Satuwa All Detail m4d6q

Satuwa (Paris Polyphylla) सतत वव

Habitat Paris polyphylla prefers to grow in forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes and stream sides.[10] It likes moist, damp, and shady places (such as under deciduous trees). It is said to grow at altitudes up to 3300 meters and thrives well in places with moist and humus rich soil under canopy of forest in full shade to partial shade.[11] Soil nutrients like organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were found in higher levels in areas where the plant was absent.[11] However, the levels of phosphorus tended to be found in higher levels in areas were the plant grew.[11]

Conservation and cultivation Paris polyphylla Sm. (Satuwa) is one of the medicinal plants listed as vulnerable by the IUCN.[11] Seed viability was found to be low and the seeds did not germinate in laboratory conditions even under different chemical treatments.[11] There seems to be a need for raising awareness amongst people who live in environments in which Paris polyphylla propagates.[11] Scientists must make known the sustainable use of the rhizome and its cultivation practice for the conservation of this plant.[11] If some part of the rhizome containing the bud is left underground, it is thought that the plant would become more sustainable and would help in conserving its population in the future.[11] In a study done in Nepal, it was observed that overharvesting, unscientific collection of rhizomes, harvesting of plants before seed maturity, low viable seed production and long dormancy of seeds are the major threats to the plant's propagation.[11]

Paris polyphylla is considered to be a traded plant and it might have become less abundant in the past decade and this could be due to deforestation.[12] Paris polyphylla plants are supposed to be planted with the pointy shoot at one end of the rhizome facing upwards.[2] The rhiome is then supposed to be covered with around 5 cm (2 in) of humus-rich soil which should not be allowed to dry out during the summer months.[2] In the autumn, a generous layer of mulch should be added and the plants should be left undisturbed after that so that they can increase in number year after year.[2] Caution should be taken since if eaten raw, the leaves of P. polyphylla could be toxic, even though it can be used in many medicinal remedies.

Reproduction In the different varieties of Paris polyphylla, there are as many stamens (usually eight) as there are outer tepals, or there could be more.[10] Stamens have short filaments. The filaments are about 10 mm in size, while the anthers are about 12 mm.[10] The ovary is subglobose, ribbed, one-loculed and sometimes tuberculate.[10] The style is short with an enlarged base and purple to white in color.[10] The capsule, which is a kind of dry fruit produced by many flowering plants, is globose and sometimes tuberculate.[10] The plant was found to reproduce mainly by vegetative propagation in the field.[11] It has been observed that Paris polyphylla seeds produce primary root about seven months after sowing and then leaves about four months later in the second year.[11] The seeds of this plant can remain dormant and this is thought to be because of changes of several endohormones, development of inhibiting substances, and the increase in material accumulation during the embryo's physiological ripening period.[11] A single offspring is grown from a single mother plant and this led to a rapid decline in its numbers.[11]

Morphology Plants of Paris polyphylla usually grow about 10–100 cm tall from a rhizome 1–2.5 cm thick.[10] The leaves, which are in a whorl at the top of the stem are sessile, petiolate, lanceolate, to ovate or elliptic. The ovary is in the superior position, with numerous ovules.[13] The fruit is a berry or berrylike capsule, in which the seeds are enclosed in a red succulent aril when ripe.[10] The species is extremely polymorphic.[13] A table of some characteristics of some varieties of Paris polyphylla follows.[10]

Taxonomy The genus Paris has in the past been placed in a number of different families, including a broadly defined Liliaceae and the former family Trilliaceae. In the APG III system, it is placed in the family Melanthiaceae, where it is related to the genus Trillium.[8] As of May 2012 the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) recognizes several varieties:[9][10] 

Paris polyphylla var. alba - Guizhou, Hubei, Yunnan



Paris polyphylla var. chinensis - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam



Paris polyphylla var. latifolia - Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi



Paris polyphylla var. nana - Sichuan



Paris polyphylla var. panxiensis - Sichuan



Paris polyphylla var. polyphylla - China, Himalayas, northern Indochina



Paris polyphylla var. stenophyla - China, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim



Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis - Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Assam, Myanmar

The Flora of China recognizes five additional varieties,[10] three of which are placed in different species by the WCSP:[9] 

P. polyphylla var. appendiculata = P. thibetica



P. polyphylla var. brachystemon = P. polyphylla var. stenophyla



P. polyphylla var. kwantungensis = P. polyphylla var. polyphylla



P. polyphylla var. minor = P. delavayi



P. polyphylla var. pseudothibetica = P. delavayi

Profile: The of the genus Paris impart supreme beauty to the garden and have an beautiful inflorescence. The genus name Paris is derived from ‘pars’, referring to the symmetry of the plant. Paris polyphylla is a clump forming plant growing 45 cm tall and characterized by its distinctive flowers. It has long, yellow, radiating anthers and a blue-black center. Due to over harvesting, the wild populations of this herb have fragmentized and declined greatly. Habitat and ecology: The species is found naturally in broad-leaved forests and mixed woodlands up to a height of 3000 m in the Himalayas. It occurs commonly in bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes and streamsides. It enjoys a moist, well-drained soil and dappled shade. This species is globally distributed in the Himalayan range across Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma and southwest China between the altitudinal ranges of 2000-3000 m. Within India, it has been recorded in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Morphology: The flowers are solitary, terminal, short-stalked, greenish and relatively inconspicuous, with 4-6 lanceolate long-pointed green leaf-like perianth segments that are 5-10 cm long and with an inner whorl of thread-like yellow or purple segments, as long or shorter than the outer. This species has 10 short stamens and lobed stigmas. The leaves are 4-9 in number and present in a whorl. The plant is elliptic, short-stalked, with the stalk up to 10 cm and the plant up to 40 cm high. The rhizome is stout and creeping. The fruits are globular and seeds are scarlet in colour. The plant shows wide variation in different parts of its range. Uses: The plant finds its use in Ayurveda. The roots are analgesic, anti-phlogistic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, anti-tussive, depurative, febrifuge and narcotic. A decoction of the roots is used in the treatment of poisonous snakebites, boils and ulcers, diphtheria and epidemic Japanese B encephalitis. A paste of the roots is used as a poultice to treat cuts and

wounds. The juice of the roots has been used as an anthelmintic. The whole plant is a febrifuge. The roots have shown antibacterial action against Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B. paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemolytic streptococci, Meningococci etc.

Himalayan Alpine Herbal & Agriculture Farm Sankharapur- 6, Kathmandu, Nepal Cell: 9801170657 Email:[email protected] Web: www.hafn.org Branch office Mamerku, Chheskam- 2, Solukhumbu Nepal---Phone: 016219255 Branch Office-----Dobane 06 Ahale Bhojpur

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Uses in China

Zao Xiu – Qi Ye Yi Shi Hua – Chong Lou – Paris Rhizome Nature: bitter, slightly cold Enters: Liver Actions: Clears heat; eliminates toxicity; relieves swelling and pain; subdues liver wind to relieve convulsions; mildly moves blood. Indications: • Heat and toxicity: snake bite, carbuncles, boils, acne. • General herb for any kind of pain. • Liver wind stirring: epilepsy, convulsions. • Warm-heat pathogen: coma, convulsions.

• Blood stasis: pain after trauma (inferior to San qi for this). • Particularly good for early stages of heat and toxicity.

"P. polyphylla is a folk medicinal plant in the Indian Himalayan Region, traditionally used against analgesic, antibacterial, antiphlogistic , antispasmodic, antitussive, any poisonous bites, burn, cut or injury, depurative, detoxification, diarrhoea, dressing, dysentery, febrifuge, fever, gastric, gastritis, intestinal wounds, narcotic, poisoning, rashes or itching, scabies, skin diseases, sleeplessness, snake bite, stomach pain, typhoid, ulcer and wounds (Farooquee et al. 2004; Maity et al. 2004; Tiwari et al. 2010; Jamir et al. 2012; Lalsangluaii et al. 2013; Pfoze et al. 2013; Mir et al. 2014; Sharma and Samant 2014). Further Shah et al. (2012) reviewed the various medicinal properties of the P. polyphylla and categorized the species as the 'jack of all trades'. Several pharmacological properties including antibacterial , anticancer/anti-tumour, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, steroid saponin etc. (Khanna et al. 1975; Ravikumar et al. 1979; Singh et al. 1980; 1982; Zhou 1991; Yu and Yang 1999; Mimaki et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006; Yun et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2007; Guo et al. 2008; Yan et al. 2009; Xuan et al. 2010; Zhao et al. 2010; Chan et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2011; Kang et al. 2012; Li et al. 2012; Zhao et al. 2012; Shen et al. 2014) have been reported from the rhizomes of many species of the genus Paris. " Botanical Name: Paris polyphylla

Common Name: Satuwaa

English Name: Ginseng

Parts Used: Roots, rhizome

Habit and Habitat: Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan). NE India, China

Description: Glabrous herb, leaves 4-9, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 7.5-15 cm long, pointed, petioled. Flowers stalked, in the centre yellow-green perianth.

Uses: Rhizome acts as depressant on carotid pressure, myocardium and respiratory movements. It produces vasoconstriction in kidney, but vasodilation in spleen and limbs ad stimulates isolated intestines.Rhizome is anthelmintic and its powder is used as tonic. References: A compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal by Sushim Ranjan Baral and Puran Prasad Kurmi (October' 2006)

ys

Paris Polyphylla by Yannis Vassilopoulos Archived in Medicine section | Latest Approved Revision on: Tue. 12/04/2007

The herb comes also with the names Rhizoma Paridis , Paris Polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (French) Hare (chin.: hua chong lou 華重樓), Paris polyphylla Smith (chin.: qi ye yi zhi hua 七葉一枝花). It belongs to trilliaceae family. Polyphylla is broad-leaved translates to “many leaves “many(poly) leaves(phyla) and is justified by its shape. It is a perennial plant that has a preference to woodlands, forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes and streamside. The altitude ranges from 100 to 3500meters in western China. It is met in East Asia, China and

Himalayas. The plant can reach up to 1m height. It brings hermaphrodite flowers (both male and female) but it is not self fertile. They bloom from July to August. It is bitter, cold and slightly toxic.

Paris Polyphylla is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine, either primary or secondary, in numerous medical conditions. In this work more emphasis will be given at its ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. Uses The whole plant can be used as febrifuge, while the roots posses many healing properties. To mention a few, analgesic; antiphlogistic (removes heat), antispasmodic, antitussive, depurative, and narcotic. A decoction of the roots is used in the treatment of poisonous snake bites, boils and ulcers, diphtheria and epidemic Japanese B encephalitis. The roots have shown antibacterial action against Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B. paratyphi, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic streptococci, Meningococci etc. Epidemic encephalitis B, stomach ache, appendicitis, scrofula (lymphadenopathy), tonsillitis, parotitis, mastitis, poisonous snake bits, insect bites, boils. It removes heat, counteracts toxicity, causes the subsidence of swelling, alleviates pain and relieves convulsions. Boils, carbuncles, sore throat, venomus snake bit, traumatic pain, convulsions. Anti-tumor action Chinese scientists in Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology have isolated and studied anti-tumor active constituents from the rhizome of Paris polyphylla. The in vitro research have proven that all six compounds possess from medium to significant inhibition. To complement the above the Beijing Institute of Radiation medicine, have managed to isolate tree new steroidal saponins from the rhizome of the plant.

Nanjing University in corporation with the oncology department of Drum Tower Hospital (China), conducted an in-vitro anticancer research to investigate the activity of aqueous extracts and ethanol extracts of fifteen traditional Chinese medicines on human digestive tumor cell lines. The outcome of this study suggested that traditional Chinese medicine, and Paris polyphylla Smith in particular, might have potential anticancer activity on digestive cancer and its mechanism needs further study. Another study has justified the traditional use of the herb for insect bites, as it has proven the existence of tyrosinase inhibitory effect and antileishmanial constituents from the roots of the herb. Those are attributed mostly

to

diosgenin

saponins.

A number of diosgenyl saponins of Paris polyphylla were explored in another research, which was found to possess immuno-stimulating properties. There was a significant enhancement in phagocytic activity for certain saponin concentration.

A different study shows how effective can be a synergy between Paris polyphylla and Panax ginseng. Two isolated oligosaccharides of the former herb presented stimulation in the saponin production of the other herb, enhancing thus its therapeutic value. The result also suggested that those two oligosaccharides could have plant growthregulatory

activity

in

plant

tissue

cultures.

The department of biochemistry in Hong Kong presented that the steroidal saponin of Paris Polyphylla, polyphyllin D, has effects in growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells and in xenograft. It was found that treatment of certain tumor cells with polyphyllin D resulted in the inhibition of viability and induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The same authors published later on an improved article, where they concluded that polyphyllin D is a potent anticancer agent that can overcome drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and elicit programmed cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction. Both in dose and

time

dependent

manner.

Researchers from Japan presented that the methanolic extract from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla SM. var. yunnanensis (FR.) H-M. was found to potently inhibit ethanol(and/indomethacin )-induced gastric lesions in rats. A research carried out by the Naujing Pharmaceutical University in China reported the analgesic and sedative actions of Rhizoma Paridis. All of the 6 experimented species and varieties in common use were effective. Among them Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis had more potent analgesic action. Sedative action of P. fargesii, P. polyphylla var. chinensis, P. thibetica is also strong. In addition, pariphyllin A and gracillin were also used in the experiment. In China a biochemistry research has exploited the antimutagenic activity of 36 herbal extracts from anticancer drugs in Chinese medicine. This work presented that along with other four herbs (Actinidia chinensis P., Artemisia lavendulaefolia DC., Prunella vulgaris L.,. and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata T), Paris polyphylla , contains antimutagenic factors against both picrolonic acid- and benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutation.

Paris polyphylla is used as a primary herb in the treatment of liver, stomach, nose and throat cancer in traditional Chinese medicine. Secondary in lung cancer. Action Mechanism Roots ( rizhoma ) as well as stems contain various types of steroidal compounds like diosgenin, dioscin, . Pariphyllin(polyphyllin) A, B, D There

are

10

main

saponins

and

2

non

saponin

ingredients

extracted

from

Paris

Polyphylla.

Glycosides are the bioactive components of many famous Chinese medicines. C27-steroid Hemostatic saponins were found in Paris polyphylla. Mechanistically, polyphyllin D dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential, induces a down regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression, and activates caspase-9. These results suggest that polyphyllin D elicits apoptosis through mitochondria dysfunction. This action provides novel insights that polyphyllin D could serve as a candidate in breast cancer treatment. Paris Pollyphylla is being used in hospitals along with other herbs in conjunction with conventional drugs for the treatment of lung and breast cancers.

Dosage If used internally use from 4.5 to 9grams daily in decoction form. For external use, appropriate quantity to be ground into powder with water or apply mixed powder with vinegar and then apply to affected parts. Warnings – contraindications - reactions Paris Polyphylla is generally safe. However, Pregnant or lactating women should refrain from using the herb unless otherwise stated by their GP. As with all herbs and nutritional supplements, you should not try any of the above if you are on medical treatment unless you are told so by a professional healthcare provider.

Paris polyphylla is an important medicinal plant and its rhizome is used mainly for medicinal purpose for treatment of different diseases. The plant contains saponin steroids polyphyllin D, dioscin and balanitin. The rhizome is used as antihelmintic, antispasmodic, expectorant, scabies, rashes, or itching problems, to treat liver cancer.

Steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla suppress adhesion, migration and invasion of human lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9. BACKGROUND: Tumor metastases are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Paris polyphylla (Chinese name: Chonglou) has traditionally been used for its anti-cancer actions. In this article, we focus on the regulation of human lung cancer A549 cell metastases and invasion by Paris polyphylla steroidal saponins (PPSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated in A549 cells by MTT assay. Effects of PPSS on invasion and migration were investigated by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Adhesion to type IV collagen and laminin was evaluated by MTT assay. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively.

RESULTS: PPSS exerted growth inhibitory effects on A549 cells, and effectively inhibited A549 cell adhesion, migration and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting and gelatin zymography analysis revealed that PPSS inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS: PPSS has the potential to suppress the migration, adhesion and invasion of A549 cells. PPSS could be a potential candidate for interventions against lung cancer metastases.

बचछननभ यव ऐककननइट (Aconite) ररननकक ललसस (Ranunculaceae) यव बटरकप (Buttercup) कतल कव पपधव हह । यह उतरर गगलवधर कव दद शज हह । इसकर लगभग 100 जवततयवय जवत हह । भभरत मम भर इसकर कतछ जवततयवय पवई जवतर हह । ऐकगनवइट बहतत हर तवषह लव हगतव हह । इसकर जडड, पतड, बरजड और कभर-कभर फफ लड मम भर तवष रहतव हह । तककतत तनयतमत मवततरव मम सद वन करनद सद इनमम औषधरय गत ण हगतद हह । तबतरटद न मम आकगनरटत म नवपद ललत स (Aconitum napellus L.) मवनय औषतध हह । यह जवतत तग भवरत मम नहरक हगतर, तककतत इसकद वक श कर अनय जवततयवक पवई जवतर हह जग उतनर हर उपयगगर हह । इसकद फफ लड कव रक ग बह गनर-नरलव सद लद कर परलव और सफदद तक हगतव हह , कतछ फफ ल दततवरक गर भर हगतद हह । फफ लड कर सतक दर और टगप कद आकवर कद हगनद कद कवरण बचछनवभ कद पद ड उदवनड कर शगभव बढवनद कद तलए लगवए जवतद हह । बचछनवभ कव वयवहवर औषतधयड मम भर हगतव हह । इसकव लद प तततततरकभ शशल (Neuralgia) और आमववत (rhumatic pain) मम पतरयत कत हगतव हह । अत: यह परडवहवरर हगतव हह । मत खसद वन सद यह सवद दनकवरर हगतव हह । अत: जवर मम शररर कद तवप कग कम करतव हह , पर इसकर मवततरव बडर अलप रहतर हह , अनयथव यह घवतक हग सकतव हह । इसकर जडड सद तटत चर तह यवर हगतव हह और उस तटक चर कव एक बवर मम पवयच बफकद सद अतधक कव वयवहवर नहरक तकयव जवतव। अतत तवषवकत हगनद कद कवरण इसकद वयवहवर मम बडर सववधवनर बरतर जवतर हह । डवकटर कर अनत मतत कद तबनव इसकव वयवहवर नहरक करनव चवतहए। जग ऐकगनवइट ओषतध कद तलए वयवहत हगतव हह वह ऐकगनवइट नह पदलस (Aconite napellus) कहलवतव हह । इसकद तवष कव कवरण एक ऐलकललयड हह , तजसकव नवम एकगतनतटन (aconitin) तदयव गयव हह । यह शत दववसथव मम पतरवपत तकयव गयव हह और इसकर सक रचनव भर मवलफम कर लर गई हह ।

Aconitum ferox Wall. Indian Aconite वचनवग Vachnag Aconitum heterophyllum Atis root atis Aconitum palmatum Indian Aconite atis meetha Aconitum palmatum is a PERENNIAL. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees.Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil. We have very little information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in many parts of this country. The following notes are based on the general needs of the genus. Thrives in most soils and in the light shade of trees[1]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers a moist soil in sun or semi-shade[200]. Prefers a calcareous soil. Grows well in open woodlands[1, 4]. of this genus seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits and deer[233]. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby species, especially legumes.

Habitat of the herb:

Alpine regions between 3,000 and 5,000 metres.

Propagation of Aconitum palmatum:

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. The seed can be stratified and sown in spring but will then be slow to germinate. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for their first winter. Plant them out in late spring or early summer. Division - best done in spring but it can also be done in autumn. Another report says that division is best carried out in the autumn or late winter because the plants come into growth very early in the year. Cultivation of the herb:

Alpine regions between 3,000 and 5,000 metres.

Known hazards of Aconitum palmatum: One report says that this species has a non-poisonous root, though this should be treated with caution. The following notes are based on the general toxicity of the genus. The whole plant is highly toxic - simple skin has caused numbness in some people.

Crowfoot Latin name: Aconitum bisma (Buch. Ham.) Rapaics (Ranunculaceae), A. palmatum D. Don Sanskrit/Indian name: Prativisha, Bakhma General information: Crowfoot is a bitter herb, found in Sikkim, Nepal, and across the Himalayan terrain. Used in conjunction with Long Black Pepper, it is a potent remedy for bowel spasms, diarrhea and vomiting. It is regarded as a valuable tonic and a digestive.

Therapeutic constituents: Crowfoot contains the alkaloids vakognavine, palmatisine, vakatisine, vakatisinine and vakatidine, which render the herb its therapeutic properties (Indian Medicinal Plants—An Illustrated Dictionary, C.P.Khare. 24. 2007).

Key therapeutic benefits: 

A herbal concoction of Crowfoot and Long Black Pepper is effective in treating gastrointestinal disorders.



On external application, the herb relieves t aches as a result of rheumatism.

Aconitum bisma (Buch.-Ham.) Rapaics. Pharm.: wakhma, bikhma, bishma. Bot. syn.: Aconitum palmatum D. Don. History In the writing in english on Indian Drugs, it appears to have almost escaped attention. Dr. Buchanan, in his of the Kingdom of Nepal enumerates four kinds of Bakh, of which Bakhma is one, and describes it as a powerful bitter. With pepper, it is the remedy for pains in bowels, diarrhea and vomiting. It is regarded as a valuable tonic and digestive. Habitat It grows in the alpine Himalayas of Sikkim, Nepal and the ading parts of southern Tibet; between altitudes of 3,000m and 4,800 m. Morphology Description (Habit) It is a biennial raw herb with tuberous and paired roots. The mother root is often dry and cylindrical and the daughter root varies from shortly conical to long cylindrical. Its external surface is somewhat smooth and light brown. The leaves are orbicularcordate to reniform with a very wide shallow sinus. Flowers are greenish blue in few-flowered panicles. The follicles are 2.5-3.0 cm long. The seeds are blackish, obovoid, obscurely winged along the raphe and transversely lamellate. Principal Constituents The roots contain five diterpene alkaloids, viz. Palmatisine, Vakognavine (C34H37NO10), Vakatisine (C22H34NO2Cl), Vakatisinine (C22H33NO4) and Vakati (C22H33NO2). Toxicology The alkaloids identified from the plants are non-toxic1. Indications The root is intensely bitter like quinine and is used in combination with Long Pepper (Piper longum) for pain in the bowels, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Common name: Jadwar • Hindi: Jadwar, Judwar, Nirbishi, Nirbisi, Nirvisi • Kannada: nirvishi • Malayalam: nirvasi • Marathi: nirvishi • Nepali: तनरतबशर Nirbishi • Sanskrit: apavisha, avisa, avisha, nirvisa, nirvisha • Tamil: nirbasi • Urdu: jadwar

Botanical name: Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Delphinium denudatum Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family) Jadwar is critically endangered Himalayan herb, which was once commonest species. It is distinguished by its relatively small blue or violet flowers, borne in a widely branched inflorescence with a few spike-like clusters. Flowers are about 2.5 cm, with the upper outer petals about 1.2 cm and a spur 1.4-1.5 cm. Upper inner petals are white, the others blue. Leaves are 5-15 cm across, rounded in outline, cut into 3-5 broadly obovate segments, segments pinnately cut into oblong lobes or teeth 2-3 mm wide. Jadwar is found in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to C. Nepal, at altitudes of 1500-2700 m. Flowering: June-August. Medicinal uses: Warning: Unverified information It is one of the important drugs used as indigenous medicine in India, especially in Unani medicine. The roots of the plant are reported to be useful in a variety of ailments such as aconite poisoning, brain diseases, fungal infection, piles and toothache as analgesic and astringent. A number of studies have been done on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Its use in opium addiction is mentioned in some classical literature, which has been verified and validated in morphine induced physical dependent de-addiction studies. Delphinium denudatum is found on the outer ranges of western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at a height between 8000 to 12000 feet above sea level. Medicinal properties: It is one of the important drugs used as indigenous medicine in India, especially in Unani medicine.[1][2] Its vernacular name is Jadwar. The roots of the plant are reported to be useful in a variety of ailments such as aconite poisoning, brain diseases, fungal infection, piles and toothache as analgesic and astringent.[3][4][5] A number of studies have been done on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties.[6][7] Its use in opium addiction is mentioned in some classical literature,[8][9] which has been verified and validated in morphine-induced physical dependent deaddiction studies. Satuwa in kumaon hills Seven sacred groves viz., Dhwaj, Haat Kali, Hokra, Malay Nath, Nakuleshwar, Narayan Swami Ashram and Patal Bhuvneshwar were identified from the Pithoragarh district of Kumaon Himalaya. 89 medicinal plants belonging to 52 families and 77 genera of which, 2 are lichens, 4 are pteridophytes, 3 are gymnosperms and remaining 80 plant species are angiosperms. 6 plant species are reported with new therapeutic uses for the first time in this paper. Highest informant‫׳‬s consensus factor value was found in liver disorder (0.55) and least by body pains (0.23). 55 ethnomedicinal plants are showing 100% fidelity level against various diseases.