Swine Production Review 2010 6x862

SWINE PRODUCTION Board Exam Review May 29, 2010 Rodeza Kristine S. Cu ADSC, CA

Swine A-B-C-s…

QUESTION # 1 What is the scientific name of swine? a. Anas platyrhynchos

b. Ovis aries c. Gallus gallus

d. Sus scrofa e. Bos taurus

Hog Zoological Scheme Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Sub-species

ANIMALIA CHORDATA (backbone) MAMMALIA (warmblooded, young suckle) ARTIODACTYLA “even-toed” SUIDAE SUS SCROFA / VITTATUS DOMESTICUS

Sus scrofa is a wild hog of continental Europe from which most domestic swine have been derived. Sus vittatus was the chief, if not the only species of the East Indian pig that contributed to domestic swine.

QUESTION # 2 This refers to the act of giving birth in swine a. Kidding

b. Farrowing c. Calving d. Foaling e. Lambing

QUESTION # 3 This refers to a group of pigs born in one farrowing a.Litter size b.Weanling c.Litter d.Barrow e.None of the above

Litter size – refers to the number of pigs born in one farrowing. Example: A sow has given birth to 6 piglets. (Litter size is 6)

Weanling – an animal that has just been weaned. Weaning – refers to the process of separating the young from their mother. Barrow – castrated male swine

QUESTION # 4 This refers to a young female pig, usually one that has not yet given birth a.Gilt b.Sow c.Boar d.Shote e.Ewe

Sow – refers to an adult female swine

Boar – male swine Shote – refers to a young pig of either sex, approximately weighing 60 kg

Ewe – female sheep

QUESTION # 5 This refers to a female which has farrowed 2 or more litters and sometimes referred to as an old sow. a.Primiparous sow b.Open sow c.Monotocous d.Multiparous sow e.Polytocous

• Primiparous sow – a female which has farrowed only once. It is sometimes referred to a young sow • Open sow – a sow whose litter has been weaned nut which has not yet been bred or is not pregnant • Monotocous – an animal which gives birth to only one individual at a time • Polytocous – a litter bearing animal which gives birth to more than one individual at a time

QUESTION # 6 The normal body temperature (°C) of swine is a.42 °C b.39 °C c.35 °C d.28 °C e.36 °C

QUESTION # 7 The normal respiration minute) of swine is a. 29 – 33 b. 43 – 51 c. 19 – 25 d. 9 – 15 e. 8 – 25

rate

(per

QUESTION # 8 The normal pulse rate (per minute) of swine is a. 55 – 86 b. 43 – 51 c. 29 – 35 d. 19 – 25 e. 34 – 44

Industry Situationer

QUESTION # 9 Which of the following is the top pig producing region in the Philippines? a.Region III b.Region IX c.Region VI d.Region IV e.Region XI

SWINE POPULATION PER REGION, 2008 I – 518,030

II – 539,070 CAR – 206,150

III - 1,893,580 IV - 2,266,010

V – 776,160

VIII – 998,990 VI - 1,477,500

VII – 971,210 CARAGA – 397,970 IX – 809,070

X – 798,020 XI – 937,640 XII – 849,140

ARMM – 272,480

TOTAL SWINE POPULATION: 13,701,020

QUESTION # 10 Majority of swine raisers in the country are ________. a. commercial raisers b. backyard raisers c. both commercial and backyard raisers d. none of the above

Types of Hog Raisers in the Philippines

Commercial: 29% Backyard: 71%

Backyard farm beginning stocks this year went down by 1.00 percent while, commercial farms inventory ed a 9.37 percent increase against beginning stocks of 2007.

QUESTION # 11 Which of the following is the top pig producing province in the Philippines? a.Batangas b.Bulacan c.Iloilo d.Davao e.Laguna

BATANGAS 611,720

BULACAN 1,048,370

DAVAO CITY 292,860

ILOILO 462,760

regions

REG IO N XI

REG IO N VII

REG IO N VI

LEYTE 339,320 REG IO N IV

2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0

REG IO N III

pop'n

TOP 5 HOG PRODUCING REGIONS

Breeds of Swine

QUESTION # 12 The Philippine Native Swine is generally characterized by the following, except a. late maturing and small b. mostly solid black or black and white in color c. straight back d. with weak pasterns e. none of the above

Philippine Native Swine They have the following general characteristics:  Small and late maturing  Mostly solid black or black and white in color  Have small ears  Sway back  With weak pasterns  Very strong motherly instinct

Philippine Native Swine • Most native pigs are named after the region and/or province where they are found. – They may differ in size, color, general conformation and appearance.

QUESTION # 13 This breed is known to be the longest breed of swine, white in color with large and drooping ears most often covering the eyes. a. Large white/Yorkshire b. Landrace c. Duroc d. Hampshire

Landrace • Originally developed in Denmark for bacon production • General characteristics: – white (black freckles are common) – drooping ears – longest breed of swine (16-17 ribs) – back less arched (almost flat) – prolific and good mothering abilities – weakness: legs and pasterns

QUESTION # 14 This is known as the “mother breed” because its mothering ability is exceptionally good a. Large White/Yorkshire b. Duroc c. Pietrain d. Berkshire

Large White / Yorkshire • name interchangeable • originated in Yorkshire (England) for bacon production • general characteristics: – white – erect ears – farrow large litter – great milkers – Weakness: • Some are short and with big belly. • Tends to develop carcasses with excess backfat.

QUESTION # 15 This breed is known as the “Red Power” because its color ranges from cherry red to mahogany red and the boar of this breed is known for its aggressiveness a. Duroc b. Pietrain c. Berkshire d. Hampshire

Duroc • Originally called Duroc-Jersey • General characteristics – light golden to dark red (mahogany) – drooping ears – Good growth rate and FE – Good muscle quality and resistant to stress – Weakness: • Well arched back • Unsound legs

QUESTION # 16 The Pietrain has a white belt on its a. foreleg b. shoulder c. ham d. back e. none of the above

Pietrain • “Muscle Pig” • Pietrain, Belgium • General characteristics – Spotted black and white – Ears pointed, some drooping – Extremely muscular (ham, loin & shoulder) – Thin backfat – Weakness: • Hind legs • Highly susceptible to stress

Hampshire • “The Belt” • Hampshire, England • General characteristics: – Black with white belt around the shoulder and body including the foreleg. – Feed efficiency excellent – Weakness: • Small litter size at birth and weaning • Poor mothering ability • Black color being associated to being fat

QUESTION # 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of an upgrade? a. Diani b. Kaman c. Berkjala d. Miracle pig e. Meishan

Upgrades Upgrading: native pigs bred with foreign breeds • Diani - upgrade of native pigs (Batangas) with Berkshire • Kaman - upgrade of native pig (Batangas) with Duroc • Berkjala - 5/8 Berkshire and 3/8 Jalajala pig (Rizal) • Miracle Pig - ½ Large White ¼ Landrace ¼ Native

Meishan • purebreed from China, considered Taihu pigs, deriving their name from the Taihu Lake • slow growing and fat, but have a very good taste, resistant to some diseases • The Meishan breed is known for its wrinkled face and skin. • Meishan pigs are perhaps one of the most prolific breeds of pig in the world – large litter size of 15-16 pigs.

QUESTION # 18 The following are examples of hybrid pigs, except a. Babcock b. Camborough c. Poland China d. Hypor e. none of the above

Hybrid pigs or synthetic breeds do not have distinguishing physical characteristics which differentiate them from other group of pigs. Most of them are white with good muscle development.

Examples are: Babcock, Camborough, Cotswold, Hypor, Seghers, Minnesota No.1, Nieuw Dalland

Poland China • From USA • General characteristics: – – – –

Black with 6 white points: 4 feet, poll, switch Ears drooping Full jowl

Berkshire • Berkshire, England • General characteristics: Black with 6 white points: 4 feet, forehead switch of the tail Long bodied Weakness: Small litter size, late maturing, thick backfat and black skin

Production Systems

QUESTION # 19 This type of sow-herd enterprise starts with a pregnant sow to produce weanlings which are sold to other raisers who raise them to slaughter weight a. Farrow to feeder b. Farrow to finish c. Farrow to breeder d. Boar for Hire e. None of the above

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Growing-finishing - Weanling pigs  80 kg slaughter pigs

Sow Herd  Farrow to feeder - pregnant sow  weanlings  Farrow to finish - pregnant sow weanlings growers finishers  sold for slaughter  Farrow to breeder - breeder animals sold as replacement

Boar for Hire (Boar stud) – boar is used to breed the gilts/sows in the community for a fee

Management of gilts and sows

QUESTION # 20 The recommended age at breeding of gilts is when they are about: a. 6.5 months old b. 8 months old c. 7 months old d. 5 months old e. 12 months old

Gilts should be bred at 8 months old to farrow the first litter at about a year old. • Very young gilts at first farrowing usually have smaller litter size than older gilts. • Age at first farrowing also affect the lifetime reproductive performance of the sow. • Very young animals also manifest less maternal instinct to take care of her young.

QUESTION # 21 This refers to the practice of feeding gilts with high-energy ration before breeding

FLUSHING • the

daily feed intake of gilts is increased by 0.5 to 1.0 kg for 10-14 days before expected date of breeding. Ovulation rate typically increases 2-3 eggs in response to flushing (Flowers et al., 1989).

QUESTION # 22 The following are the signs of heat, except: reddening and swelling of the vulva b. mounting other animals c. frequent attempts to urinate with very little or no discharge at all d. mammary glands are fully distended e. none of the above a.

Signs of heat, which indicate that the gilt or sow is receptive to the boar: • reddening and swelling of the external genitalia • mounting other animals or willingness to be mounted by others regardless of sex • restlessness, continuous moving around and grunting as if calling for its kind • frequent attempts to urinate with very little or no discharge at all • capricious appetite • assumes a characteristic mating position when touched on back either by a boar or caretaker • difficult to move or be herded in the presence of a boar

The surest sign of heat is the acceptance of the boar by the gilt Reddening and swelling of Mounting other animals vulva or sow!

QUESTION # 23 This technique in ing sexual receptivity is done by applying force on the rump of the female pig with both hands a. Haunch pressure test b. Riding-the-back test c. Semen-on-snout test d. Teaser boar method e. None of the above

These are some techniques which are generally used in ing sexual receptivity: Haunch pressure test This is done by applying pressure on the rump with both hands. A receptive animal will just stand firm and assume a mating position.

Riding-the-back test This is done by riding the back of the animal, the receptive female will assume a mating position.

Semen-on-snout test This is done by placing sample of semen on the snout of the female. A receptive female will just look around and assume a mating position in the presence of boar semen odor.

Teaser boar method This is done with a teaser usually a vasectomized boar. If the female allows the teaser to mount or assumes a mating position, she is sexually receptive.

QUESTION # 24

The average estrous cycle of sows and gilts a. 15 days b. 21 days c. 28 days d. 10 days e. 33 days

QUESTION # 25 The average estrus period in days of a sow or gilt is

a. b. c. d. e.

3 days 21 days 30 days 14 days 28 days

The estrous cycle ranges from 17 to 24 days, with an average of 21 days. Estrous cycle is continuously manifested by the individual unless interrupted by pregnancy. Estrus = phase in the estrous cycle when a female is sexually receptive, “in heat”

QUESTION # 26 The average gestation period of swine is a. 109 to 127 days b. 114 weeks c. 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days d. 5.5 months e. 9 months

Gestation period (pregnancy), the intervening period between successful mating and farrowing, ranges from 109 to 119 days, with an average of 114 days. Or simply put, 3 months, 3 weeks & 3 days.

QUESTION # 27 It is recommended that the daily feed intake of gestating animals be increased by 10% during the a. First trimester of pregnancy b. Second trimester of pregnancy c. Third trimester of pregnancy d. Fourth trimester of pregnancy e. All of the above

• Fetal growth rate in the last trimester of pregnancy increases dramatically compared with early and midgestation. • Increase feed intake to accommodate demands of rapid fetal growth!

QUESTION # 28 A pregnant sow is about to farrow if she shows the following signs, except a. enlargement, reddening and swelling of the snout b. nervousness, restlessness and often accompanied by slight increase in breathing c. mammary glands are fully distended d. milk let down e. none of the above

Signs of Farrowing

Swelling of vulva, presence of meconium (piglets’ feces) Restlessness

Distended mammary gland

Milk let down – presence of milk when teats are stripped

QUESTION # 29 It refers to the inflammation of the uterus a. Mastitis b. Metritis c. Agalactia d. None of the above

• Mastitis – inflammation of the mammary apparatus • Metritis – inflammation of the uterus • Agalactia – cessation of milk production

Management of Boars

QUESTION # 30 A good replacement boar should have a. At least 6 pairs of functional teats b. Two pairs of big testicles c. Strong legs d. All of the above e. None of the above

Characteristics of a good boar • At least 6 pairs of rudimentary teats (NOT FUNCTIONAL), not inverted • 2 big equally-sized testicles (NOT 2 PAIRS) • Strong legs • Strong slightly arched back • Toes not uneven (NO SMALL INSIDE TOE)

2 equally-sized testes

Cryptorchid

Unequal testes

Assessing the breeding potential of the boar

1. Semen evaluation – Collecting fresh semen sample and examining the volume, motility, concentration and morphology

2. Test mating – Observing the new boar’s sexual behavior and ability to serve the female

QUESTION # 31 The boar’s average volume of ejaculate a. 20 – 30 ml b.150 – 200 ml c. 20 – 30 L d.150 – 200 L e. 2 – 3 ml

CHARACTERISTICS OF AVERAGE EJACULATES Volume, ml: 150-200 (gel free) Sperm concentration: 200-300 M/ml Total sperm per ejaculate, billion: 30-60 Total sperm per week, billion: 120-150 Motile sperm: 70 %

Morphologically normal sperm: 80 % Color: Creamy white

QUESTION # 32 A boar is ready for breeding when it is a. 8 months old b. 120 to130 kg c. large enough to mount and mate with a normal-sized female d. producing good quality and quantity semen e. All of the above

• A boar should start serving at 8 months of age. – boars below 8 months generally produce smaller volume and inferior quality of semen

Mating Frequency Junior boar (8months – 1 yr) Twice weekly, 48 hrs apart Senior boar (>1 yr) 2-3 times weekly, 24 hrs apart

Boar to Sow Ratio

Natural mating 1:15 – 1:20 Artificial

1:50 – 1:200

Feeding Boars

• Feed boars 2.3 to 3.0 kg of ration with a 13 to 14% crude protein.  May depend on breeding load, conditions of boar and climatic condition

• Provide fresh water at all times.

Management of Litter

QUESTION # 33

Which of the following is an important management practice to prevent navel ill? a. b. c. d. e.

Creep feeding Iron supplementation Cutting of needle teeth Brooding Cutting of umbilical cord

Creep feeding

• Feeds are offered to nursing piglets so that they get accustomed to solid diets even before weaning

Iron supplementation

• Provision of iron to prevent anemia

Cutting of needle teeth

• Needle teeth should be cut to avoid face sores on themselves and injuries to the sow’s udder

Brooding

• Provision of heating devices for the piglets in order to keep them comfortable and warm since during the first days of post-natal life, they still have sparse hair coat and limited thermal insulation.

Castration • Removal of the primary sex organ of the male, usually done when the pigs are about 2 weeks of age

QUESTION # 34 How many pairs of needle teeth are removed in the piglets? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 e. 8

QUESTION # 35 Which of the following is a method of identifying piglets? a. Ear notching b. Tail docking c. Hot iron branding d. Wing band e. None of the above

Ear tagging

Ear notching

QUESTION # 36 At first week of age baby pigs prefer an environmental temperature of a. 24-25 oC b. 26-27 oC c. 28-29 oC d. 30-32 oC

• Baby pigs prefer an environmental temperature of 30-32°C for the first week of birth, 29-30°C after the first week until the 6th week. This can be achieved by brooding or provision of heating devices such as heating lamps, brooder box, jute sacks, etc.

Ambient Temperature Preference of Swine

• As the animal ages, the ambient temperature preference declines. A 50 kg pig would prefer a temperature of 26 to 30 °C A 100 kg pig would prefer a temperature of 17 to 22 °C

Question # 37 In conventional weaning, pigs are usually weaned at around _______ weeks? a.8 to 10 weeks b.5 to 7 weeks c.3 to 4 weeks d.Few days to 2 weeks

• Traditional weaning – pigs are weaned at 8 to 10 weeks of age • Conventional weaning – pigs are weaned at 5 to 7 weeks of age • Early weaning – pigs are weaned at 3 to 4 weeks age • Very early weaning – pigs are weaned from a few days from birth to 2 weeks

Swine 1-2-3-s

QUESTION # 38 What is the average daily gain (ADG) of a pig who initially weighed 25.0 kg and was fed for 90 days to reach 90.0 kg? a. 0.865 kg b. 0.722 kg c. 0.423 kg d. 0.560 kg e. none of the above

Average Daily Gain ADG = Final weight – initial weight number of feeding days

ADG = =

90 kg – 25 kg 90 days 0.722 kg

QUESTION # 39 If the total amount of feed consumed by an animal from an initial weight of 25.0 kg to 90.0 kg is 200 kg, what is the feed efficiency of the said animal? a. 3.1 b. 2.8 c. 2.2 d. 4.3 e. none of the above

Feed Efficiency (Feed Conversion Ratio)

FE = amount of feed consumed gain in weight

FE

=

200 kg 90 – 25 kg = 3.1

Lower FE, better performance

QUESTION # 40 If a farm wean their piglets at 28 days of age and has a weaning to conception interval of 10 days. What is the farrowing index of the farm? a. b. c. d.

152 38 0.41 2.4

Solution: Given: Lactation period= 28 days

WCI =10 ! Farrowing index refers to the number of times a sow farrows in a 365 day period. Farrowing index= 365 days/Farrowing Interval FI= LP + WCI + Gestation period 28 + 10 + 114 =152 days Farrowing index = 365/152 = 2.40

QUESTION # 41 If a sow is bred on July 18, 2009 when will you check for pregnancy? a. August 18, 2009 b. August 8, 2009 c. July 28, 2009 d. July 8, 2009

! Estrous Cycle = 21 days (18 – 22 days) Solution: July 18, 2009 + 21 days = August 8, 2009

If signs of heat are NOT observed after 21 days, it is assumed that the female is pregnant.

QUESTION # 42 If a sow is bred July 18, 2009 when do you expect it to farrow? a. November 19, 2009 b. December 29, 2009 c. December 17, 2009 d. November 9, 2009 e. November 2, 2009

! • Gestation Period = 114 days Solution: July 18, 2009 + 114 days = November 9, 2009

QUESTION # 43 If the average daily gain (ADG) of the animal is 500 grams. How long will it take a 15 kg pig to reach 85 kg? a. 175 days b. 140 days c. 350 days d. 240 days

! ADG= Final wt. – initial wt. feeding days Solution: 500 g or 0.5 kg = 85 kg – 15 kg ??? ??? = 70/.5 Days to Reach 85 kg= 140 days

And more…

QUESTION # 44 Which of the following class of swine has the highest protein and energy requirement? a. Pre-starter b. Starter c. Grower d. Finisher e. All of the above

Type of Ration

Creep

Crude Protein Requirement (NRC, 1998) 22 – 23%

Pre-starter

19 – 20%

Starter

17 – 18%

Grower

15 - 16%

Finisher

13 – 14%

Gestating

13 – 14%

Lactating

15 – 16%

Boar

16%

QUESTION # 45 This refers to a system of feeding wherein feeds are made available at all times a. Restricted feeding b. Ad libitum feeding c. Flushing d. Combination feeding e. All of the above

Feeding Systems • Ad libitum feeding. Giving feeds without restriction and always available at any time. • Restricted feeding. Controlled amount of feed given to the animals. • Combination of ad libitum and restricted feeding. Fed ad lib until they reach the weight of 50 kg and fed restricted until they are marketed. Maximizing the advantage of the growth curve.

QUESTION # 46 This refers to pigs weighing 60 kg and up a. weanlings b. finishers c. growers d. breeders e. none of the above

Classification Weight (Kg) ADFI (kg/day) Creep

2.0-8.0

0.20

Pre-starter

8.0-22.0

0.80

Starter

23-40

1.5

Grower

41-60

2.20

Finisher

60-85

2.50

Gestating

170

2.50

Lactating

170

4.0-4.50

Boars

180

2.80

Philsan Feed Reference (2nd ed.)

QUESTION # 47 The recommended orientation of housing for animals a. West to north b. North to south c. East to west d. East to south e. All of the above

East-West Orientation • This would prevent the animals from too much exposure to the sunlight. This orientation would ensure equal distribution of sunlight throughout the day.

QUESTION # 49

The daily water requirement of a lactating sow is a. 18 to 23 L b. 5 to 10 L c. 2 to 6 L d. 9 to 15 L

Daily Water Requirement of Different Classes of Pigs CLASSIFICATION Boars Replacement Gilts Dry sows Pregnant animals Lactating sows Suckling Weanling Growers Finishers

(L/day) 7.0 – 11.00 7.0 – 11.00 2.25 – 2.75 14.00 – 17.00 18.00 – 23.00 0.010 – 0.045 2.40 – 5.50 4.70 – 6.25 6.25 – 7.80

QUESTION # 49

The recommended height of waterers for suckling pigs a. 5 to 10 mm b. 5 to 10 cm c. 15 to 20 mm d. 15 to 20 cm

Recommended height of waterer Class of animal

Height of waterers from the floor

SUCKLING PIGS

15 to 20 cm

WEANERS

30 to 40 cm

BIGGER ANIMALS (grower-finisher, breeder)

40 to 50 cm

QUESTION # 50

Are you ready for the BIG day? a. YES na YES! b. Of course! c. Syempre! d. Oo naman!