective To study the scope of pharmacology and to understand the basic mechanisms of drug actions and its effects. Theory UNIT-I: History and scope of pharmacology, Principles of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Drug bioavailability and routes of istration. UNIT-II: Important pharmacokinetic parameters and their clinical significance. UNIT-III: Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect; signal transduction mechanism and drug receptors for physiological regulatory molecules. UNIT-IV: Quantitation of drug-receptor interactions and elicited effects. Competitive and non-competitive antagonism. Factors affecting drug response. Adverse drug reactions. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
Objective To study the pharmacodynamics of autonomic drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Anatomical and physiological considerations of autonomic nervous system (ANS). UNIT-II: Neurohumoral transmission in ANS. UNIT-III: Pharmacology of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. UNIT-IV: Pharmacology of adrenergic agonists and antagonists. UNIT-V: Ganglionic stimulants and blockers. UNIT-VI: Autacoids: Histamine, serotonin, kinins, eicosanoids and platelet activating factor. Practical Pharmacological experiments on intact and isolated preparations for studying the effects of various prototype drugs on vascular, intestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive smooth muscles, autonomic ganglia, skeletal muscles; blood pressure, ECG, heart etc. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 603
SEM - II
Objective To study the pharmacodynamics of drugs acting on CNS. Theory UNIT-I: Anatomical and physiological considerations of central nervous system (CNS); neurohumoral transmission in CNS. UNIT-II: Historical development, theories, principles and stages of general anaesthesia. UNIT-III: Pharmacology of anaesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, neuroleptics, antiepileptics. UNIT-IV: CNS stimulants, analeptics, opioid agonists and antagonists; non-steroidal anti717
inflammatory agents, central and peripheral muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics, therapeutic gases. euthanizing agents. Doping. Practical Study of pharmacodynamics of prototype drugs of each group in experimental animals. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 604
DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
Objective To study the pharmacological aspects of drugs acting on digestive and respiratory systems. Theory UNIT-I: Pharmacology of drugs acting on gastrointestinal tract. Appetite stimulants, emetics and anti-emetics. UNIT-II: Anti-ulcer drugs, modulators of gastric and intestinal motility and secretions. UNIT-III: Gastrointestinal protectants and adsorbents, laxatives and cathartics. UNIT-IV: Agents promoting digestive functions; bile acids and pancreatic enzymes, drugs affecting liver; rumen pharmacology. UNIT-V: Pharmacology of drugs acting on respiratory system: pathogenesis of inflammatory respiratory diseases. UNIT-VI: Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants. UNIT-VII: Drugs used in treatment of asthma. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS and Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 605
SEM - I
Objective To study the pharmacological aspects of drugs acting on CVS and kidneys. Theory UNIT-I: Pharmacology of cardiac glycosides. UNIT-II: Antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive and antihyperlipidaemic drugs. UNIT-III: Drugs affecting vasomotor and cardiorespiratory reflex mechanisms and haemopoietic system. UNIT-IV: Coagulants and anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents. UNIT-V: Pharmacology of drugs affecting renal functions and fluid-electrolyte balance. UNIT-VI: Fluid and electrolyte therapy, diuretics, antidiuretics, uricosuric drugs. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 606
Objective To study the pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine functions. 718
SEM - II
Theory
UNIT-I: Pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and pancreas. UNIT-II: Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. UNIT-III: Pharmacology of drugs affecting male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis. UNIT-IV: Pharmacology of drugs affecting female reproductive organs, ovulation, oestrus, conception, gestation and lactation. UNIT-V: Oxytocic and tocolytic drugs. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 607
CHEMOTHERAPY
2+1
SEM - I
VPT 608
TOXICOLOGY OF XENOBIOTICS
2+1
SEM - I
Objective To study the recent advances of chemotherapeutic agents with relevance to pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Theory UNIT-I: General consideration and principles of chemotherapy, classification of chemotherapeutic agents; development of microbial resistance to antimicrobials, combination therapy. UNIT-II: Systemic and gut acting sulfonamides, diaminopyrimidines, quinolones sulfones, nitrofurans. UNIT-III: Penicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactam antibiotics. UNIT-IV: Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, macrolides, polymixins, polypeptides. UNIT-V: Aminoglycosides and other antibiotics. UNIT-VI: Anti-protozoans, anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides. UNIT-VII: Antituberculosis, antifungal, antiviral and antineoplastic drugs. Practical General methods for assay of chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotic sensitivity tests, estimation of sulfonamides, penicillins, oxytetracyclines, trimethoprim and nitrofurans in biological fluids to study their kinetics and bioavailability. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers. Objective To study the poisonings and their antidotal therapy in animals. Theory UNIT-I: Principles and scope of toxicology, sources of poisoning. UNIT-II: General modes of action of poisons, detoxification, factors affecting toxicity, general principles of diagnosis and treatment of poisonings. UNIT-III: Toxicology of metals, agrochemicals, solvents and vapors, feed additives. UNIT-IV: Toxic effects of radiations and radioactive chemicals, genetic and developmental toxicology; forensic and regulatory aspects of toxicology. Practical Extraction, separation and detection of common poisons in toxicological specimens, study of toxicity and antidotal treatment in animals, deg of animal toxicity experiments and general toxicity tests. Suggested Readings Klassen CD, Amdure MO & Doull J. (Eds). 1996. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Sciences of Poisons. 5th Ed. McGraw Hill. 719
Sandhu HS & Brar RS. 2000. Text Book of Veterinary Toxicology. 1st Ed. Kalyani. Stive KE & Brown TM. 2006. Principles of Toxicology. 2nd Ed. CRC Press.
VPT 609
TOXICOLOGY OF PLANTS AND TOXINS
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 610
PHARMACOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
1+1
SEM - I
VPT 611
TECHNIQUES IN TOXICOLOGY
1+1
SEM - II
Objective To impart knowledge of toxicity of poisonous plants and natural toxins. Theory UNIT-I: Classification, identification and chemical constituents of poisonous plants. Plants containing cyanide, nitrate/nitrite, oxalate, lectins and cardiotoxic glycosides. UNIT-II: Plants producing lathyrism, thiamine deficiency and photosensitization. UNIT-III: Toxicology of mycotoxins: aflatoxins, rubratoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, tremorgens and ergot. UNIT-IV: Animal bites and stings: snake venom, scorpion, spider and insect stings and toad poisoning. Bacterial toxins: botulism. Suggested Readings Chopra SR, Badhwar RL & Ghosh S. 1984. Poisonous Plants of India. 1st Ed., Academic Publishers, Jaipur. Klassen CD, Amdure MO & Doull J. (Eds). 1996. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: Basic Sciences of Poisons. 5th Ed., McGraw Hill. Sandhu HS and Brar RS. 2000. Text Book of Veterinary Toxicology. 1st Ed., Kalyani Publishers.
Objective To impart the knowledge of various basic pharmacological techniques and screening methods of drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Principles of drug action and bioassay. Dose response curves and their analysis. UNIT-II: Techniques for setting up isolated and intact preparations. UNIT-III: Organization of screening programme of drugs; multidimensional screening procedures and gross observational methods. Practical Setting up of isolated and intact preparations, recording of BP in dog/rat, recording of ECG in rat, experiments on drug potentiation, antagonism and tachyphylaxis. Construction of dose-response plots, calculation of EC50, dissociation rate constants, potency ratio, pAx , pDx and pD’x values. Specific tests for evaluation of tranquillizing, hypnotic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, general and local anesthetic, muscle relaxant antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic and anticholesterimic activities. Determinationof potency ratio, median effective, toxic or lethal doses. Bioassay techniques. Suggested Readings Ghosh MN. (Ed). 2005. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 3rd Ed. Hilton & Co. Kulkarni SK (Ed). 2004. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 3rd Ed. Vallabh Prakashan. Laurance DR & Bacharach AL. (Ed). 1964. Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Vols. I, II. Academic Press. Parmar NS & Shiv Prakash 2006. Screening Methods in Pharmacology. 1st Ed. Narosa. Seth UK, Dadkar NK & Usha G Kamat (Eds). 1972. Selected Topics in Experimental Pharmacology. 1st Ed. Kothari Book Depot. nd Ed. Tallarida RJ & Murray RB. 1987. Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations. 2 Springer Verlag. Objective To understand the animal toxicity tests and assessment of various toxicants using specific tests. Theory UNIT-I: Animal models in toxicological studies. UNIT-II: Animal toxicity tests for acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity. 720
UNIT-III: Specific toxicity tests for neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, developmental, behavioural, reproductive and inhalation toxicity, mutagencity, carcinogenicity. UNIT-IV: Animal toxicological tests for the study of metabolism, synergism and antagonism. Practical Tests for acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity, protocols and various specific toxicity tests. Assay for marker enzymes, analysis of toxicant residues in biological materials. Suggested Readings Derelanko MJ. 1995. CRC Hand Book of Toxicology. Mannfred A. Holinger. Gad SC & Chengelis . 1998. Acute Toxicology Testing. 2nd Ed. Academic Press. Hayes AW. 1994. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 3rd Ed. Raven Press.
VPT 612
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 701
ADVANCES IN NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 702
AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY
1+0
SEM - II
Objective To impart the knowledge and importance of traditional Indian medicine. Theory UNIT-I: Historical aspects: Traditional Indian remedies and regional folklore in disease cure. UNIT-II: Classification, identification and chemical constituents of medicinal plants. Extraction, distillation, evaporation and other processes used in purification and preparation of active constituents from medicinal plants. UNIT-III: Standardization and clinical validation of bioactive molecules from vegetable sources. Therapeutic and adverse effects of potential herbal drugs. Indigenous drugs used as carminatives, antiseptics, antimicrobials, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents. UNIT-IV: Alternate systems of medicine in animals. Suggested Readings Agrawal VS. (Ed). 1997. Drug Plants of India. Kalyani Publishers. Anjaria J. 2002. Inventory of Traditional Veterinary Medicinal Practices in India. GOI Publ., Pathik Enterprises, Ahmedabad. Bisset NG. (Ed). 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Chopra RN, Nayar SL & Chopra IC. (Eds.). 2002. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. NISCAIR, CSIR, New Delhi. Pushpangadan P, Nyman U & George V. (Eds). 1995. Glimpses of Indian Ethnopharmacology. TBGRI Publication. Rastogi RP & Mehrotra BN (Eds). 1993-95. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vols. I-IV. Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi. Objective To understand the underlying mechanisms of drug receptor interactions and its effects. Theory UNIT-I: Definition, classification of receptors, molecular structure of receptors. UNIT-II: G-protein coupled, ligand gated-ion channel and tyrosine kinase-linked receptors. UNIT-III: Ligand binding study of receptors. Signal transduction system: introduction to signal transduction, receptor linked to ion channels. UNIT-IV: G-proteins, second messengers: phospholipases, phosphokinases, intracellular calcium, protein kinase-C, IP3 , diacylglycerol and cyclic nucleotides. UNIT-V: Signal transduction through protein tyrosine kinases. Receptors as pharmaceutical targets. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the pharmacodynamics of autacoids. Theory UNIT-I: Pharmacodynamics of histamine and antihistamines. UNIT-II: Pharmacodynamics of serotonin and its antagonists; eicosanoids, bradykinin, angiotensin, kallikrein and other kinins. 721
UNIT-III: Platelet-activating factors, slow reacting substances. UNIT-IV: Putative neurohumoral transmission – purine nucleotides, peptides, amino acids and nitric oxide. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 703
PHARMACOLOGY OF HERBAL DRUGS
2+1
SEM - I
VPT 704
DRUG METABOLISM
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 705
MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 706
PHARMACOKINETICS
2+1
SEM - I
Objective To study the pharmacological, therapeutic and toxicological aspects of potential medicinal plants and herbal drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Historical aspect, chemical constituents of medicinal plants and their classification. UNIT-II: Identification, collection, preservation, purification, isolation, standardization and clinical validation of bioactive molecules from vegetable sources. UNIT-III: Characterization of pharmacological, therapeutic and toxic effects of potential herbal drugs. UNIT-IV Strategies for development of herbal drugs. Practical Extraction, detection, isolation and purifications of active chemical constituents from plant sources. Pharmacological effects of herbal drugs on intact and isolated preparations. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the mechanisms and processes of drug biotransformation. Theory UNIT-I: Mechanisms and processes of drug biotransformation. UNIT-II: Synthetic and non-synthetic pathways of drug metabolism. UNIT-III: Chemical, biological, genetic and environmental factors. Species variations affecting drug biotransformation mechanisms. UNIT-IV: Hepatic microsomal and non-microsomal enzyme systems. UNIT-V: Enzyme induction and inhibition. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the identification and characterization of receptors and drug receptors interactions. Theory UNIT-I: Physicochemical properties of drugs, forces involved in binding of drugs to receptors. UNIT-II: Receptor conformation and configuration and structure activity relationship. UNIT-III: Theories of drug receptor interactions; analysis of dose response relationship and molecular mechanisms of drug actions. UNIT-IV: Methods of identification, isolation and characterization of receptors. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Routes of drug istration, factors modifying drug delivery; absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination. UNIT-II: Kinetics following single and multiple dosage; compartmental models of drug distribution, bioavailability, volume of distribution and protein binding of drugs. 722
UNIT-III: Rates of absorption, distribution and elimination; absorption and elimination half-lives and rate of transfer of drugs between compartments. UNIT-IV: Renal clearance, dosage regimen; non-compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling. UNIT-V: Application of pharmacokinetic principles in therapeutics. Practical Analysis of pharmacokinetic data and determination of different pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of drugs in normal and diseased animal models. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 707
PHARMACOGENOMICS
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 708
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
1+0
SEM - I
VPT 709
MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 710
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
1+1
SEM - I
Objective To study the responses to drugs with respect to various aspects of genomics. Theory UNIT-I: Introduction, species variations affecting drug responses, increased and decreased responsiveness to drug effects/toxicities and novel drug effects. UNIT-II: Genetic polymorphism. UNIT-III: Gene therapy: gene transfer technology, viral vectors, natural delivery strategies. UNIT-IV: Drugs and gene therapy of inherited diseases, genetic repair and inactivation strategies; synthesis of therapeutic proteins and cancer gene therapy. UNIT-V: Role of bioinformatics in pharmacogenomics. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the pharmacological control of immune system. Theory UNIT-I: General aspect of immune system, chemical mediators of immune system. UNIT-II: Pharmacological control of immune responses. Immunomodulators; immunostimulants, immunosuppressant and tolerogens; immunological basis of drug allergy and drug tolerance. UNIT-III: Interaction of nervous system, endocrine system and immune system, immunotoxic effects of environmental and other pollutants. UNIT-IV: Xenobiotic-induced immune dysfunctions and immune deficiencies; autoimmune reactions to xenobiotics, immunoregulants and their therapeutic applications in asthma, arthritis, cancer, dermatology and organ transplant etc. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To understand the mechanisms & targets of cellular/ molecular toxicity. Theory UNIT-I: Cellular, subcellular and molecular targets of toxicity; mechanisms of toxicities. UNIT-II: Factors affecting toxicity, interactions of toxicants with target molecules. UNIT-III: Cellular dysfunctions, repair and dysrepair. UNIT-IV: Target organ directed toxicological effects of xenobiotics, detoxification, risk assessment. UNIT-V: Mechanism of chemical mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis and radiation toxicity. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the clinical pharmacological aspects of drugs. 723
Theory
UNIT-I: Scope of clinical pharmacology. UNIT-II: Drug discovery and clinical trials. Pharmacovigilance. Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacoeconomics. UNIT-III: PK-PD relationship and its applications. Drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. UNIT-IV: Therapeutic drug monitoring. Rationale of drug use, drug regulations and acts. Practical Study on drug interactions and drug levels in diseased conditions. Study on plasma drug concentration-time profile and establishment of various pharmacokinetic parameters. Dosage adjustment in diseased conditions. Clinical trials of various drugs. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 711
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
2+1
SEM - II
VPT 712
ECOTOXICOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 713
REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY
2+1
SEM - II
Objective To study the scope of clinical toxicology and management of poisonings including regulatory and forensic toxicology. Theory UNIT-I: Scope of clinical toxicology. Toxicological investigation and management of poisonings. UNIT-II: Target organ directed toxicity, Antidotal therapy. UNIT-III: Clinical aspect of poisoning due to specific toxicants viz. metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, animal and bacterial toxins, solvents and vapours, drugs and other food/feed contaminants. UNIT-IV: Forensic and analytical toxicology. Practical Demonstration of poisonings and their antidotal treatment; use of biomarkers in the assessment of toxicity. GLP evaluation, analysis of poisons in biological samples. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objectives To impart knowledge regarding ecotoxicology for conservation of healthy eco-system. Theory UNIT-I: Basic principles of ecotoxicology. Sources of contamination and effects of pollutants on eco-health. UNIT-II: Chemical contamination of air, water, soil and food by major agricultural and industrial chemicals – pesticides, hydrocarbons and metals. Fate of chemicals in the environment and target species. UNIT-III: Marine and wildlife as monitors of environmental quality. UNIT-IV: Contamination control and approaches to rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objectives Introduction to general principles in toxicological risk assessment. Theory UNIT-I: Principles of risk assessment. Test protocols for toxicity studies. UNIT-II: Interaction between toxicology and industry. Compounds under regulatory legislation demands. Regulatory essential dose levels in chemical risk assessment (NOEL, NOAEL, LOEL, LOAEL & AOEL). UNIT-III: Risk assessment in practice. Classification and marking/branding of chemicals. Monitoring/surveillance of chemicals. Exposure assessment and modeling. UNIT-IV: Quality control in safety research (GLP). Operation of product . Practical Good laboratory practice in toxicological research. Screening procedures in regulatory toxicology. Mandatory toxicity testing protocols. Determination of ADI, NOEL, 724
NOAEL, LOEL, LOAEL and AOEL. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 790
SPECIAL PROBLEM
0+2
SEM - I, II
Objective To provide expertise in handling practical research problem(s). Practical Short research problem(s) involving contemporary issues and research techniques.
725
VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY List of Journals
American Journal of Veterinary Research Annual Review of Pharmacology Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology Drugs Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology European Journal of Pharmacology Indian Journal of Pharmacology Journal of American Medical Association Journal of Ethnopharmacology Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Pharmacological Reviews Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour Toxicology Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Toxicology International Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Veterinary and Human Toxicology
e-R esources
www.elsevier.com (Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology) www.blackwellpublishing.com (Journal of Vet. Pharmacology & Therapeutics) www.elsevier.com (Comparative Biochem. & Physiol.-Part C: Toxicol. & Pharma.) www.clinicalneuropharm.com (Clinical Neuropharmacology) www.arjournals.annualreviews.org (Annual Review of Pharma. & Toxicology) www.aac.aron.org (Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy) www.nature.com/big/in dex.html (British Journal of Pharmacology) www. dmd.aspetijournals.org. (Drug metabolismand disposition) http://jpet.aspetijournals.org (The Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics) http://modpharm (Molecular Pharmacology) http://Pharmet.org (Pharmacological Reviews) www.nature.com/tpj/index.html (The Pharmacogenomics Journal) www. informaworld.org (International Journal of Toxicology) www.toxici.oxfordjournals.org (Toxicological Science)
Suggested Broad Topics for M aster ’s and D octoral R esearch
Neuro- and Behavioural Toxicology of Agrochemicals Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Newer Drugs Ethnopharmacology Autonomic Pharmacology of Ruminants Autonomic Pharmacology of Poultry Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Toxicology
726
COURSE ITLE
CREDITS
SEM
VPT 601 VPT 602 VPT 603 VPT 604 VPT 605 VPT 606 VPT 607 VPT 608 VPT 609 VPT 610
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AUTONOMIC AND AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY CNS PHARMACOLOGY DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY PHARMACOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL PHARMACOLOGY ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHARMACOLOGY CHEMOTHERAPY TOXICOLOGY OF XENOBIOTICS TOXICOLOGY OF PLANTS AND TOXINS PHARMACOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
2+0 2+1 2+1 2+0 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+1 2+0 1+1
I I II I I II I I II I
VPT 611
TECHNIQUES IN TOXICOLOGY
1+1
II
VPT 612
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
2+0
II
VPT 691
MASTER’S SEMINAR
1
I, II
VPT 699
MASTER’S RESEARCH
20
I, II
VPT 701 VPT 702 VPT 703 VPT 704 VPT 705 VPT 706 VPT 707 VPT 708 VPT 709 VPT 710 VPT 711 VPT 712 VPT 713 VPT 790
ADVANCES IN NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY OF HERBAL DRUGS DRUG METABOLISM MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACOGENOMICS IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ECOTOXICOLOGY REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY SPECIAL PROBLEM
2+0 1+0 2+1 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+0 1+0 2+0 1+1 2+1 2+0 2+1 0+2
I II I II I I II I II I II I II I, II
VPT 791 VPT 792
DOCTORAL SEMINAR I DOCTORAL SEMINAR II
I I
I, II I, II
VPT 799
DOCTORAL RESEARCH
45
I, II
716
VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY Course Contents VPT 601
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 602
AUTONOMIC AND AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY
2+1
SEM - I
CNS PHARMACOLOGY
2+1
Objective To study the scope of pharmacology and to understand the basic mechanisms of drug actions and its effects. Theory UNIT-I: History and scope of pharmacology, Principles of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Drug bioavailability and routes of istration. UNIT-II: Important pharmacokinetic parameters and their clinical significance. UNIT-III: Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect; signal transduction mechanism and drug receptors for physiological regulatory molecules. UNIT-IV: Quantitation of drug-receptor interactions and elicited effects. Competitive and non-competitive antagonism. Factors affecting drug response. Adverse drug reactions. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
Objective To study the pharmacodynamics of autonomic drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Anatomical and physiological considerations of autonomic nervous system (ANS). UNIT-II: Neurohumoral transmission in ANS. UNIT-III: Pharmacology of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. UNIT-IV: Pharmacology of adrenergic agonists and antagonists. UNIT-V: Ganglionic stimulants and blockers. UNIT-VI: Autacoids: Histamine, serotonin, kinins, eicosanoids and platelet activating factor. Practical Pharmacological experiments on intact and isolated preparations for studying the effects of various prototype drugs on vascular, intestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive smooth muscles, autonomic ganglia, skeletal muscles; blood pressure, ECG, heart etc. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 603
SEM - II
Objective To study the pharmacodynamics of drugs acting on CNS. Theory UNIT-I: Anatomical and physiological considerations of central nervous system (CNS); neurohumoral transmission in CNS. UNIT-II: Historical development, theories, principles and stages of general anaesthesia. UNIT-III: Pharmacology of anaesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, neuroleptics, antiepileptics. UNIT-IV: CNS stimulants, analeptics, opioid agonists and antagonists; non-steroidal anti717
inflammatory agents, central and peripheral muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics, therapeutic gases. euthanizing agents. Doping. Practical Study of pharmacodynamics of prototype drugs of each group in experimental animals. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 604
DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
Objective To study the pharmacological aspects of drugs acting on digestive and respiratory systems. Theory UNIT-I: Pharmacology of drugs acting on gastrointestinal tract. Appetite stimulants, emetics and anti-emetics. UNIT-II: Anti-ulcer drugs, modulators of gastric and intestinal motility and secretions. UNIT-III: Gastrointestinal protectants and adsorbents, laxatives and cathartics. UNIT-IV: Agents promoting digestive functions; bile acids and pancreatic enzymes, drugs affecting liver; rumen pharmacology. UNIT-V: Pharmacology of drugs acting on respiratory system: pathogenesis of inflammatory respiratory diseases. UNIT-VI: Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants. UNIT-VII: Drugs used in treatment of asthma. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS and Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 605
SEM - I
Objective To study the pharmacological aspects of drugs acting on CVS and kidneys. Theory UNIT-I: Pharmacology of cardiac glycosides. UNIT-II: Antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive and antihyperlipidaemic drugs. UNIT-III: Drugs affecting vasomotor and cardiorespiratory reflex mechanisms and haemopoietic system. UNIT-IV: Coagulants and anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents. UNIT-V: Pharmacology of drugs affecting renal functions and fluid-electrolyte balance. UNIT-VI: Fluid and electrolyte therapy, diuretics, antidiuretics, uricosuric drugs. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 606
Objective To study the pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine functions. 718
SEM - II
Theory
UNIT-I: Pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and pancreas. UNIT-II: Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. UNIT-III: Pharmacology of drugs affecting male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis. UNIT-IV: Pharmacology of drugs affecting female reproductive organs, ovulation, oestrus, conception, gestation and lactation. UNIT-V: Oxytocic and tocolytic drugs. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers.
VPT 607
CHEMOTHERAPY
2+1
SEM - I
VPT 608
TOXICOLOGY OF XENOBIOTICS
2+1
SEM - I
Objective To study the recent advances of chemotherapeutic agents with relevance to pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Theory UNIT-I: General consideration and principles of chemotherapy, classification of chemotherapeutic agents; development of microbial resistance to antimicrobials, combination therapy. UNIT-II: Systemic and gut acting sulfonamides, diaminopyrimidines, quinolones sulfones, nitrofurans. UNIT-III: Penicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactam antibiotics. UNIT-IV: Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, macrolides, polymixins, polypeptides. UNIT-V: Aminoglycosides and other antibiotics. UNIT-VI: Anti-protozoans, anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides. UNIT-VII: Antituberculosis, antifungal, antiviral and antineoplastic drugs. Practical General methods for assay of chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotic sensitivity tests, estimation of sulfonamides, penicillins, oxytetracyclines, trimethoprim and nitrofurans in biological fluids to study their kinetics and bioavailability. Suggested Readings Brunton LL. (Ed). 2005. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Richard AH. (Ed). 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Sandhu HS & Rampal S. 2006. Essentials of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Kalyani Publishers. Objective To study the poisonings and their antidotal therapy in animals. Theory UNIT-I: Principles and scope of toxicology, sources of poisoning. UNIT-II: General modes of action of poisons, detoxification, factors affecting toxicity, general principles of diagnosis and treatment of poisonings. UNIT-III: Toxicology of metals, agrochemicals, solvents and vapors, feed additives. UNIT-IV: Toxic effects of radiations and radioactive chemicals, genetic and developmental toxicology; forensic and regulatory aspects of toxicology. Practical Extraction, separation and detection of common poisons in toxicological specimens, study of toxicity and antidotal treatment in animals, deg of animal toxicity experiments and general toxicity tests. Suggested Readings Klassen CD, Amdure MO & Doull J. (Eds). 1996. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Sciences of Poisons. 5th Ed. McGraw Hill. 719
Sandhu HS & Brar RS. 2000. Text Book of Veterinary Toxicology. 1st Ed. Kalyani. Stive KE & Brown TM. 2006. Principles of Toxicology. 2nd Ed. CRC Press.
VPT 609
TOXICOLOGY OF PLANTS AND TOXINS
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 610
PHARMACOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
1+1
SEM - I
VPT 611
TECHNIQUES IN TOXICOLOGY
1+1
SEM - II
Objective To impart knowledge of toxicity of poisonous plants and natural toxins. Theory UNIT-I: Classification, identification and chemical constituents of poisonous plants. Plants containing cyanide, nitrate/nitrite, oxalate, lectins and cardiotoxic glycosides. UNIT-II: Plants producing lathyrism, thiamine deficiency and photosensitization. UNIT-III: Toxicology of mycotoxins: aflatoxins, rubratoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, tremorgens and ergot. UNIT-IV: Animal bites and stings: snake venom, scorpion, spider and insect stings and toad poisoning. Bacterial toxins: botulism. Suggested Readings Chopra SR, Badhwar RL & Ghosh S. 1984. Poisonous Plants of India. 1st Ed., Academic Publishers, Jaipur. Klassen CD, Amdure MO & Doull J. (Eds). 1996. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: Basic Sciences of Poisons. 5th Ed., McGraw Hill. Sandhu HS and Brar RS. 2000. Text Book of Veterinary Toxicology. 1st Ed., Kalyani Publishers.
Objective To impart the knowledge of various basic pharmacological techniques and screening methods of drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Principles of drug action and bioassay. Dose response curves and their analysis. UNIT-II: Techniques for setting up isolated and intact preparations. UNIT-III: Organization of screening programme of drugs; multidimensional screening procedures and gross observational methods. Practical Setting up of isolated and intact preparations, recording of BP in dog/rat, recording of ECG in rat, experiments on drug potentiation, antagonism and tachyphylaxis. Construction of dose-response plots, calculation of EC50, dissociation rate constants, potency ratio, pAx , pDx and pD’x values. Specific tests for evaluation of tranquillizing, hypnotic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, general and local anesthetic, muscle relaxant antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic and anticholesterimic activities. Determinationof potency ratio, median effective, toxic or lethal doses. Bioassay techniques. Suggested Readings Ghosh MN. (Ed). 2005. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 3rd Ed. Hilton & Co. Kulkarni SK (Ed). 2004. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 3rd Ed. Vallabh Prakashan. Laurance DR & Bacharach AL. (Ed). 1964. Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Vols. I, II. Academic Press. Parmar NS & Shiv Prakash 2006. Screening Methods in Pharmacology. 1st Ed. Narosa. Seth UK, Dadkar NK & Usha G Kamat (Eds). 1972. Selected Topics in Experimental Pharmacology. 1st Ed. Kothari Book Depot. nd Ed. Tallarida RJ & Murray RB. 1987. Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations. 2 Springer Verlag. Objective To understand the animal toxicity tests and assessment of various toxicants using specific tests. Theory UNIT-I: Animal models in toxicological studies. UNIT-II: Animal toxicity tests for acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity. 720
UNIT-III: Specific toxicity tests for neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, developmental, behavioural, reproductive and inhalation toxicity, mutagencity, carcinogenicity. UNIT-IV: Animal toxicological tests for the study of metabolism, synergism and antagonism. Practical Tests for acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity, protocols and various specific toxicity tests. Assay for marker enzymes, analysis of toxicant residues in biological materials. Suggested Readings Derelanko MJ. 1995. CRC Hand Book of Toxicology. Mannfred A. Holinger. Gad SC & Chengelis . 1998. Acute Toxicology Testing. 2nd Ed. Academic Press. Hayes AW. 1994. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 3rd Ed. Raven Press.
VPT 612
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 701
ADVANCES IN NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 702
AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY
1+0
SEM - II
Objective To impart the knowledge and importance of traditional Indian medicine. Theory UNIT-I: Historical aspects: Traditional Indian remedies and regional folklore in disease cure. UNIT-II: Classification, identification and chemical constituents of medicinal plants. Extraction, distillation, evaporation and other processes used in purification and preparation of active constituents from medicinal plants. UNIT-III: Standardization and clinical validation of bioactive molecules from vegetable sources. Therapeutic and adverse effects of potential herbal drugs. Indigenous drugs used as carminatives, antiseptics, antimicrobials, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents. UNIT-IV: Alternate systems of medicine in animals. Suggested Readings Agrawal VS. (Ed). 1997. Drug Plants of India. Kalyani Publishers. Anjaria J. 2002. Inventory of Traditional Veterinary Medicinal Practices in India. GOI Publ., Pathik Enterprises, Ahmedabad. Bisset NG. (Ed). 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Chopra RN, Nayar SL & Chopra IC. (Eds.). 2002. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. NISCAIR, CSIR, New Delhi. Pushpangadan P, Nyman U & George V. (Eds). 1995. Glimpses of Indian Ethnopharmacology. TBGRI Publication. Rastogi RP & Mehrotra BN (Eds). 1993-95. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vols. I-IV. Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi. Objective To understand the underlying mechanisms of drug receptor interactions and its effects. Theory UNIT-I: Definition, classification of receptors, molecular structure of receptors. UNIT-II: G-protein coupled, ligand gated-ion channel and tyrosine kinase-linked receptors. UNIT-III: Ligand binding study of receptors. Signal transduction system: introduction to signal transduction, receptor linked to ion channels. UNIT-IV: G-proteins, second messengers: phospholipases, phosphokinases, intracellular calcium, protein kinase-C, IP3 , diacylglycerol and cyclic nucleotides. UNIT-V: Signal transduction through protein tyrosine kinases. Receptors as pharmaceutical targets. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the pharmacodynamics of autacoids. Theory UNIT-I: Pharmacodynamics of histamine and antihistamines. UNIT-II: Pharmacodynamics of serotonin and its antagonists; eicosanoids, bradykinin, angiotensin, kallikrein and other kinins. 721
UNIT-III: Platelet-activating factors, slow reacting substances. UNIT-IV: Putative neurohumoral transmission – purine nucleotides, peptides, amino acids and nitric oxide. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 703
PHARMACOLOGY OF HERBAL DRUGS
2+1
SEM - I
VPT 704
DRUG METABOLISM
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 705
MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 706
PHARMACOKINETICS
2+1
SEM - I
Objective To study the pharmacological, therapeutic and toxicological aspects of potential medicinal plants and herbal drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Historical aspect, chemical constituents of medicinal plants and their classification. UNIT-II: Identification, collection, preservation, purification, isolation, standardization and clinical validation of bioactive molecules from vegetable sources. UNIT-III: Characterization of pharmacological, therapeutic and toxic effects of potential herbal drugs. UNIT-IV Strategies for development of herbal drugs. Practical Extraction, detection, isolation and purifications of active chemical constituents from plant sources. Pharmacological effects of herbal drugs on intact and isolated preparations. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the mechanisms and processes of drug biotransformation. Theory UNIT-I: Mechanisms and processes of drug biotransformation. UNIT-II: Synthetic and non-synthetic pathways of drug metabolism. UNIT-III: Chemical, biological, genetic and environmental factors. Species variations affecting drug biotransformation mechanisms. UNIT-IV: Hepatic microsomal and non-microsomal enzyme systems. UNIT-V: Enzyme induction and inhibition. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the identification and characterization of receptors and drug receptors interactions. Theory UNIT-I: Physicochemical properties of drugs, forces involved in binding of drugs to receptors. UNIT-II: Receptor conformation and configuration and structure activity relationship. UNIT-III: Theories of drug receptor interactions; analysis of dose response relationship and molecular mechanisms of drug actions. UNIT-IV: Methods of identification, isolation and characterization of receptors. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs. Theory UNIT-I: Routes of drug istration, factors modifying drug delivery; absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination. UNIT-II: Kinetics following single and multiple dosage; compartmental models of drug distribution, bioavailability, volume of distribution and protein binding of drugs. 722
UNIT-III: Rates of absorption, distribution and elimination; absorption and elimination half-lives and rate of transfer of drugs between compartments. UNIT-IV: Renal clearance, dosage regimen; non-compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling. UNIT-V: Application of pharmacokinetic principles in therapeutics. Practical Analysis of pharmacokinetic data and determination of different pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of drugs in normal and diseased animal models. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 707
PHARMACOGENOMICS
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 708
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
1+0
SEM - I
VPT 709
MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY
2+0
SEM - II
VPT 710
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
1+1
SEM - I
Objective To study the responses to drugs with respect to various aspects of genomics. Theory UNIT-I: Introduction, species variations affecting drug responses, increased and decreased responsiveness to drug effects/toxicities and novel drug effects. UNIT-II: Genetic polymorphism. UNIT-III: Gene therapy: gene transfer technology, viral vectors, natural delivery strategies. UNIT-IV: Drugs and gene therapy of inherited diseases, genetic repair and inactivation strategies; synthesis of therapeutic proteins and cancer gene therapy. UNIT-V: Role of bioinformatics in pharmacogenomics. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the pharmacological control of immune system. Theory UNIT-I: General aspect of immune system, chemical mediators of immune system. UNIT-II: Pharmacological control of immune responses. Immunomodulators; immunostimulants, immunosuppressant and tolerogens; immunological basis of drug allergy and drug tolerance. UNIT-III: Interaction of nervous system, endocrine system and immune system, immunotoxic effects of environmental and other pollutants. UNIT-IV: Xenobiotic-induced immune dysfunctions and immune deficiencies; autoimmune reactions to xenobiotics, immunoregulants and their therapeutic applications in asthma, arthritis, cancer, dermatology and organ transplant etc. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To understand the mechanisms & targets of cellular/ molecular toxicity. Theory UNIT-I: Cellular, subcellular and molecular targets of toxicity; mechanisms of toxicities. UNIT-II: Factors affecting toxicity, interactions of toxicants with target molecules. UNIT-III: Cellular dysfunctions, repair and dysrepair. UNIT-IV: Target organ directed toxicological effects of xenobiotics, detoxification, risk assessment. UNIT-V: Mechanism of chemical mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis and radiation toxicity. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objective To study the clinical pharmacological aspects of drugs. 723
Theory
UNIT-I: Scope of clinical pharmacology. UNIT-II: Drug discovery and clinical trials. Pharmacovigilance. Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacoeconomics. UNIT-III: PK-PD relationship and its applications. Drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. UNIT-IV: Therapeutic drug monitoring. Rationale of drug use, drug regulations and acts. Practical Study on drug interactions and drug levels in diseased conditions. Study on plasma drug concentration-time profile and establishment of various pharmacokinetic parameters. Dosage adjustment in diseased conditions. Clinical trials of various drugs. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 711
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
2+1
SEM - II
VPT 712
ECOTOXICOLOGY
2+0
SEM - I
VPT 713
REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY
2+1
SEM - II
Objective To study the scope of clinical toxicology and management of poisonings including regulatory and forensic toxicology. Theory UNIT-I: Scope of clinical toxicology. Toxicological investigation and management of poisonings. UNIT-II: Target organ directed toxicity, Antidotal therapy. UNIT-III: Clinical aspect of poisoning due to specific toxicants viz. metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, animal and bacterial toxins, solvents and vapours, drugs and other food/feed contaminants. UNIT-IV: Forensic and analytical toxicology. Practical Demonstration of poisonings and their antidotal treatment; use of biomarkers in the assessment of toxicity. GLP evaluation, analysis of poisons in biological samples. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objectives To impart knowledge regarding ecotoxicology for conservation of healthy eco-system. Theory UNIT-I: Basic principles of ecotoxicology. Sources of contamination and effects of pollutants on eco-health. UNIT-II: Chemical contamination of air, water, soil and food by major agricultural and industrial chemicals – pesticides, hydrocarbons and metals. Fate of chemicals in the environment and target species. UNIT-III: Marine and wildlife as monitors of environmental quality. UNIT-IV: Contamination control and approaches to rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals. Objectives Introduction to general principles in toxicological risk assessment. Theory UNIT-I: Principles of risk assessment. Test protocols for toxicity studies. UNIT-II: Interaction between toxicology and industry. Compounds under regulatory legislation demands. Regulatory essential dose levels in chemical risk assessment (NOEL, NOAEL, LOEL, LOAEL & AOEL). UNIT-III: Risk assessment in practice. Classification and marking/branding of chemicals. Monitoring/surveillance of chemicals. Exposure assessment and modeling. UNIT-IV: Quality control in safety research (GLP). Operation of product . Practical Good laboratory practice in toxicological research. Screening procedures in regulatory toxicology. Mandatory toxicity testing protocols. Determination of ADI, NOEL, 724
NOAEL, LOEL, LOAEL and AOEL. Suggested Readings Selected articles from journals.
VPT 790
SPECIAL PROBLEM
0+2
SEM - I, II
Objective To provide expertise in handling practical research problem(s). Practical Short research problem(s) involving contemporary issues and research techniques.
725
VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY List of Journals
American Journal of Veterinary Research Annual Review of Pharmacology Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology Drugs Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology European Journal of Pharmacology Indian Journal of Pharmacology Journal of American Medical Association Journal of Ethnopharmacology Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Pharmacological Reviews Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour Toxicology Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Toxicology International Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Veterinary and Human Toxicology
e-R esources
www.elsevier.com (Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology) www.blackwellpublishing.com (Journal of Vet. Pharmacology & Therapeutics) www.elsevier.com (Comparative Biochem. & Physiol.-Part C: Toxicol. & Pharma.) www.clinicalneuropharm.com (Clinical Neuropharmacology) www.arjournals.annualreviews.org (Annual Review of Pharma. & Toxicology) www.aac.aron.org (Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy) www.nature.com/big/in dex.html (British Journal of Pharmacology) www. dmd.aspetijournals.org. (Drug metabolismand disposition) http://jpet.aspetijournals.org (The Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics) http://modpharm (Molecular Pharmacology) http://Pharmet.org (Pharmacological Reviews) www.nature.com/tpj/index.html (The Pharmacogenomics Journal) www. informaworld.org (International Journal of Toxicology) www.toxici.oxfordjournals.org (Toxicological Science)
Suggested Broad Topics for M aster ’s and D octoral R esearch
Neuro- and Behavioural Toxicology of Agrochemicals Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Newer Drugs Ethnopharmacology Autonomic Pharmacology of Ruminants Autonomic Pharmacology of Poultry Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Toxicology
726
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