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ممم مممم مممممم ممم
Tunnel Construction
TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
BY Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Atty Gab-Allah (Zagazig University) 1
Tunnel Construction
OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS. 3. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT.
2
Tunnel Construction
1. INTRODUCTION Importance of tunnels.
Objective: Review latest tunnel construction systems.
3
Tunnel Construction
2. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS (a) Cut and Cover System. (b) Pipe Jacking System (Micro Tunneling). (c) Shield Tunneling (TBM). (d) New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). (e) Immersed-Tube Tunneling System.
4
(a) Cut and Cover System
Sequence of Construction (Stages 1 to 3)
Tunnel Construction
5
(a) Cut and Cover System
Sequence of Construction (Stages 4 to 6)
Tunnel Construction
6
Cut and Cover System Advantages:
• • • • •
Tunnel Construction
Economy for shallow depths (4 - 10 m) and for shorter applications. Un-sophisticated labor and equipment required. Adaptability to different conditions. Simple structural & geotechnical analyses required. Safe environment (ventilation and fire hazard).
Disadvantages:
• • •
Possible disturbances to existing facilities. Practical limitations of depth. Unsuitability under buildings or water. 7
Soil Grouting Techniques
Jet Grouting: Soil Replacement Process
Tunnel Construction
8
Soil Grouting Techniques
Slurry Wall Concept
Tunnel Construction
9
Soil Grouting Techniques
Ground Freezing Concept
Tunnel Construction
10
Tunnel Construction
(b) Pipe Jacking System (Micro Tunneling)
Schematic Representation 11
Tunnel Construction
Preparation of Driving Shaft
Jacking Pipes Using Hydraulic Jacks 12
Tunnel Construction
Guidance and Positioning Using Laser-Guided Steering System
Laser Guide & Control Monitor
Screen Capture
13
Tunnel Construction
MTBM Break Through
Extraction of MTBM 14
Tunnel Construction
MTBM - Shields of Different Sizes
15
Tunnel Construction
MTBM - Different Shapes of Cutting Heads
Sand shelves
Dirt cutter head (clay and silty sand)
Carbide cutter head (soft to medium hard rock) 16
Tunnel Construction
Pipe Jacking System (Micro Tunneling) Advantages:
• • • • • • •
Suitability for almost all types of soil. Large depths with unlimited lengths of drive. High levels of accuracy and safety. Wide choice of pipe and t materials. High construction rates. Reduced manpower requirements. Reduced environmental disturbance.
Disadvantages:
• • •
Sophisticated equipment and highly skilled labor. Inability to make rapid changes in line or level. Very expensive corrective actions, if required.
17
(c) Shield Tunneling (TBM)
Cutter Head
Tunnel Construction
Tunnel Tube
18
Fluid Circulation System
Tunnel Construction
19
Construction Sequence
Tunnel Construction
20
Shield Tunneling (TBM) Advantages:
• • • •
Tunnel Construction
Suitability for almost all types of soil. Suitability for wide tunnels (highway, railway, etc.). Large depths ( > 10 m), with unlimited lengths of drive. Reducing environmental disturbance and utilities diversions.
Disadvantages:
• • • •
Sophisticated equipment and highly skilled labor. Inability to make rapid changes in line or level. Very expensive corrective actions, if required. Difficult structural and geotechnical analyses reqd. 21
(d) NATM
Tunnel Construction
Construction Sequence
22
Advantages:
• • • • •
NATM
Tunnel Construction
Best alternative for non-circular roadway tunnels. Suitability for almost all stable to strong ground types, including rock. Suitability for a variety of soil conditions. Small thickness of tunnel lining, reducing the amount of excavation. Economy and speed of construction.
Disadvantages:
• • •
Highly skilled workers and expert engineers. Safety measures for shotcrete application. Ground water freezing and/or soil strengthening (in case of water-bearing cohesionless soil).
23
Tunnel Construction
(e) Immersed-Tube Tunneling System
24
Tunnel Construction
(e) Immersed-Tube Tunneling System Construction Sequence: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Dredging the trench in river or sea bottom. Prefabrication of tunnel sections, and sealing ends with bulkheads. Floating the sections to the tunnel trench. Lowering the sections to seabed. ing the sections together underwater. Removing the temporary bulkheads. Backfilling the trench.
25
Tunnel Construction
Immersed-Tube Tunneling System Advantages:
• • •
Economy (most economical alternative for any type of underwater tunnel crossing). High construction rates (particularly for steel tube tunnels). Wide variety of different conditions.
Disadvantages:
• • •
Casting basin (for concrete box tunnels). Highly skilled and experienced workers. Safety measures for underwater construction. 26
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION Conventional Tunneling:
Areas Blast Tunneling Tunneling in Loose Sand Shotcrete Safety Measures General Equipment Developments Handling of Groundwater Final Lining in Concrete
Tunnel Construction
Developments • • • • • • •
Drilling techniques. Blasting technology. Re-use of excavated material. Injection. High -pressure injection. Soil freezing. Special shotcretes without acce lerators that reduce concrete solidity. • Advances in diesel motor technology (less pollutants in exhausted gases). • Two -layer plastic sealing tracks (double water -pressure resistance). • Measures for protecting inner concrete 27 linings (to prevent tears).
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
Tunnel Construction
Pipe Jacking (Micro Tunneling):
• • • • •
Computerized laser guidance to reduce pipeline misalignment. Pipe jacking at great depths below the ground, and in unstable ground conditions. Pipe jacking over a very long distance. Lubrication to reduce jacking forces, enabling larger diameter pipes and longer tunneling lengths. Possibility of pushing pipes along a curved line.
28
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
Tunnel Construction
Shield Tunneling (TBM):
•
Design changes for TBMs to reduce damages to lining segments (due to impact of rear shield jacks): Rollers attached to the segments that slide on rails attached to the sidewalls (enabling ideal load distribution, and reducing the wheel loads which impact on the newly placed ring).
•
Convertible shield machine: Working in soft rock as a shielded TBM, and Working in soft ground as a compressed air shield. 29
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
Tunnel Construction
New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM):
•
Heavy-duty Roadheader for constructing traffic tunnels through the rock.
30
Tunnel Construction
3. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT Major Tunnel Projects in Egypt Sys.
Major Applications
Cut and Cover (Diaphragm Walls)
Metro Line 1 (Running Tunnel). Metro Line 1 (Stations). Metro Line 2 (Stations). Al-Galaa Tunnel. Al-Thawra Tunnel. Al-Oroba Tunnel.
Pipe Jacking (Micro Tunneling)
Greater Cairo Wastewater Pedestrian Tunnels.
Shield Tunneling (TBM)
Metro Line 2 (Running Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel.
NATM Immersed-Tube Tunneling
Has Not Been Applied
Tunnels.
Tunnel).
Length (m)
Width (or diam.) (m)
4,700* 144** 1740* 600 385 760
9.00 27.00 Variable 15.80 15.50 11.00
Variable Variable Variable Variable 9,390 1,640
9.50 11.80
Has Not Been Applied
* Total length of cut and cover construction. ** Length of a typical station.
31
Tunnel Construction
Thank you for listening
32
Tunnel Construction
TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
BY Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Atty Gab-Allah (Zagazig University) 1
Tunnel Construction
OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS. 3. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT.
2
Tunnel Construction
1. INTRODUCTION Importance of tunnels.
Objective: Review latest tunnel construction systems.
3
Tunnel Construction
2. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS (a) Cut and Cover System. (b) Pipe Jacking System (Micro Tunneling). (c) Shield Tunneling (TBM). (d) New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). (e) Immersed-Tube Tunneling System.
4
(a) Cut and Cover System
Sequence of Construction (Stages 1 to 3)
Tunnel Construction
5
(a) Cut and Cover System
Sequence of Construction (Stages 4 to 6)
Tunnel Construction
6
Cut and Cover System Advantages:
• • • • •
Tunnel Construction
Economy for shallow depths (4 - 10 m) and for shorter applications. Un-sophisticated labor and equipment required. Adaptability to different conditions. Simple structural & geotechnical analyses required. Safe environment (ventilation and fire hazard).
Disadvantages:
• • •
Possible disturbances to existing facilities. Practical limitations of depth. Unsuitability under buildings or water. 7
Soil Grouting Techniques
Jet Grouting: Soil Replacement Process
Tunnel Construction
8
Soil Grouting Techniques
Slurry Wall Concept
Tunnel Construction
9
Soil Grouting Techniques
Ground Freezing Concept
Tunnel Construction
10
Tunnel Construction
(b) Pipe Jacking System (Micro Tunneling)
Schematic Representation 11
Tunnel Construction
Preparation of Driving Shaft
Jacking Pipes Using Hydraulic Jacks 12
Tunnel Construction
Guidance and Positioning Using Laser-Guided Steering System
Laser Guide & Control Monitor
Screen Capture
13
Tunnel Construction
MTBM Break Through
Extraction of MTBM 14
Tunnel Construction
MTBM - Shields of Different Sizes
15
Tunnel Construction
MTBM - Different Shapes of Cutting Heads
Sand shelves
Dirt cutter head (clay and silty sand)
Carbide cutter head (soft to medium hard rock) 16
Tunnel Construction
Pipe Jacking System (Micro Tunneling) Advantages:
• • • • • • •
Suitability for almost all types of soil. Large depths with unlimited lengths of drive. High levels of accuracy and safety. Wide choice of pipe and t materials. High construction rates. Reduced manpower requirements. Reduced environmental disturbance.
Disadvantages:
• • •
Sophisticated equipment and highly skilled labor. Inability to make rapid changes in line or level. Very expensive corrective actions, if required.
17
(c) Shield Tunneling (TBM)
Cutter Head
Tunnel Construction
Tunnel Tube
18
Fluid Circulation System
Tunnel Construction
19
Construction Sequence
Tunnel Construction
20
Shield Tunneling (TBM) Advantages:
• • • •
Tunnel Construction
Suitability for almost all types of soil. Suitability for wide tunnels (highway, railway, etc.). Large depths ( > 10 m), with unlimited lengths of drive. Reducing environmental disturbance and utilities diversions.
Disadvantages:
• • • •
Sophisticated equipment and highly skilled labor. Inability to make rapid changes in line or level. Very expensive corrective actions, if required. Difficult structural and geotechnical analyses reqd. 21
(d) NATM
Tunnel Construction
Construction Sequence
22
Advantages:
• • • • •
NATM
Tunnel Construction
Best alternative for non-circular roadway tunnels. Suitability for almost all stable to strong ground types, including rock. Suitability for a variety of soil conditions. Small thickness of tunnel lining, reducing the amount of excavation. Economy and speed of construction.
Disadvantages:
• • •
Highly skilled workers and expert engineers. Safety measures for shotcrete application. Ground water freezing and/or soil strengthening (in case of water-bearing cohesionless soil).
23
Tunnel Construction
(e) Immersed-Tube Tunneling System
24
Tunnel Construction
(e) Immersed-Tube Tunneling System Construction Sequence: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Dredging the trench in river or sea bottom. Prefabrication of tunnel sections, and sealing ends with bulkheads. Floating the sections to the tunnel trench. Lowering the sections to seabed. ing the sections together underwater. Removing the temporary bulkheads. Backfilling the trench.
25
Tunnel Construction
Immersed-Tube Tunneling System Advantages:
• • •
Economy (most economical alternative for any type of underwater tunnel crossing). High construction rates (particularly for steel tube tunnels). Wide variety of different conditions.
Disadvantages:
• • •
Casting basin (for concrete box tunnels). Highly skilled and experienced workers. Safety measures for underwater construction. 26
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION Conventional Tunneling:
Areas Blast Tunneling Tunneling in Loose Sand Shotcrete Safety Measures General Equipment Developments Handling of Groundwater Final Lining in Concrete
Tunnel Construction
Developments • • • • • • •
Drilling techniques. Blasting technology. Re-use of excavated material. Injection. High -pressure injection. Soil freezing. Special shotcretes without acce lerators that reduce concrete solidity. • Advances in diesel motor technology (less pollutants in exhausted gases). • Two -layer plastic sealing tracks (double water -pressure resistance). • Measures for protecting inner concrete 27 linings (to prevent tears).
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
Tunnel Construction
Pipe Jacking (Micro Tunneling):
• • • • •
Computerized laser guidance to reduce pipeline misalignment. Pipe jacking at great depths below the ground, and in unstable ground conditions. Pipe jacking over a very long distance. Lubrication to reduce jacking forces, enabling larger diameter pipes and longer tunneling lengths. Possibility of pushing pipes along a curved line.
28
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
Tunnel Construction
Shield Tunneling (TBM):
•
Design changes for TBMs to reduce damages to lining segments (due to impact of rear shield jacks): Rollers attached to the segments that slide on rails attached to the sidewalls (enabling ideal load distribution, and reducing the wheel loads which impact on the newly placed ring).
•
Convertible shield machine: Working in soft rock as a shielded TBM, and Working in soft ground as a compressed air shield. 29
DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDS IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
Tunnel Construction
New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM):
•
Heavy-duty Roadheader for constructing traffic tunnels through the rock.
30
Tunnel Construction
3. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT Major Tunnel Projects in Egypt Sys.
Major Applications
Cut and Cover (Diaphragm Walls)
Metro Line 1 (Running Tunnel). Metro Line 1 (Stations). Metro Line 2 (Stations). Al-Galaa Tunnel. Al-Thawra Tunnel. Al-Oroba Tunnel.
Pipe Jacking (Micro Tunneling)
Greater Cairo Wastewater Pedestrian Tunnels.
Shield Tunneling (TBM)
Metro Line 2 (Running Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel.
NATM Immersed-Tube Tunneling
Has Not Been Applied
Tunnels.
Tunnel).
Length (m)
Width (or diam.) (m)
4,700* 144** 1740* 600 385 760
9.00 27.00 Variable 15.80 15.50 11.00
Variable Variable Variable Variable 9,390 1,640
9.50 11.80
Has Not Been Applied
* Total length of cut and cover construction. ** Length of a typical station.
31
Tunnel Construction
Thank you for listening
32
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