Punjabi fsg
This document was ed by and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this report form. Report l4457
Overview 6h3y3j
& View Punjabi as PDF for free.
More details h6z72
- Words: 6,972
- Pages: 18
Punjabi language
1
Punjabi language Punjabi Language ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, یباجنپ, Panjābī
The word "Punjabi" in Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi and Devanagari
Spoken in
By a majority: Pakistan India Migrant speakers in: United Kingdom Canada United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia United States
Region
Punjab
Total speakers
88,000,000 (Ethnologue 2005 estimate) [2] 57,129,000 (Encarta)
Language family
Indo-European
[1]
•
Indo-Aryan North-Western Zone
•
•
Writing system
Punjabi Language
Gurmukhi in Punjab (India), Haryana, Delhi and Sikh diaspora Shahmukhi in Punjab (Pakistan) and Sarhad [3] Devanagari in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu Official status
Official language in Regulated by
India (Indian Punjab) Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab (Non-official))
No official regulation Language codes
ISO 639-1
pa
ISO 639-2
pan
ISO 639-3
pan
Punjabi language
2
Distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan
This page contains Indic text. Without rendering you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...
Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script and یباجنپin Shahmukhi script), sometimes specified as Eastern Punjabi to distinguish it from Western Punjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (north western India and in Pakistan). For Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. Punjabi is the most spoken language in Pakistan. According to the Ethnologue 2005 estimate,[1] there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it approximately the 12th most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,[4] there are 76,335,300 native Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and according to the 2001 Census of India, there are 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.[5] Punjabi language has many different dialects, spoken in the different sub-regions of greater Punjab. Since the Partition of British India in 1947, the Punjabi spoken in the two countries have deviated from each other, with Pakistani's retaining strong on Persian and Arabic vocabulary through Urdu, and India's relying more heavily on Sanskrit vocabulary through Hindi. The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect. This dialect is considered as textbook Punjabi and is spoken in the historical region of Majha,[6] centralizing in Lahore and Amritsar. Along with Lahnda and Western Pahari languages, Punjabi is unusual among modern Indo-European languages because it is a tonal language.[7] [8] [9] [10]
Punjabi language
History Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language like many other modern languages of South Asia. It is a descendant of Sauraseni Prakrit, which was the chief language of medieval northern India.[11] [12] [13] Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 11th century. The first traces of punjabi language can be found in works of nath yogis(jogis) gorkahnath & charpat nath in 9th & 10th century. The Punjabi literary tradition is popularly seen to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid) (1173–1266), many ancient Sufi mystics and later Guru Nanak Dev ji, the first Guru of Sikhism. The early Punjabi literature was principally spiritual in nature and has had a very rich oral tradition. The poetry written by Sufi saints has been the folklore of the Punjab and is still sung with great love in any part of Punjab. Between 1600 and 1850, Muslim Sufi, Sikh and Hindu writers composed many works in Punjabi. The most famous Punjabi Sufi poet was Baba Bulleh Shah (1680–1757), who wrote in the Kafi style. Bulleh Shah practiced the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1629–1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640–1724). His lifespan also overlapped with the legendary Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722–1798), of Heer Ranjha fame. Waris Shah's rendition of the tragic love story of Heer Ranjha is among the most popular medieval Punjabi works. Other popular tragic love stories are Sohni Mahiwal, Mirza Sahiba and Sassi Punnun. Shah Mohammad's Jangnama is another fine piece of poetry that gives an eyewitness of the First Anglo-Sikh War that took place after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The linguist George Abraham Grierson in his multivolume Linguistic Survey of India (1904–1928) used the word "Punjabi" to refer to several languages spoken in the Punjab region: the term "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 pnb) covered dialects (now designated separate languages) spoken to the west of Montgomery and Gujranwala districts, while "Eastern Punjabi" referred to what is now simply called Punjabi (ISO 639-3 pan)[14] After Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko (earlier categorized as "Western Punjabi") started to be counted as separate languages, the percentage of Pakistanis recorded as Punjabi speakers was reduced from 59% to 44%. Although not an official language, Punjabi is still the predominant language of Pakistan. Modern Punjabi is not the predominant language of the Sikh scriptures (which though in Gurmukhi script are written in several languages).[15] A few portions of Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi dialects, but the book is interspersed with several other languages including Brajbhasha, Khariboli, Sanskrit and Persian.[16] Guru Gobind Singh, the last Guru of the Sikhs composed Chandi di Var in Punjabi, although most of his works are composed in other languages like Braj bhasha and Persian. However, in the 20th century, the Punjabi-speaking Sikhs started attaching importance to the Punjabi written in the Gurmukhi script as a symbol of their distinct identity.[15] The Punjabi identity was affected by the communal sentiments in the 20th century. Bhai Vir Singh, a major figure in the movement for the revival of Punjabi literary tradition, started insisting that the Punjabi language was the exclusive preserve of the Sikhs.[17] After the partition of India, the Punjab region was divided between Pakistan and India. Although the Punjabi people formed the 2nd biggest linguistic group in Pakistan after Bengali, Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan, and Punjabi did not get any official status. The Indian Punjab, which then also included what are now Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, became Hindi-majority. In the 1960s, the Shiromani Akali Dal proposed "Punjabi Suba", a state for Punjabi speakers in India. Paul R. Brass, the Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, opines that the Sikh leader Fateh Singh tactically stressed the linguistic basis of the demand, while downplaying the religious basis for the demand—a state where the distinct Sikh identity could be preserved.[15] The movement for a Punjabi Suba led to trifurcation of Indian Punjab into three states: Punjab (India), Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
3
Punjabi language
4
Modern Punjabi In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 languages with official status in India. It is the first official language of Punjab (India). In Pakistan, Punjabi is the most spoken language and is the provincial language of Punjab (Pakistan) the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan. The famous Punjabi writers from Pakistan include: • • • • • • • •
Shareef Kunjahi Mir Tanha Yousafi Sanawar Chadhar Abid Tamimi Anwar Masood Afzal Ahsan Randhawa Aatish Shaista Nuzhat
Punjabi is native to the Punjab region of South Asia
The famous Indian Punjabi poets in modern times are: • • • • •
Prof. Mohan Singh Amrita Pritam Balwant Gargi Shiv Kumar Batalvi Surjit Paatar
Geographic distribution Pakistan Punjabi is the most spoken language of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as first language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in the country. Punjabis are dominant in key institutions such as business, agriculture, industry, government, army, navy, air force, and police which is why about 70% of Pakistanis can understand or speak Punjabi. The Punjabis found in Pakistan are composed of various social groups, castes and economic groups. Muslim Rajputs, Jat, Tarkhans, Dogars, Gujjars, Gakhars, Khatri or Punjabi Shaikhs, Kambohs, and Arains, comprise the main tribes in the north, while Awans, Gilanis, Gardezis, Syeds and Quraishis are found in the south. There are Pashtun tribes like the Niazis and the lodhis, which are very much integrated into Punjabi village life. People in major urban areas have diverse origins, with many post-Islamic settlers tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey, Arabia and Central Asia.
istrative Divisions of Punjab Pakistan.
Punjabi language
5
Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi Speakers 1951 33,740,167
57.08%
22,632,905
1961 42,880,378
56.39%
28,468,282
1972 65,309,340
56.11%
43,176,004
1981 84,253,644
48.17%
40,584,980
1998 132,352,279
44.15%
58,433,431
Source: [18] In the National Census of Pakistan (1981) Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko (Before categorized as "Western Punjabi") got the status of separate languages thats why number of Punjabi speakers got decreased.
Provinces of Pakistan by Punjabi speakers (2008) Rank
Division
Punjabi speakers
Percentage
–
Pakistan
76,335,300
44.15%
1
Punjab
70,671,704
75.23%
2
Sindh
3,592,261
6.99%
3
Islamabad Capital Territory
1,343,625
71.66%
4
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
396,085
0.97%
5
Balochistan
318,745
2.52%
6
Federally istered Tribal Areas 12,880
0.23%
India Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 2.85% of Indians. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab. The Punjabis found in India are composed of various ethnic groups, tribal groups, social groups (caste) and economic groups. Some major sub-groups of Punjabis in India include Ahirs, Arora, Bania, Bhatia, Brahmin, Chamar, Gujjar, Kalals/Ahluwalias, Kambojs, Khatris, Lobanas, Jats, Rajputs, Saini, Sood and Tarkhan. Most of these groups can be further sub-divided into clans and family groups.
Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters
Most of East Punjab's Muslims (in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh) left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in Malerkotla, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six (mostly Sikh) states were: Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, Kapurthala and Kalsia.
Punjabi language
6
Census History of Punjabi Speakers In India Year Population of India Punjabi Speakers in India
Percentage
1971 548,159,652
14,108,443
2.57%
1981 665,287,849
19,611,199
2.95%
1991 838,583,988
23,378,744
2.79%
2001 1,028,610,328
29,102,477
2.83%
The Punjabi Diaspora Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language[19] ) and Canada, where in recent times Punjabi has grown fast and has now become the fourth most spoken language.[20]
Southall Station(United Kingdom) sign in Gurmukhī alphabets of Punjabi language.
List in order of native speakers
Countries by number of Punjabi speakers
Punjabi language
7
Rank
Country
First language [21]
1
Pakistan
76,335,300
2
India
29,109,672
3
United Kingdom
500,000
4
Canada
300,000
5
United Arab Emirates 200,000
6
United States
200,000
7
Saudi Arabia
100,000
8
Hong Kong
100,000
9
Kingdom of Sarawak 185,000
10
South Africa
30,000
11
Myanmar
120,000
12
90,000
13
Greece
80,000
14
Thailand
75,000
15
Japan
75,000
16
Mauritius
70,000
17
Singapore
70,000
18
Oman
68,000
19
Libya
65,000
20
Bahrain
60,000
21
Kenya
55,000
22
Australia
50,000
23
Tanzania
45,000
24
Kuwait
40,000
25
35,000
[22]
Punjabi language
Dialects: linguistic classification In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in asg some dialects to one or another "language".[23] [24] However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. In modern India, the states are largely designed to encom the territories of major languages with an established written standard. Thus Indian Punjab is the Punjabi language state (in fact, the neighboring state of Haryana, which was part of Punjab state in 1947, was split off from it because it is a Hindi speaking region). Some of its major urban centers are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Dialects of Punjabi Jalandhar, and Patiala. In Pakistan, the Punjabi speaking territory spans the east-central districts of Punjab Province. Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sialkot, Jhang, SargodhaSahiwal, Bahawalnagar, Multan, Jhelum and Gujrat. Lahore the historic capital of Punjab is the largest Punjabi speaking city in the world. Lahore has 86% native Punjabis of total population of the city. and Islamabad the Capital of Pakistan has 71% Native Punjabis of total population.
Major Punjabi dialects Majhi The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect and spoken in the heart of Punjab where most of the Punjabi population lives. The Majhi dialect, the dialect of the historical region of Majha,[6] which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Okara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and to some extant in Jhelum District of Pakistani Punjab and Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib, and Gurdaspur Districts of the Indian State of Punjab. Pothowari This dialect is spoken in north Pakistani Punjab. mainly The area where Pothowari is spoken extends in the north from Muzaffarabad to as far south as Jhelum, Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi. [phr] 49,440 (2000 WCD). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Bhimber. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Alternate names: Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-Kairali. Dialects: Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Jhelumi, Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari', 'Potwari', and some called 'Hindko' in Mansehra, Muzaffarabad, and Jammun. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari. Jhangochi /Rachnavi/Changvi or Chenavari
8
Punjabi language Jhangochi ( )یچوگنھجdialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. Jhangochi or Rachnavi is the oldest and most idiosyncratic dialect of the Punjabi. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi and Chenab to Gujranwala district. It then runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian areas, on the banks of river Sutlej. This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e., areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar, Ganji Bar and also from Khanewal to Jhang includes Faisalabad and Chiniot. Shahpuri This dialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. The Shahpuri language has been spoken by the people of the town Shahpur. This language has been spoken by the people of District Sargodha including Dera Chanpeer Shah, Khushab, Jhang, Mianwali, Attock, parts of Faisalabad (formerly Lyallpur), parts of Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalnagar, Chakwal, Mianwali, Sargodha, Khushab and Mandi Bahauddin districts. Hindko Classified under Lahnda languages by many linguists; perhaps differs from Punjabi. Hindko dialect is spoken in north west Pakistani Punjab and North-West Frontier Province mainly this dialect is spoken in districts of Peshawar, Attock, Nowshehra, Mansehra, Balakot, Abbottabad and Murree and the lower half of Neelum District and Muzafarabad. Malwi Malwi spoken in the eastern part of Indian Punjab. Main areas are Ludhiana, Moga, Sangrur, Barnala, Faridkot, Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mansa, Muktsar, Ambala, Bathinda, Ganganagar, Malerkotla, Ropar, Ferozepur. Malwa is the southern and central part of present day Indian Punjab. It also includes the Punjabi speaking northern areas of Haryana, viz. Ambala, Hissar, Sirsa, Kurukshetra etc. Not to be confused with the Malvi language, which shares its name. Doabi Doabi spoken in Indian Punjab. The word "Do Aabi" means "the land between two rivers" and this dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej. It includes Jalandhar, Nawanshahr, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur districts. Pwadhi Powadh or Puadh or Powadha is a region of Punjab and parts of Haryana between the Satluj and Ghaggar rivers. The part lying south, south-east and east of Rupnagar adjacent to Ambala District (Haryana) is Powadhi. The Powadh extends from that part of the Rupnagar District which lies near Satluj up to the Ghaggar river in the east, which separates the states of Punjab and Haryana. Parts of Fatehgarh Sahib district, and parts of Patiala districts like Rajpura are also part of Powadh. The language is spoken over a large area in present Punjab as well as Haryana. In Punjab, Kharar, Kurali, Ropar, Nurpurbedi, Morinda, Pail, Rajpura, and Samrala are the areas where the Puadhi language is spoken and the area itself is claimed as including from Pinjore, Kalka to Bangar area in Hisar district which includes even Nabha and Patiala in it. Dogri Although Dogri is generally considered a separate language having its own vocabulary, some sources consider it a dialect of Punjabi. It is spoken by about 3.5 million peoples in the Jammu region of India. Saraiki/Multani Saraiki or Multani is a mixture of jhangochi dialect of Punjabi and Sindhi. Saraiki is the new name, for centuries, Multani was in use. It is now considered a separate language instead of merely a dialect of
9
Punjabi language
10
Punjabi.Saraiki has various sub-dialects such as Thalochi,Multani,Riasti and Derawali. It is mostly spoken in southern and western districts of Punjab,which comprises Multan, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan, southern and western parts of Khanewal,southern parts of Bahawalnagar and western parts of Khushab districts. It is also spoken by majority of population of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( )اوخنوتښپ ربیخprovince, kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts of Sindh, and cities of Hyderabad and Karachi. Saraiki or Multani is also spoken by Hindu who migrated from Pakistan during partition of India. Multanis and Jhangis(people who migrated from Jhang, Multan and areas of Southern Pakistani Punjab) in Delhi speak the language at family gatherings. Though the language is losing it's base in India but community elders have been trying to keep it alive. Dhani The people of Pothohar speak Pothohari dialect. However, the people of Chakwal or the Dhanni area in particular do not speak Pothohari and are ethnologically not regarded as Potoharis. They speak a distinctive Chakwali or Dhanni dialect of Punjabi, which is closer to Shahpuri, a dialect spoken in the Shahpur-Salt Range area and also has a slight element of Saraiki and Pothohari. Punjabi University classification Punjabi University, Patiala, State of Punjab, India takes a very liberal definition of Punjabi in that it classifies Saraiki, Dogri and Pothohari/Pothwari as Punjabi. Accordingly, the University has issued the following list of dialects of Punjabi:[25] •
Awankari
•
Dhani
•
Lubanki
•
Thalochri
•
Baar di Boli •
Doabi
•
Malwai
•
Wajeerawadi
•
Banwali
•
Dogri
•
Majhi
•
Bhattiani
•
Ghebi
•
Pahari
•
Bherochi
•
Gojri
•
Pothohari/Pindiwali
•
Chacchi
•
Hindko
•
Powadhi
•
Chakwali
•
Jatki
•
Punchi
•
Chambiali
•
Jhangochi •
Peshori/Peshawari
•
Chenavri
•
Kangri
•
Rathi
•
Kachi
•
Swaen
The "Lahnda" construct The name "Punjab" means "5 waters" in Persian (panj ab) and refers to five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. The historical Punjab region, now divided between Pakistan and India, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. The bulk of the Panjab, 3.5 rivers are located in Pakistan. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej River, and lies entirely in present day India, well within the eastern half of historical Punjab. The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" or Lahnda spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from eastern or jurdga Punjabi. He christened this group of dialects "Lahindā" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919.[14] He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as multani or Saraiki. The northern Lahnda sub-Group has eveloved into Modern Panjistani (or pahiri/mirpur/pothoahri)and modern Hindko .Grierson tentatively identified the boundary between Punjabi and "Lahnda" as a north-south line running from the Gujranwala District to the former Montgomery District (near the town on Sahiwal). This line lies well west of Lahore and within the boundary of Pakistan.[26]
Punjabi language
11
In the aftermath of the independence of Pakistan and subsequent Partition of 1947, some investigators supposed that the Punjabi speakers in new Pakistan might give up their native dialects and adopt one or another "Lahnda" dialect; but this did not occur.[26]
Classification by Ethnologue Because of the stature of Ethnologue as a widely accepted authority on the identification and classification of dialects and languages, their divergent views of the geographical distribution and dialectal naming of the Punjabi language merit mention. They designate what tradition calls "Punjabi" as "Eastern Punjabi" and they have implicitly adopted the belief (contradicted by other specialists[27] ) that the language border between "western Panjabi" and "eastern Panjabi" has shifted since 1947 to coincide with the international border.[28]
Examples English
Majhi, Standard Punjabi
Pothohari
Dogri
Pahari
multani
doabi
What are you doing? (masculine)
Ki karda ain?/ki karan deya ain?/ki karda pya ain?
Ka karne uo?
Ke karde o?
Ke (kay) peya kare-nanh?
ke karende paye o?
ki karda aa?
What are you doing? (masculine to address female)
Ki kardi ain?/ki karan dayi ain?/ki kardi payi ain?
Ka karani ay?
Ke karani ae?
Ke (kay) pai (payi) kare-neenh?
ke (kay) karende paye o?
ki kardi aa tu?
How are you?
Ki haal ae?
Keh aal e?
ke aal a?
Tudda ke haal e (eh)?
keevein haal tuhaade?
Do you speak Punjabi? Tusi Punjabi Bol lainde o Punjabii bolne ? uo?
Punjabi bolde o?
Punjabi uburne o? tussan punjabi bol lainde o?
tu punjabi bol laena?
Where are you from?
Tusi kithon de o?/Tusi kidron aaye o?
Tusa kudhr nay aiyo?
Tus kudhr to o?
Kathe ne o?
tussan kithon de o?
kithon aa tu?
Pleased to meet you
Tenu/tuanu mil ke bahut khushi hoyi.
Tusan milay tay boo khushi oye
Tusan nu miliye Tussan mil ke bahut khusi oyi khushi thi.
Tenu/tuanu mil ke bahut khushi thi e.
tuhanu mil k bahut khushi hoyi
What's your name?
Tuada naa ki ae?
Tusan naa ke aa?
Tusan da naa kay ai?
Tudda ke naanh ve?
Tuada naa ki ae?
tera naam ki aa?
My name is ...
Mera naa ain...
Mara naa ... e
Mera naa ... e
Mainda naanh ... eh
mainda naa .... e.
mera naam aa
What is your village's name?
Tuade pind/graan da naa ki ae?/ Tuada pind/graan kehda ae?
Tusane graana naa ke aa?
Tusan da graan kay aa?
Tudde gerayenh na ke naanh ve?
tuade pind/graan da kay naa ae?
tere pind da ki naam aa
Yes
Haanji
Aaho
Aah
Haan
haanji
No
Nay
Naa
Nahin
Nayin
naa
Would you like (to eat) Mithaee lawoge? / some sweets? Mithaee Khawoge?
Mithaee khaso?
Kish mithaee khaani e?
Kuj mitha khaine o?
tussan mithaee ghinso?
mitha khaunge tusi?
I love you.
Main tenu pyaar karda haan.
Mai tuki pyar karna.
Mai tugi pyar karna.
Main tuhan pyar kare-nanh.
main tenu pyaar karda haan.
mai tuhanu pyar karda haan.
We went to the Cinema
Assin Cinema gaye saan.
Assa cinema gaye saa
As cinema gaye he.
Assi cinema gaye ayan.
aasan cinema gaye saa.
asin cinema gye si.
Where should I go?
Mainu kitthe jana chahida ae?
Mai kudhar jaa
Migi kuthe jaavnaah?
mainu kitthe vanjna chaida ae?
mai kithe jawa
ki haal chal aa?
hanji nai
Punjabi language
12
Phonology Vowels Front Near-front Central Near-back Back Close
iː
Close-mid
eː
uː ɪ
ʊ
Mid vowel Open-mid
oː
ə ɛː
ɔː
Open
aː
The long vowels (the vowels with [ː]) also have nasalized versions.
Consonants Bilabial Labio- Dental/ Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal dental Alveolar Nasal Plosive and Affricate
m
n
ɳ
ɲ
ŋ
voiceless
p
t̪
ʈ
t͡ʃ
k
voiceless aspirated
pʰ
t̪ʰ
ʈʰ
t͡ʃʰ
kʰ
voiced
b
d̪
ɖ
d͡ʒ
ɡ
Fricative
(f)
Flap Approximant
ʋ
s (z)
(ʃ)
ɾ
ɽ
l
ɭ
ɦ
j
Tone Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low. A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem final murmured consonant became voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāuṇā [məɡɑ̀ːʊ̀ɳɑ̀ː] "to have something lit". Other syllables and words have mid tone.[29]
Writing system There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the standard Nastaʿlīq script as it has four additional letters.[30] The eastern part of the Punjab region, located in India, is divided into three states. In the state of Punjab, the Gurmukhī script is generally used for writing Punjabi. Punjabi Hindus, who are mainly concentrated in the neighbouring Indian states such of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, as well as the national capital territory of Delhi, sometimes use the Devanāgarī script to write Punjabi.[30] While a Punjabi GCSE is available to students in the United Kingdom; its written exam is in Gurmukhi only.
Punjabi language
Punjabi in modern culture Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis in modern media and communications. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian Bollywood cinema. In recent years a trend of Bollywood songs written totally in Punjabi can be observed. Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at the national level. A number of television dramas based on Punjabi characters are telecast by different channels. The number of students opting for Punjabi literature has increased in Pakistani Punjab. Punjabi cinema in India has also seen a revival and more and more Punjabi movies are being produced. Punjabi music is very popular in modern times.[31]
Sample text Example 1 This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Amritsar; translated to English and transliterated to Latin. Gurmukhi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ, ਮਤਲਬ "ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ ਦਾ ਸਰੋਵਰ", ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸਰਹੱਦੀ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸਥਾਨ ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਦ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਹੈ| ਇਹ ਦੀ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਕਰੀਬ ੨੦੦੦੦੦੦ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਅਤੇ ੩੦੦੦੦੦੦ ਦੇ ਕਰੀਬ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਜ਼ਿਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ੨੦੦੧ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਜਨ-ਸੰਖਿਆ ਗਣਨਾ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦਾ ਪਰਸ਼ਾਸਕੀ ਮੁੱਖ ਦਫ਼ਤਰ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਜ਼ਿਲਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਪਰਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਭਾਗ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਤੋਂ 67 ਕਿਲੋਮੀਟਰ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ। Shahmukhi: رسترما، "روورس اد ترما" بلطم، باجنپ، ےتا کمراھد د یھکس ناھتس ہہیا ۔ےہ رہش یدحرس اد تراھب بیرق یدابآ ید سا |ےہ ردنیک کراچایھبس2000000 ےتا یرہش3،000،000 ّچو علض رسترما بیرق ےد2001 یتراھب نج-گاھب یرتا ّچو شیدرپ باجنپ ید تراھب ہہیا ۔ےہ علض رسترما رتفد ھکم یکساشرپ اد سا ۔ےہ راسونا اننگ ایھکنس ےہ، ںوت روہال ہک وج67 ۔ےہ رود رٹیمولک Transliteration: ammritsar, matlab "amrit dā sarōvar", panjāb, pā̀rat dā sarhaddī shahir he. ih sathān sikkh tàram da tā̀rmik atē sàbiācārak kēndar he. ih dī ābādī karīb 2,000,000 shahirī atē 3,000,000 dē karīb ammritsar zilē vicc 2001 pā̀ratī jan-sankhiā gaṇanā anusār he. is dā parshāskī mukkh daftar ammritsar zilā he. ih pā̀rat dī panjāb pardēsh vicc uttarī pā̀g he, jō ki lāhor tō᷈ 67 kilōmīṭar dūr he.
Example 2 This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore; translated to English and transliterated to Latin. Gurmukhi: ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦਾ ਦਾਰੁਲ ਹਕੂਮਤ ਐ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਬ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਐ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਰਹਤਲੀ ਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਐ ਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਏ। ਲਹੌਰ ਦਰਿਆਏ ਰਾਵੀ ਦੇ ਕੰਡੇ ਤੇ ਵਸਦਾ ਏ ਉਹਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਐ । Shahmukhi: ۔ےا رہش اڈو ںوت بس اجود روہل دعب ںوت یچارک لان ےد یتنگ کول ۔ےا تموکحلاراد اد باجنپ ناتسکاپ روہل یسایس اد ناتسکاپ روہل، ۓایرد روہل ۔ےا ادناج ایک یو لد اد ناتسکاپ ںونیا یئل ےسیا ےت ےا ھڑگ اد یئاھڑپ ےت یلتہر ۔ ےا ےڑین ےد ڑورک کا یتنگ کول یدسا ےا ادسو ےت ےڈنک ےد یوار Transliteration: lahor pākistān panjāb dā dārul hakūmat e. lōk giṇtī dē nāḷ karācī tō᷈ bāad lahor dūjā sab tō᷈ vaḍḍā shahir e. lahor pākistān dā siāsī, rahtalī tē paṛā̀ī dā gā́ṛ e tē isē laī ihnū᷈ pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ē. lahor dariāē rāvī dē kanḍē tē vasdā ē uhdī lōk giṇtī ikk karōṛ dē nēṛē e.
13
Punjabi language
Dictionaries • Kalra, Surjit S. & Nagi, J.S., English–Panjabi Topic Dictionary. DTF Publishers and Distributors, 117 Soho Road, Handsworth, Birmingham B21 9ST. 2009. (Useful for U.K. diaspora). • Singh, Maya. The Panjabi dictionary [32]. Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895. • Shabdkosh.com: Punjabi to English Dictionary [33] English to Punjabi Dictionary • Online translator English to Punjabi, or vice-versa [34] • Punjabi Kashmiri Dictionary by Omkar N Koul and Rattan Lal Talashi. Patiala: Language Department. 1998. Pothohari (Northern Lahnda, pahari or Modern panjistani) dictionary by Sharif Shad
Notes [1] Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005). [2] Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ media_701500404/ Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People. html). Encarta. [3] S. N. Sridhar; Yamuna Kachru (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780521781411. [4] According to statpak.gov.pk (http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco/ statistics/ other_tables/ pop_by_mother_tongue. pdf) 44.15% of the Pakistani speaks Punjabi natively. This translates to approximately 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers according to the 2008 census (Total population: 172,900,000). [5] List of Indian languages by number of native speakers, 2001 [6] "Majhi" is a word used with reference to many other places and dialects in north India; these have nothing to do with the Majhi dialect of Punjabi [7] Barbara Lust, James Gair. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Page 637. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. [8] (http:/ / www. omniglot. com/ writing/ gurmuki. htm) [9] Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi (http:/ / www. crulp. org/ Publication/ Crulp_report/ CR02_21E. pdf) [10] Geeti Sen. Crossing Boundaries. Orient Blackswan, 1997. ISBN 978-81-250-1341-9. Page 132. Quote: "Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer..." [11] India's culture through the ages by Mohan Lal Vidyarthi. Published by Tapeshwari Sahitya Mandir, 1952. Page 148: "From the apabhramsha of Sauraseni are derived Punjabi, Western Hindi, Rajasthani and Gujerati [sic]..." [12] National Communication and Language Policy in India By Baldev Raj Nayar. Published by F. A. Praeger, 1969. Page 35. "...Sauraseni Aprabhramsa from which have emerged the modern Western Hindi and Punjabi." [13] The Sauraseni Pr?krit Language (http:/ / linguistlist. org/ forms/ langs/ LLDescription. cfm?code=psu). "This Middle Indic language originated in Mathura, and was the main language used in drama in Northern India in the medieval period. Two of its descendants are Hindi and Punjabi." [14] Shackle 1970:240 [15] Brass, Paul R. (2005). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. iUniverse. p. 326. ISBN 9780595343942. [16] The Adi Granth: Or The Holy Scriptures Of The Sikhs by Ernest Trumpp. 2004. ISBN 81-215-0244-6. [17] Punjabis Without Punjabi (http:/ / www. apnaorg. com/ articles/ ishtiaq8/ ) By Ishtiaq Ahmed. The News, 24 May 2008. [18] http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco/ index. html [19] "Punjabi Community". (http:/ / www. publications. parliament. uk/ pa/ cm199900/ cmhansrd/ vo000307/ halltext/ 00307h02. htm) The United Kingdom Parliament. [20] "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/ articleshow/ 2782138. cms). The Times Of India. 14 February 2008. . [21] Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue (http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco/ statistics/ other_tables/ pop_by_mother_tongue. pdf) [22] Indian Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) [23] Masica 1991:25 [24] Burling 1970:chapter on India [25] Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture (http:/ / www. advancedcentrepunjabi. org/ intro1. asp) [26] Masica 1991:20 [27] e.g., Shackle 1970:240, Panjabi University in India, see below [28] Ethnologue country pages for Pakistan and India; page for Indo-Aryan languages [29] Harjeet Singh Gill, "The Gurmukhi Script", p. 397. In Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. 1996.
14
Punjabi language [30] "Punjabi" (http:/ / www. lmp. ucla. edu/ Profile. aspx?LangID=95& menu=004). University of California, Los Angeles. . Retrieved 2009–10–31. [31] . 9 march 2011. http:/ / www. sify. com/ mobile/ movies/ balle-balle-punjabi-music-is-flavour-of-bollywood-news-national-ldjjEcbhfef. html. Retrieved 9 march 2011. [32] http:/ / dsal. uchicago. edu/ dictionaries/ singh/ [33] http:/ / www. shabdkosh. com/ pa/ [34] http:/ / www. punjabonline. com/ servlet/ library. dictionary?Action=English
Note 3 Bhatia, Tej K. 2007. Regional languages of South Asia. In: Sridhar and Kachru. Languages in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Note 4 Bhatia, Tej K. 2005. Punjabi, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition, pp. 291–295. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd Note 7 Bhatia, Tej K. Punjabi: A Cognitive-Typological Study. [General Editor: Bernard Comrie], London: Routledge. 2010 [paperback] and 1993. Bhatia, Tej K. 1996. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi. In: Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages, Barbara Lust et al. (eds.), 637-714. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
References • Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man's many voices. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. • Ethnologue. Indo-Aryan (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90032) Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. • Ethnologue. Languages of India (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IN) • Ethnologue. Languages of Pakistan (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=PK) • Grierson, George A. 1904–1928. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/). Calcutta. • Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge Univ. Press. • Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219–240. • Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3):239–267. Available online at [[JSTOR (http:// www.jstor.org/stable/311495)]].
Further reading • Punjabi Phrasebook on Wikitravel (http://wikitravel.org/en/Punjabi_phrasebook) • Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars. • Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Deparmtent, Punjab University. • Shackle, C. 1972. Punjabi. London: English Universities Press. • Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Panjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).
15
Punjabi language
External links • Learn how to read Gurmukhi, muharni and count in Gurmukhi/punjabi (http://www.muharni.com) • englishtopunjabi.com (http://www.englishtopunjabi.com) Write in Punjabi using English keyboard.
16
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Punjabi language Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=440627234 Contributors: 10metreh, 208.137.146.xxx, 213.253.39.xxx, 3swordz, 4mahmood, AKA MBG, Aarandir, Abtinb, Abulfazl, AdelaMae, Adnanbhangu, Aetheling, Aeusoes1, Afinebalance, Afluent Rider, AgarwalSumeet, Aghniyya, Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Akch, Aksera, Aldaron, Ale jrb, AlexanderKaras, Alfredo00001, Ali-Rana-77, Aliyusuf, Allissonn, Amarbaines, Ambitus, Americandollar68, Amire80, Amrinder23, Anbu0, Anclation, Andonic, Andres, Andrew Dalby, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Angr, Anirvan, Anna Lincoln, AnonyLog, Anshuk, Antandrus, Anupam, Apparition11, Aqwis, Arvind Iyengar, Atamrandhawa, Atwal jassi, Avish2217, AyyoubW, Azalea pomp, Azndragon126, Badagnani, Basawala, Basketball110, Batinde, Bcharles, Bejnar, Benipalg, BernardM, Bhola, BigDukeSix, Bnagra, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bpeps, Bruinfan12, Bryan Derksen, Budhail, Burschik, Byrial, CSWarren, Canderson7, Canuck90, Capitalistroadster, Capricorn42, Cassowary, Chartreuse green, Chinju, Chochopk, Circeus, ClamDip, Cleduc, Colombianstar, CommonsDelinker, Com35, Cooldeveloper, Cooldevil2, Coolrsa, baherwani, CuteRobin, Cyberxperts, Cyrius, DaGizza, Dale Arnett, Dancter, Dbachmann, Deeptrivia, Delldot, DerHexer, DialUp, Diannaa, DigiBullet, Dina, Disavian, Doldrums, Doric Loon, Doubleg, Dp462090, Dreadstar, Drkausar, E Wing, Edward321, Eggsaremine, Ekabhishek, El C, Eleassar, Emirati Icon, EoGuy, Eog1916, Esperant, Everyking, Falcon8765, FergAAA, Fibonacci, FirstPrinciples, FisherQueen, Foobaz, Forever Dusk, Francis Tyers, Fratrep, Freknsay, FreplySpang, Friedfish, Fusion07, G. minhas, GO@C, Gagneet, Gail, Gailtb, GarryMann, Garzo, Gdarin, GeeJo, Glenfarclas, Gman124, Gogo Dodo, Gr8white, Graham87, Grandmasterka, Ground Zero, Grover cleveland, Gupta.karunaka, Gurbir1987, Gurdevsinghsidhu, Gurtejnz, Gwernol, Haarman4k, Hadal, Hafeezonline, Hairy Dude, Happytime, Harisingh, Harkamal1001, Harpreet19, Harprit, Harry911, Harsimran.saini, Hartmut Haberland, Hatch68, Hatkkk, Heera420, Heil cf2, Henrygb, Hewhoamareismyself, HexaChord, Hillel, Hintha, Hippietrail, Hpt lucky, Hummerman5, Hungaria777, Hunnjazal, Hurmata, Iamsopagal, Iamunknown, IceKarma, Igrek, Iketsi, Imroy, Information-Line, Islescape, J Crow, J'raxis, J.delanoy, JFHJr, JNW, JaGa, Jag100, Jagged 85, James smith2, Japanese Searobin, Jarad pk, Jasher0, JdeJ, Jeff3000, Jeremy2108, Jeronimo, Jevansen, Jfpierce, Jiminy Krikkitt, Jon Ascton, Jose77, Joseph Biddulph, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpunjabi, Just James, JustDesi, K.Khokhar, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kaisershatner, Kamaldevjhalli, Katangoori, Kathmandu2007, Kevin, Khalid Mahmood, Khoikhoi, Khushwant, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, Knowledge is free for all, Ko'oy, Kprwiki, Kraftlos, Kukkurovaca, Kusma, Kwamikagami, Leewonbum, Lfh, LilHelpa, Livajo, Looxix, Luna Santin, M2k41, MER-C, MK8, Magnanimousvip, Mahmudmasri, Mahnikhera, Malcolmxl5, Malikhpur, Man vyi, Managerarc, Mantri7, Mar4d, Marek69, MarnetteD, Martin.Budden, Masato19940112, Mastercampbell, Matthew Yeager, Mattkun1, Maurice45, Menelak, Michael Hardy, Midnight Madness, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mindmatrix, Mishac, Misterconginialtastical, Mixter35, Mkweise, Mlhm0048, Mnyaseen, Montgomery '39, Mosca, Moto53, MrMacMan, Ms.rowshan, Muijz, Mustaqbal, Mwanner, N-true, NMJPN, Naddy, Namaloom, NawlinWiki, Nirbhaesingh, Nixeagle, Nobleeagle, Noor Aalam, Nsdeonia, Numbo3, Olivier, Olve Utne, OmerKhetran, Opus88888, PCHL, Pahari Sahib, Paine Ellsworth, Pandion auk, Panini Pothoharvi, Paryeshakaya, Paul-L, Pawan07, Paxse, Peter Isotalo, Pgill6318, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Philip Stevens, Pk5abi, Playdesi, PoliticalJunkie, Polly, Ponape, Ppannu, Princekin4u, Profitoftruth85, Punjabi2mill, PunjabiConviction11, Pyrospirit, Que-Can, RFBailey, Ragib, Raikot, Rajat Ghai, Ramanrahi, Rambam rashi, Rana A.R, Rangi22g, Ranjith19, Ranjman3000, Ranveig, Raven4x4x, RaviC, Rdsmith4, Resolute, Retired name, Rettetast, RexNL, Rholton, Rich Farmbrough, Riveira2, Rj, Rjwilmsi, Robzz, Roeheat, Royboycrashfan, Rtrta7xrtrt, Rudjek, RudolfSchmidt, Ruksana Membpen Kupaali, Runefrost, SJK, Saddegeet, Saforrest, Sajidnch, Salgueiro, Salih, Salihasdesign, Sameenali, Samir, Samuel Blanning, Sarayuparin, Sassisch, Sawtantar, Sawtantar singh, Scarian, Scholariusx, Scribejb, Secfan, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Seraphim333, Sethie, Sfacets, Shalom Yechiel, Sheikhsamiullah, Shemaroo, Shimgray, Shoeofdeath, Shovon76, Siddiqui, Sikanderfayyaz, Sikh historian, Sikh-history, Siswrn, Skoosh, Sl, SlavicatAJE, Sohailstyle, Sonjaaa, Sophus Bie, Spacepotato, Splitpeasoup, SpuriousQ, Spy89, Ssanjayy, St ttb, Stallions2010, Staticshakedown, Steinbach, Steven Weston, Storkk, Stormie, Strider11, SuchDasso, Sudhir08, Sukh, Sumipunjabi, Supercoop, Surrey136, THEunique, Tabletop, Taivo, Taketa, Talha, Taxman, Thakurji, Tobias Conradi, Tombseye, Toussaint, Townblight, Triddle, Tropylium, Tuncrypt, Uanfala, Ungvichian, 1030, Utcursch, Utdurant, UtherSRG, Vehla jatt 4 u, Versus22, Vg17014, Vibhijain, Vijayl, Vikramkr, Virtualage, Vpendse, Waris Shah Panjabi, Wavelength, Wiki alf, WikiDao, WikiMarshall, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, Xerxes707, Xhienne, Yamamoto Ichiro, YoshiroShin, Yuckfoo, Zachlipton, Zaheen, Zainjilani, Zakuragi, Zidi-jattt, Zora, Zulfikkur, Zundark, Île flottante, 1121 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Punjabi gurmukhi shahmukhi devanagari.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjabi_gurmukhi_shahmukhi_devanagari.png License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: AnonyLog, DieBuche, Feydey, Flappiefh, Hämbörger, Imz, Juiced lemon, Ranveig, Taxman, Tkgd2007, Wickey-nl, 2 anonymous edits File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abaezriv, AnonMoos, Badseed, Dbenbenn, Duduziq, F. F. Fjodor, Fry1989, Gabbe, Himasaram, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Mollajutt, Neq00, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, Srtxg, TFCforever, ThomasPusch, Túrelio, Zscout370, 9 anonymous edits File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :SKopp File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original flag by James I of England/James VI of ScotlandSVG recreation by :Zscout370 File:Flag of Canada.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :E Pluribus Anthony, :Mzajac File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Avala, Dbenbenn, Duduziq, F l a n k e r, Fry1989, Fukaumi, Gryffindor, Guanaco, Homo lupus, Kacir, Klemen Kocjancic, Krun, Madden, Neq00, Nightstallion, Piccadilly Circus, Pmsyyz, RamzyAbueita, 4 anonymous edits File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dbenbenn, Zscout370, Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion. Image:Punjabispeakers.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjabispeakers.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Zakuragi Image:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Imz, Waldir, Wereon, 1 anonymous edits File:Punjab map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab_map.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original er was Ktims at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were ed by Nichalp at en.wikipedia. Image:Punjab.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Ammarkh, Yasirniazkhan Image:Punjab district map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab_district_map.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Wikigringo Image:Southall station sign.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Southall_station_sign.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Júlio Reis (:Tintazul) File:Countries where Punjabi is spoken.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Countries_where_Punjabi_is_spoken.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Roland zh, Vibhijain File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Designed by File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sarawak_(1870).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Defunct, extinct historical state, sucessor state: Sarawak Original er was Bukhrin at en.wikipedia File:Flag of South Africa.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: unknown Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15, Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, SKopp, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 33 anonymous edits File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: *drew, AnonMoos, CommonsDelinker, Duduziq, Fry1989, Gunkarta, Homo lupus, Idh0854, Josegeographic, Klemen Kocjancic, Legnaw, Mason Decker, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Pixeltoo, Rfc1394, SeNeKa, Stevanb, ThomasPusch, UnreifeKirsche, Vividuppers, WikipediaMaster, Xiengyod, Zscout370, 白布飘扬, 9 anonymous edits File:Flag of .svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp File:Flag of Greece.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: (of code) cs::-xfi- (talk) File:Flag of Thailand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :Gabbe, :SKopp File:Flag of Singapore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various
17
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Flag of Oman.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Oman.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: *drew, Duduziq, Fry1989, Happenstance, Homo lupus, Ittihadawi, Jetijones, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, NikNaks93, Orange Tuesday, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, ThomasPusch, Zscout370 File:Flag of Libya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Libya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Source: Drawn by :SKopp, rewritten by :Zscout370 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :Pumbaa80 File:Flag of Australia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ian Fieggen File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: unknown Contributors: :SKopp File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :SKopp File:Flag of .svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :Madden, :Pumbaa80, :SKopp File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Khalid Mahmood
License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/
18
1
Punjabi language Punjabi Language ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, یباجنپ, Panjābī
The word "Punjabi" in Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi and Devanagari
Spoken in
By a majority: Pakistan India Migrant speakers in: United Kingdom Canada United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia United States
Region
Punjab
Total speakers
88,000,000 (Ethnologue 2005 estimate) [2] 57,129,000 (Encarta)
Language family
Indo-European
[1]
•
Indo-Aryan North-Western Zone
•
•
Writing system
Punjabi Language
Gurmukhi in Punjab (India), Haryana, Delhi and Sikh diaspora Shahmukhi in Punjab (Pakistan) and Sarhad [3] Devanagari in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu Official status
Official language in Regulated by
India (Indian Punjab) Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab (Non-official))
No official regulation Language codes
ISO 639-1
pa
ISO 639-2
pan
ISO 639-3
pan
Punjabi language
2
Distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan
This page contains Indic text. Without rendering you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...
Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script and یباجنپin Shahmukhi script), sometimes specified as Eastern Punjabi to distinguish it from Western Punjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (north western India and in Pakistan). For Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. Punjabi is the most spoken language in Pakistan. According to the Ethnologue 2005 estimate,[1] there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it approximately the 12th most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,[4] there are 76,335,300 native Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and according to the 2001 Census of India, there are 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.[5] Punjabi language has many different dialects, spoken in the different sub-regions of greater Punjab. Since the Partition of British India in 1947, the Punjabi spoken in the two countries have deviated from each other, with Pakistani's retaining strong on Persian and Arabic vocabulary through Urdu, and India's relying more heavily on Sanskrit vocabulary through Hindi. The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect. This dialect is considered as textbook Punjabi and is spoken in the historical region of Majha,[6] centralizing in Lahore and Amritsar. Along with Lahnda and Western Pahari languages, Punjabi is unusual among modern Indo-European languages because it is a tonal language.[7] [8] [9] [10]
Punjabi language
History Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language like many other modern languages of South Asia. It is a descendant of Sauraseni Prakrit, which was the chief language of medieval northern India.[11] [12] [13] Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 11th century. The first traces of punjabi language can be found in works of nath yogis(jogis) gorkahnath & charpat nath in 9th & 10th century. The Punjabi literary tradition is popularly seen to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid) (1173–1266), many ancient Sufi mystics and later Guru Nanak Dev ji, the first Guru of Sikhism. The early Punjabi literature was principally spiritual in nature and has had a very rich oral tradition. The poetry written by Sufi saints has been the folklore of the Punjab and is still sung with great love in any part of Punjab. Between 1600 and 1850, Muslim Sufi, Sikh and Hindu writers composed many works in Punjabi. The most famous Punjabi Sufi poet was Baba Bulleh Shah (1680–1757), who wrote in the Kafi style. Bulleh Shah practiced the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1629–1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640–1724). His lifespan also overlapped with the legendary Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722–1798), of Heer Ranjha fame. Waris Shah's rendition of the tragic love story of Heer Ranjha is among the most popular medieval Punjabi works. Other popular tragic love stories are Sohni Mahiwal, Mirza Sahiba and Sassi Punnun. Shah Mohammad's Jangnama is another fine piece of poetry that gives an eyewitness of the First Anglo-Sikh War that took place after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The linguist George Abraham Grierson in his multivolume Linguistic Survey of India (1904–1928) used the word "Punjabi" to refer to several languages spoken in the Punjab region: the term "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 pnb) covered dialects (now designated separate languages) spoken to the west of Montgomery and Gujranwala districts, while "Eastern Punjabi" referred to what is now simply called Punjabi (ISO 639-3 pan)[14] After Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko (earlier categorized as "Western Punjabi") started to be counted as separate languages, the percentage of Pakistanis recorded as Punjabi speakers was reduced from 59% to 44%. Although not an official language, Punjabi is still the predominant language of Pakistan. Modern Punjabi is not the predominant language of the Sikh scriptures (which though in Gurmukhi script are written in several languages).[15] A few portions of Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi dialects, but the book is interspersed with several other languages including Brajbhasha, Khariboli, Sanskrit and Persian.[16] Guru Gobind Singh, the last Guru of the Sikhs composed Chandi di Var in Punjabi, although most of his works are composed in other languages like Braj bhasha and Persian. However, in the 20th century, the Punjabi-speaking Sikhs started attaching importance to the Punjabi written in the Gurmukhi script as a symbol of their distinct identity.[15] The Punjabi identity was affected by the communal sentiments in the 20th century. Bhai Vir Singh, a major figure in the movement for the revival of Punjabi literary tradition, started insisting that the Punjabi language was the exclusive preserve of the Sikhs.[17] After the partition of India, the Punjab region was divided between Pakistan and India. Although the Punjabi people formed the 2nd biggest linguistic group in Pakistan after Bengali, Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan, and Punjabi did not get any official status. The Indian Punjab, which then also included what are now Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, became Hindi-majority. In the 1960s, the Shiromani Akali Dal proposed "Punjabi Suba", a state for Punjabi speakers in India. Paul R. Brass, the Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, opines that the Sikh leader Fateh Singh tactically stressed the linguistic basis of the demand, while downplaying the religious basis for the demand—a state where the distinct Sikh identity could be preserved.[15] The movement for a Punjabi Suba led to trifurcation of Indian Punjab into three states: Punjab (India), Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
3
Punjabi language
4
Modern Punjabi In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 languages with official status in India. It is the first official language of Punjab (India). In Pakistan, Punjabi is the most spoken language and is the provincial language of Punjab (Pakistan) the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan. The famous Punjabi writers from Pakistan include: • • • • • • • •
Shareef Kunjahi Mir Tanha Yousafi Sanawar Chadhar Abid Tamimi Anwar Masood Afzal Ahsan Randhawa Aatish Shaista Nuzhat
Punjabi is native to the Punjab region of South Asia
The famous Indian Punjabi poets in modern times are: • • • • •
Prof. Mohan Singh Amrita Pritam Balwant Gargi Shiv Kumar Batalvi Surjit Paatar
Geographic distribution Pakistan Punjabi is the most spoken language of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as first language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in the country. Punjabis are dominant in key institutions such as business, agriculture, industry, government, army, navy, air force, and police which is why about 70% of Pakistanis can understand or speak Punjabi. The Punjabis found in Pakistan are composed of various social groups, castes and economic groups. Muslim Rajputs, Jat, Tarkhans, Dogars, Gujjars, Gakhars, Khatri or Punjabi Shaikhs, Kambohs, and Arains, comprise the main tribes in the north, while Awans, Gilanis, Gardezis, Syeds and Quraishis are found in the south. There are Pashtun tribes like the Niazis and the lodhis, which are very much integrated into Punjabi village life. People in major urban areas have diverse origins, with many post-Islamic settlers tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey, Arabia and Central Asia.
istrative Divisions of Punjab Pakistan.
Punjabi language
5
Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi Speakers 1951 33,740,167
57.08%
22,632,905
1961 42,880,378
56.39%
28,468,282
1972 65,309,340
56.11%
43,176,004
1981 84,253,644
48.17%
40,584,980
1998 132,352,279
44.15%
58,433,431
Source: [18] In the National Census of Pakistan (1981) Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko (Before categorized as "Western Punjabi") got the status of separate languages thats why number of Punjabi speakers got decreased.
Provinces of Pakistan by Punjabi speakers (2008) Rank
Division
Punjabi speakers
Percentage
–
Pakistan
76,335,300
44.15%
1
Punjab
70,671,704
75.23%
2
Sindh
3,592,261
6.99%
3
Islamabad Capital Territory
1,343,625
71.66%
4
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
396,085
0.97%
5
Balochistan
318,745
2.52%
6
Federally istered Tribal Areas 12,880
0.23%
India Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 2.85% of Indians. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab. The Punjabis found in India are composed of various ethnic groups, tribal groups, social groups (caste) and economic groups. Some major sub-groups of Punjabis in India include Ahirs, Arora, Bania, Bhatia, Brahmin, Chamar, Gujjar, Kalals/Ahluwalias, Kambojs, Khatris, Lobanas, Jats, Rajputs, Saini, Sood and Tarkhan. Most of these groups can be further sub-divided into clans and family groups.
Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters
Most of East Punjab's Muslims (in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh) left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in Malerkotla, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six (mostly Sikh) states were: Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, Kapurthala and Kalsia.
Punjabi language
6
Census History of Punjabi Speakers In India Year Population of India Punjabi Speakers in India
Percentage
1971 548,159,652
14,108,443
2.57%
1981 665,287,849
19,611,199
2.95%
1991 838,583,988
23,378,744
2.79%
2001 1,028,610,328
29,102,477
2.83%
The Punjabi Diaspora Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language[19] ) and Canada, where in recent times Punjabi has grown fast and has now become the fourth most spoken language.[20]
Southall Station(United Kingdom) sign in Gurmukhī alphabets of Punjabi language.
List in order of native speakers
Countries by number of Punjabi speakers
Punjabi language
7
Rank
Country
First language [21]
1
Pakistan
76,335,300
2
India
29,109,672
3
United Kingdom
500,000
4
Canada
300,000
5
United Arab Emirates 200,000
6
United States
200,000
7
Saudi Arabia
100,000
8
Hong Kong
100,000
9
Kingdom of Sarawak 185,000
10
South Africa
30,000
11
Myanmar
120,000
12
90,000
13
Greece
80,000
14
Thailand
75,000
15
Japan
75,000
16
Mauritius
70,000
17
Singapore
70,000
18
Oman
68,000
19
Libya
65,000
20
Bahrain
60,000
21
Kenya
55,000
22
Australia
50,000
23
Tanzania
45,000
24
Kuwait
40,000
25
35,000
[22]
Punjabi language
Dialects: linguistic classification In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in asg some dialects to one or another "language".[23] [24] However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. In modern India, the states are largely designed to encom the territories of major languages with an established written standard. Thus Indian Punjab is the Punjabi language state (in fact, the neighboring state of Haryana, which was part of Punjab state in 1947, was split off from it because it is a Hindi speaking region). Some of its major urban centers are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Dialects of Punjabi Jalandhar, and Patiala. In Pakistan, the Punjabi speaking territory spans the east-central districts of Punjab Province. Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sialkot, Jhang, SargodhaSahiwal, Bahawalnagar, Multan, Jhelum and Gujrat. Lahore the historic capital of Punjab is the largest Punjabi speaking city in the world. Lahore has 86% native Punjabis of total population of the city. and Islamabad the Capital of Pakistan has 71% Native Punjabis of total population.
Major Punjabi dialects Majhi The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect and spoken in the heart of Punjab where most of the Punjabi population lives. The Majhi dialect, the dialect of the historical region of Majha,[6] which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Okara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and to some extant in Jhelum District of Pakistani Punjab and Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib, and Gurdaspur Districts of the Indian State of Punjab. Pothowari This dialect is spoken in north Pakistani Punjab. mainly The area where Pothowari is spoken extends in the north from Muzaffarabad to as far south as Jhelum, Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi. [phr] 49,440 (2000 WCD). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Bhimber. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Alternate names: Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-Kairali. Dialects: Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Jhelumi, Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari', 'Potwari', and some called 'Hindko' in Mansehra, Muzaffarabad, and Jammun. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari. Jhangochi /Rachnavi/Changvi or Chenavari
8
Punjabi language Jhangochi ( )یچوگنھجdialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. Jhangochi or Rachnavi is the oldest and most idiosyncratic dialect of the Punjabi. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi and Chenab to Gujranwala district. It then runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian areas, on the banks of river Sutlej. This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e., areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar, Ganji Bar and also from Khanewal to Jhang includes Faisalabad and Chiniot. Shahpuri This dialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. The Shahpuri language has been spoken by the people of the town Shahpur. This language has been spoken by the people of District Sargodha including Dera Chanpeer Shah, Khushab, Jhang, Mianwali, Attock, parts of Faisalabad (formerly Lyallpur), parts of Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalnagar, Chakwal, Mianwali, Sargodha, Khushab and Mandi Bahauddin districts. Hindko Classified under Lahnda languages by many linguists; perhaps differs from Punjabi. Hindko dialect is spoken in north west Pakistani Punjab and North-West Frontier Province mainly this dialect is spoken in districts of Peshawar, Attock, Nowshehra, Mansehra, Balakot, Abbottabad and Murree and the lower half of Neelum District and Muzafarabad. Malwi Malwi spoken in the eastern part of Indian Punjab. Main areas are Ludhiana, Moga, Sangrur, Barnala, Faridkot, Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mansa, Muktsar, Ambala, Bathinda, Ganganagar, Malerkotla, Ropar, Ferozepur. Malwa is the southern and central part of present day Indian Punjab. It also includes the Punjabi speaking northern areas of Haryana, viz. Ambala, Hissar, Sirsa, Kurukshetra etc. Not to be confused with the Malvi language, which shares its name. Doabi Doabi spoken in Indian Punjab. The word "Do Aabi" means "the land between two rivers" and this dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej. It includes Jalandhar, Nawanshahr, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur districts. Pwadhi Powadh or Puadh or Powadha is a region of Punjab and parts of Haryana between the Satluj and Ghaggar rivers. The part lying south, south-east and east of Rupnagar adjacent to Ambala District (Haryana) is Powadhi. The Powadh extends from that part of the Rupnagar District which lies near Satluj up to the Ghaggar river in the east, which separates the states of Punjab and Haryana. Parts of Fatehgarh Sahib district, and parts of Patiala districts like Rajpura are also part of Powadh. The language is spoken over a large area in present Punjab as well as Haryana. In Punjab, Kharar, Kurali, Ropar, Nurpurbedi, Morinda, Pail, Rajpura, and Samrala are the areas where the Puadhi language is spoken and the area itself is claimed as including from Pinjore, Kalka to Bangar area in Hisar district which includes even Nabha and Patiala in it. Dogri Although Dogri is generally considered a separate language having its own vocabulary, some sources consider it a dialect of Punjabi. It is spoken by about 3.5 million peoples in the Jammu region of India. Saraiki/Multani Saraiki or Multani is a mixture of jhangochi dialect of Punjabi and Sindhi. Saraiki is the new name, for centuries, Multani was in use. It is now considered a separate language instead of merely a dialect of
9
Punjabi language
10
Punjabi.Saraiki has various sub-dialects such as Thalochi,Multani,Riasti and Derawali. It is mostly spoken in southern and western districts of Punjab,which comprises Multan, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan, southern and western parts of Khanewal,southern parts of Bahawalnagar and western parts of Khushab districts. It is also spoken by majority of population of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( )اوخنوتښپ ربیخprovince, kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts of Sindh, and cities of Hyderabad and Karachi. Saraiki or Multani is also spoken by Hindu who migrated from Pakistan during partition of India. Multanis and Jhangis(people who migrated from Jhang, Multan and areas of Southern Pakistani Punjab) in Delhi speak the language at family gatherings. Though the language is losing it's base in India but community elders have been trying to keep it alive. Dhani The people of Pothohar speak Pothohari dialect. However, the people of Chakwal or the Dhanni area in particular do not speak Pothohari and are ethnologically not regarded as Potoharis. They speak a distinctive Chakwali or Dhanni dialect of Punjabi, which is closer to Shahpuri, a dialect spoken in the Shahpur-Salt Range area and also has a slight element of Saraiki and Pothohari. Punjabi University classification Punjabi University, Patiala, State of Punjab, India takes a very liberal definition of Punjabi in that it classifies Saraiki, Dogri and Pothohari/Pothwari as Punjabi. Accordingly, the University has issued the following list of dialects of Punjabi:[25] •
Awankari
•
Dhani
•
Lubanki
•
Thalochri
•
Baar di Boli •
Doabi
•
Malwai
•
Wajeerawadi
•
Banwali
•
Dogri
•
Majhi
•
Bhattiani
•
Ghebi
•
Pahari
•
Bherochi
•
Gojri
•
Pothohari/Pindiwali
•
Chacchi
•
Hindko
•
Powadhi
•
Chakwali
•
Jatki
•
Punchi
•
Chambiali
•
Jhangochi •
Peshori/Peshawari
•
Chenavri
•
Kangri
•
Rathi
•
Kachi
•
Swaen
The "Lahnda" construct The name "Punjab" means "5 waters" in Persian (panj ab) and refers to five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. The historical Punjab region, now divided between Pakistan and India, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. The bulk of the Panjab, 3.5 rivers are located in Pakistan. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej River, and lies entirely in present day India, well within the eastern half of historical Punjab. The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" or Lahnda spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from eastern or jurdga Punjabi. He christened this group of dialects "Lahindā" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919.[14] He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as multani or Saraiki. The northern Lahnda sub-Group has eveloved into Modern Panjistani (or pahiri/mirpur/pothoahri)and modern Hindko .Grierson tentatively identified the boundary between Punjabi and "Lahnda" as a north-south line running from the Gujranwala District to the former Montgomery District (near the town on Sahiwal). This line lies well west of Lahore and within the boundary of Pakistan.[26]
Punjabi language
11
In the aftermath of the independence of Pakistan and subsequent Partition of 1947, some investigators supposed that the Punjabi speakers in new Pakistan might give up their native dialects and adopt one or another "Lahnda" dialect; but this did not occur.[26]
Classification by Ethnologue Because of the stature of Ethnologue as a widely accepted authority on the identification and classification of dialects and languages, their divergent views of the geographical distribution and dialectal naming of the Punjabi language merit mention. They designate what tradition calls "Punjabi" as "Eastern Punjabi" and they have implicitly adopted the belief (contradicted by other specialists[27] ) that the language border between "western Panjabi" and "eastern Panjabi" has shifted since 1947 to coincide with the international border.[28]
Examples English
Majhi, Standard Punjabi
Pothohari
Dogri
Pahari
multani
doabi
What are you doing? (masculine)
Ki karda ain?/ki karan deya ain?/ki karda pya ain?
Ka karne uo?
Ke karde o?
Ke (kay) peya kare-nanh?
ke karende paye o?
ki karda aa?
What are you doing? (masculine to address female)
Ki kardi ain?/ki karan dayi ain?/ki kardi payi ain?
Ka karani ay?
Ke karani ae?
Ke (kay) pai (payi) kare-neenh?
ke (kay) karende paye o?
ki kardi aa tu?
How are you?
Ki haal ae?
Keh aal e?
ke aal a?
Tudda ke haal e (eh)?
keevein haal tuhaade?
Do you speak Punjabi? Tusi Punjabi Bol lainde o Punjabii bolne ? uo?
Punjabi bolde o?
Punjabi uburne o? tussan punjabi bol lainde o?
tu punjabi bol laena?
Where are you from?
Tusi kithon de o?/Tusi kidron aaye o?
Tusa kudhr nay aiyo?
Tus kudhr to o?
Kathe ne o?
tussan kithon de o?
kithon aa tu?
Pleased to meet you
Tenu/tuanu mil ke bahut khushi hoyi.
Tusan milay tay boo khushi oye
Tusan nu miliye Tussan mil ke bahut khusi oyi khushi thi.
Tenu/tuanu mil ke bahut khushi thi e.
tuhanu mil k bahut khushi hoyi
What's your name?
Tuada naa ki ae?
Tusan naa ke aa?
Tusan da naa kay ai?
Tudda ke naanh ve?
Tuada naa ki ae?
tera naam ki aa?
My name is ...
Mera naa ain...
Mara naa ... e
Mera naa ... e
Mainda naanh ... eh
mainda naa .... e.
mera naam aa
What is your village's name?
Tuade pind/graan da naa ki ae?/ Tuada pind/graan kehda ae?
Tusane graana naa ke aa?
Tusan da graan kay aa?
Tudde gerayenh na ke naanh ve?
tuade pind/graan da kay naa ae?
tere pind da ki naam aa
Yes
Haanji
Aaho
Aah
Haan
haanji
No
Nay
Naa
Nahin
Nayin
naa
Would you like (to eat) Mithaee lawoge? / some sweets? Mithaee Khawoge?
Mithaee khaso?
Kish mithaee khaani e?
Kuj mitha khaine o?
tussan mithaee ghinso?
mitha khaunge tusi?
I love you.
Main tenu pyaar karda haan.
Mai tuki pyar karna.
Mai tugi pyar karna.
Main tuhan pyar kare-nanh.
main tenu pyaar karda haan.
mai tuhanu pyar karda haan.
We went to the Cinema
Assin Cinema gaye saan.
Assa cinema gaye saa
As cinema gaye he.
Assi cinema gaye ayan.
aasan cinema gaye saa.
asin cinema gye si.
Where should I go?
Mainu kitthe jana chahida ae?
Mai kudhar jaa
Migi kuthe jaavnaah?
mainu kitthe vanjna chaida ae?
mai kithe jawa
ki haal chal aa?
hanji nai
Punjabi language
12
Phonology Vowels Front Near-front Central Near-back Back Close
iː
Close-mid
eː
uː ɪ
ʊ
Mid vowel Open-mid
oː
ə ɛː
ɔː
Open
aː
The long vowels (the vowels with [ː]) also have nasalized versions.
Consonants Bilabial Labio- Dental/ Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal dental Alveolar Nasal Plosive and Affricate
m
n
ɳ
ɲ
ŋ
voiceless
p
t̪
ʈ
t͡ʃ
k
voiceless aspirated
pʰ
t̪ʰ
ʈʰ
t͡ʃʰ
kʰ
voiced
b
d̪
ɖ
d͡ʒ
ɡ
Fricative
(f)
Flap Approximant
ʋ
s (z)
(ʃ)
ɾ
ɽ
l
ɭ
ɦ
j
Tone Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low. A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem final murmured consonant became voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāuṇā [məɡɑ̀ːʊ̀ɳɑ̀ː] "to have something lit". Other syllables and words have mid tone.[29]
Writing system There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the standard Nastaʿlīq script as it has four additional letters.[30] The eastern part of the Punjab region, located in India, is divided into three states. In the state of Punjab, the Gurmukhī script is generally used for writing Punjabi. Punjabi Hindus, who are mainly concentrated in the neighbouring Indian states such of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, as well as the national capital territory of Delhi, sometimes use the Devanāgarī script to write Punjabi.[30] While a Punjabi GCSE is available to students in the United Kingdom; its written exam is in Gurmukhi only.
Punjabi language
Punjabi in modern culture Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis in modern media and communications. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian Bollywood cinema. In recent years a trend of Bollywood songs written totally in Punjabi can be observed. Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at the national level. A number of television dramas based on Punjabi characters are telecast by different channels. The number of students opting for Punjabi literature has increased in Pakistani Punjab. Punjabi cinema in India has also seen a revival and more and more Punjabi movies are being produced. Punjabi music is very popular in modern times.[31]
Sample text Example 1 This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Amritsar; translated to English and transliterated to Latin. Gurmukhi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ, ਮਤਲਬ "ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ ਦਾ ਸਰੋਵਰ", ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸਰਹੱਦੀ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸਥਾਨ ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਦ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਹੈ| ਇਹ ਦੀ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਕਰੀਬ ੨੦੦੦੦੦੦ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਅਤੇ ੩੦੦੦੦੦੦ ਦੇ ਕਰੀਬ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਜ਼ਿਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ੨੦੦੧ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਜਨ-ਸੰਖਿਆ ਗਣਨਾ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦਾ ਪਰਸ਼ਾਸਕੀ ਮੁੱਖ ਦਫ਼ਤਰ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਜ਼ਿਲਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਪਰਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਭਾਗ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਤੋਂ 67 ਕਿਲੋਮੀਟਰ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ। Shahmukhi: رسترما، "روورس اد ترما" بلطم، باجنپ، ےتا کمراھد د یھکس ناھتس ہہیا ۔ےہ رہش یدحرس اد تراھب بیرق یدابآ ید سا |ےہ ردنیک کراچایھبس2000000 ےتا یرہش3،000،000 ّچو علض رسترما بیرق ےد2001 یتراھب نج-گاھب یرتا ّچو شیدرپ باجنپ ید تراھب ہہیا ۔ےہ علض رسترما رتفد ھکم یکساشرپ اد سا ۔ےہ راسونا اننگ ایھکنس ےہ، ںوت روہال ہک وج67 ۔ےہ رود رٹیمولک Transliteration: ammritsar, matlab "amrit dā sarōvar", panjāb, pā̀rat dā sarhaddī shahir he. ih sathān sikkh tàram da tā̀rmik atē sàbiācārak kēndar he. ih dī ābādī karīb 2,000,000 shahirī atē 3,000,000 dē karīb ammritsar zilē vicc 2001 pā̀ratī jan-sankhiā gaṇanā anusār he. is dā parshāskī mukkh daftar ammritsar zilā he. ih pā̀rat dī panjāb pardēsh vicc uttarī pā̀g he, jō ki lāhor tō᷈ 67 kilōmīṭar dūr he.
Example 2 This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore; translated to English and transliterated to Latin. Gurmukhi: ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦਾ ਦਾਰੁਲ ਹਕੂਮਤ ਐ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਬ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਐ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਰਹਤਲੀ ਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਐ ਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਏ। ਲਹੌਰ ਦਰਿਆਏ ਰਾਵੀ ਦੇ ਕੰਡੇ ਤੇ ਵਸਦਾ ਏ ਉਹਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਐ । Shahmukhi: ۔ےا رہش اڈو ںوت بس اجود روہل دعب ںوت یچارک لان ےد یتنگ کول ۔ےا تموکحلاراد اد باجنپ ناتسکاپ روہل یسایس اد ناتسکاپ روہل، ۓایرد روہل ۔ےا ادناج ایک یو لد اد ناتسکاپ ںونیا یئل ےسیا ےت ےا ھڑگ اد یئاھڑپ ےت یلتہر ۔ ےا ےڑین ےد ڑورک کا یتنگ کول یدسا ےا ادسو ےت ےڈنک ےد یوار Transliteration: lahor pākistān panjāb dā dārul hakūmat e. lōk giṇtī dē nāḷ karācī tō᷈ bāad lahor dūjā sab tō᷈ vaḍḍā shahir e. lahor pākistān dā siāsī, rahtalī tē paṛā̀ī dā gā́ṛ e tē isē laī ihnū᷈ pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ē. lahor dariāē rāvī dē kanḍē tē vasdā ē uhdī lōk giṇtī ikk karōṛ dē nēṛē e.
13
Punjabi language
Dictionaries • Kalra, Surjit S. & Nagi, J.S., English–Panjabi Topic Dictionary. DTF Publishers and Distributors, 117 Soho Road, Handsworth, Birmingham B21 9ST. 2009. (Useful for U.K. diaspora). • Singh, Maya. The Panjabi dictionary [32]. Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895. • Shabdkosh.com: Punjabi to English Dictionary [33] English to Punjabi Dictionary • Online translator English to Punjabi, or vice-versa [34] • Punjabi Kashmiri Dictionary by Omkar N Koul and Rattan Lal Talashi. Patiala: Language Department. 1998. Pothohari (Northern Lahnda, pahari or Modern panjistani) dictionary by Sharif Shad
Notes [1] Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005). [2] Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ media_701500404/ Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People. html). Encarta. [3] S. N. Sridhar; Yamuna Kachru (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780521781411. [4] According to statpak.gov.pk (http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco/ statistics/ other_tables/ pop_by_mother_tongue. pdf) 44.15% of the Pakistani speaks Punjabi natively. This translates to approximately 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers according to the 2008 census (Total population: 172,900,000). [5] List of Indian languages by number of native speakers, 2001 [6] "Majhi" is a word used with reference to many other places and dialects in north India; these have nothing to do with the Majhi dialect of Punjabi [7] Barbara Lust, James Gair. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Page 637. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. [8] (http:/ / www. omniglot. com/ writing/ gurmuki. htm) [9] Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi (http:/ / www. crulp. org/ Publication/ Crulp_report/ CR02_21E. pdf) [10] Geeti Sen. Crossing Boundaries. Orient Blackswan, 1997. ISBN 978-81-250-1341-9. Page 132. Quote: "Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer..." [11] India's culture through the ages by Mohan Lal Vidyarthi. Published by Tapeshwari Sahitya Mandir, 1952. Page 148: "From the apabhramsha of Sauraseni are derived Punjabi, Western Hindi, Rajasthani and Gujerati [sic]..." [12] National Communication and Language Policy in India By Baldev Raj Nayar. Published by F. A. Praeger, 1969. Page 35. "...Sauraseni Aprabhramsa from which have emerged the modern Western Hindi and Punjabi." [13] The Sauraseni Pr?krit Language (http:/ / linguistlist. org/ forms/ langs/ LLDescription. cfm?code=psu). "This Middle Indic language originated in Mathura, and was the main language used in drama in Northern India in the medieval period. Two of its descendants are Hindi and Punjabi." [14] Shackle 1970:240 [15] Brass, Paul R. (2005). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. iUniverse. p. 326. ISBN 9780595343942. [16] The Adi Granth: Or The Holy Scriptures Of The Sikhs by Ernest Trumpp. 2004. ISBN 81-215-0244-6. [17] Punjabis Without Punjabi (http:/ / www. apnaorg. com/ articles/ ishtiaq8/ ) By Ishtiaq Ahmed. The News, 24 May 2008. [18] http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco/ index. html [19] "Punjabi Community". (http:/ / www. publications. parliament. uk/ pa/ cm199900/ cmhansrd/ vo000307/ halltext/ 00307h02. htm) The United Kingdom Parliament. [20] "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/ articleshow/ 2782138. cms). The Times Of India. 14 February 2008. . [21] Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue (http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco/ statistics/ other_tables/ pop_by_mother_tongue. pdf) [22] Indian Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) [23] Masica 1991:25 [24] Burling 1970:chapter on India [25] Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture (http:/ / www. advancedcentrepunjabi. org/ intro1. asp) [26] Masica 1991:20 [27] e.g., Shackle 1970:240, Panjabi University in India, see below [28] Ethnologue country pages for Pakistan and India; page for Indo-Aryan languages [29] Harjeet Singh Gill, "The Gurmukhi Script", p. 397. In Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. 1996.
14
Punjabi language [30] "Punjabi" (http:/ / www. lmp. ucla. edu/ Profile. aspx?LangID=95& menu=004). University of California, Los Angeles. . Retrieved 2009–10–31. [31] . 9 march 2011. http:/ / www. sify. com/ mobile/ movies/ balle-balle-punjabi-music-is-flavour-of-bollywood-news-national-ldjjEcbhfef. html. Retrieved 9 march 2011. [32] http:/ / dsal. uchicago. edu/ dictionaries/ singh/ [33] http:/ / www. shabdkosh. com/ pa/ [34] http:/ / www. punjabonline. com/ servlet/ library. dictionary?Action=English
Note 3 Bhatia, Tej K. 2007. Regional languages of South Asia. In: Sridhar and Kachru. Languages in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Note 4 Bhatia, Tej K. 2005. Punjabi, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition, pp. 291–295. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd Note 7 Bhatia, Tej K. Punjabi: A Cognitive-Typological Study. [General Editor: Bernard Comrie], London: Routledge. 2010 [paperback] and 1993. Bhatia, Tej K. 1996. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi. In: Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages, Barbara Lust et al. (eds.), 637-714. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
References • Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man's many voices. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. • Ethnologue. Indo-Aryan (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90032) Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. • Ethnologue. Languages of India (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IN) • Ethnologue. Languages of Pakistan (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=PK) • Grierson, George A. 1904–1928. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/). Calcutta. • Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge Univ. Press. • Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219–240. • Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3):239–267. Available online at [[JSTOR (http:// www.jstor.org/stable/311495)]].
Further reading • Punjabi Phrasebook on Wikitravel (http://wikitravel.org/en/Punjabi_phrasebook) • Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars. • Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Deparmtent, Punjab University. • Shackle, C. 1972. Punjabi. London: English Universities Press. • Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Panjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).
15
Punjabi language
External links • Learn how to read Gurmukhi, muharni and count in Gurmukhi/punjabi (http://www.muharni.com) • englishtopunjabi.com (http://www.englishtopunjabi.com) Write in Punjabi using English keyboard.
16
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Punjabi language Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=440627234 Contributors: 10metreh, 208.137.146.xxx, 213.253.39.xxx, 3swordz, 4mahmood, AKA MBG, Aarandir, Abtinb, Abulfazl, AdelaMae, Adnanbhangu, Aetheling, Aeusoes1, Afinebalance, Afluent Rider, AgarwalSumeet, Aghniyya, Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Akch, Aksera, Aldaron, Ale jrb, AlexanderKaras, Alfredo00001, Ali-Rana-77, Aliyusuf, Allissonn, Amarbaines, Ambitus, Americandollar68, Amire80, Amrinder23, Anbu0, Anclation, Andonic, Andres, Andrew Dalby, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Angr, Anirvan, Anna Lincoln, AnonyLog, Anshuk, Antandrus, Anupam, Apparition11, Aqwis, Arvind Iyengar, Atamrandhawa, Atwal jassi, Avish2217, AyyoubW, Azalea pomp, Azndragon126, Badagnani, Basawala, Basketball110, Batinde, Bcharles, Bejnar, Benipalg, BernardM, Bhola, BigDukeSix, Bnagra, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bpeps, Bruinfan12, Bryan Derksen, Budhail, Burschik, Byrial, CSWarren, Canderson7, Canuck90, Capitalistroadster, Capricorn42, Cassowary, Chartreuse green, Chinju, Chochopk, Circeus, ClamDip, Cleduc, Colombianstar, CommonsDelinker, Com35, Cooldeveloper, Cooldevil2, Coolrsa, baherwani, CuteRobin, Cyberxperts, Cyrius, DaGizza, Dale Arnett, Dancter, Dbachmann, Deeptrivia, Delldot, DerHexer, DialUp, Diannaa, DigiBullet, Dina, Disavian, Doldrums, Doric Loon, Doubleg, Dp462090, Dreadstar, Drkausar, E Wing, Edward321, Eggsaremine, Ekabhishek, El C, Eleassar, Emirati Icon, EoGuy, Eog1916, Esperant, Everyking, Falcon8765, FergAAA, Fibonacci, FirstPrinciples, FisherQueen, Foobaz, Forever Dusk, Francis Tyers, Fratrep, Freknsay, FreplySpang, Friedfish, Fusion07, G. minhas, GO@C, Gagneet, Gail, Gailtb, GarryMann, Garzo, Gdarin, GeeJo, Glenfarclas, Gman124, Gogo Dodo, Gr8white, Graham87, Grandmasterka, Ground Zero, Grover cleveland, Gupta.karunaka, Gurbir1987, Gurdevsinghsidhu, Gurtejnz, Gwernol, Haarman4k, Hadal, Hafeezonline, Hairy Dude, Happytime, Harisingh, Harkamal1001, Harpreet19, Harprit, Harry911, Harsimran.saini, Hartmut Haberland, Hatch68, Hatkkk, Heera420, Heil cf2, Henrygb, Hewhoamareismyself, HexaChord, Hillel, Hintha, Hippietrail, Hpt lucky, Hummerman5, Hungaria777, Hunnjazal, Hurmata, Iamsopagal, Iamunknown, IceKarma, Igrek, Iketsi, Imroy, Information-Line, Islescape, J Crow, J'raxis, J.delanoy, JFHJr, JNW, JaGa, Jag100, Jagged 85, James smith2, Japanese Searobin, Jarad pk, Jasher0, JdeJ, Jeff3000, Jeremy2108, Jeronimo, Jevansen, Jfpierce, Jiminy Krikkitt, Jon Ascton, Jose77, Joseph Biddulph, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpunjabi, Just James, JustDesi, K.Khokhar, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kaisershatner, Kamaldevjhalli, Katangoori, Kathmandu2007, Kevin, Khalid Mahmood, Khoikhoi, Khushwant, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, Knowledge is free for all, Ko'oy, Kprwiki, Kraftlos, Kukkurovaca, Kusma, Kwamikagami, Leewonbum, Lfh, LilHelpa, Livajo, Looxix, Luna Santin, M2k41, MER-C, MK8, Magnanimousvip, Mahmudmasri, Mahnikhera, Malcolmxl5, Malikhpur, Man vyi, Managerarc, Mantri7, Mar4d, Marek69, MarnetteD, Martin.Budden, Masato19940112, Mastercampbell, Matthew Yeager, Mattkun1, Maurice45, Menelak, Michael Hardy, Midnight Madness, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mindmatrix, Mishac, Misterconginialtastical, Mixter35, Mkweise, Mlhm0048, Mnyaseen, Montgomery '39, Mosca, Moto53, MrMacMan, Ms.rowshan, Muijz, Mustaqbal, Mwanner, N-true, NMJPN, Naddy, Namaloom, NawlinWiki, Nirbhaesingh, Nixeagle, Nobleeagle, Noor Aalam, Nsdeonia, Numbo3, Olivier, Olve Utne, OmerKhetran, Opus88888, PCHL, Pahari Sahib, Paine Ellsworth, Pandion auk, Panini Pothoharvi, Paryeshakaya, Paul-L, Pawan07, Paxse, Peter Isotalo, Pgill6318, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Philip Stevens, Pk5abi, Playdesi, PoliticalJunkie, Polly, Ponape, Ppannu, Princekin4u, Profitoftruth85, Punjabi2mill, PunjabiConviction11, Pyrospirit, Que-Can, RFBailey, Ragib, Raikot, Rajat Ghai, Ramanrahi, Rambam rashi, Rana A.R, Rangi22g, Ranjith19, Ranjman3000, Ranveig, Raven4x4x, RaviC, Rdsmith4, Resolute, Retired name, Rettetast, RexNL, Rholton, Rich Farmbrough, Riveira2, Rj, Rjwilmsi, Robzz, Roeheat, Royboycrashfan, Rtrta7xrtrt, Rudjek, RudolfSchmidt, Ruksana Membpen Kupaali, Runefrost, SJK, Saddegeet, Saforrest, Sajidnch, Salgueiro, Salih, Salihasdesign, Sameenali, Samir, Samuel Blanning, Sarayuparin, Sassisch, Sawtantar, Sawtantar singh, Scarian, Scholariusx, Scribejb, Secfan, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Seraphim333, Sethie, Sfacets, Shalom Yechiel, Sheikhsamiullah, Shemaroo, Shimgray, Shoeofdeath, Shovon76, Siddiqui, Sikanderfayyaz, Sikh historian, Sikh-history, Siswrn, Skoosh, Sl, SlavicatAJE, Sohailstyle, Sonjaaa, Sophus Bie, Spacepotato, Splitpeasoup, SpuriousQ, Spy89, Ssanjayy, St ttb, Stallions2010, Staticshakedown, Steinbach, Steven Weston, Storkk, Stormie, Strider11, SuchDasso, Sudhir08, Sukh, Sumipunjabi, Supercoop, Surrey136, THEunique, Tabletop, Taivo, Taketa, Talha, Taxman, Thakurji, Tobias Conradi, Tombseye, Toussaint, Townblight, Triddle, Tropylium, Tuncrypt, Uanfala, Ungvichian, 1030, Utcursch, Utdurant, UtherSRG, Vehla jatt 4 u, Versus22, Vg17014, Vibhijain, Vijayl, Vikramkr, Virtualage, Vpendse, Waris Shah Panjabi, Wavelength, Wiki alf, WikiDao, WikiMarshall, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, Xerxes707, Xhienne, Yamamoto Ichiro, YoshiroShin, Yuckfoo, Zachlipton, Zaheen, Zainjilani, Zakuragi, Zidi-jattt, Zora, Zulfikkur, Zundark, Île flottante, 1121 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Punjabi gurmukhi shahmukhi devanagari.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjabi_gurmukhi_shahmukhi_devanagari.png License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: AnonyLog, DieBuche, Feydey, Flappiefh, Hämbörger, Imz, Juiced lemon, Ranveig, Taxman, Tkgd2007, Wickey-nl, 2 anonymous edits File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abaezriv, AnonMoos, Badseed, Dbenbenn, Duduziq, F. F. Fjodor, Fry1989, Gabbe, Himasaram, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Mollajutt, Neq00, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, Srtxg, TFCforever, ThomasPusch, Túrelio, Zscout370, 9 anonymous edits File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :SKopp File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original flag by James I of England/James VI of ScotlandSVG recreation by :Zscout370 File:Flag of Canada.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :E Pluribus Anthony, :Mzajac File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Avala, Dbenbenn, Duduziq, F l a n k e r, Fry1989, Fukaumi, Gryffindor, Guanaco, Homo lupus, Kacir, Klemen Kocjancic, Krun, Madden, Neq00, Nightstallion, Piccadilly Circus, Pmsyyz, RamzyAbueita, 4 anonymous edits File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dbenbenn, Zscout370, Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion. Image:Punjabispeakers.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjabispeakers.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Zakuragi Image:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Imz, Waldir, Wereon, 1 anonymous edits File:Punjab map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab_map.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original er was Ktims at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were ed by Nichalp at en.wikipedia. Image:Punjab.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Ammarkh, Yasirniazkhan Image:Punjab district map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab_district_map.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Wikigringo Image:Southall station sign.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Southall_station_sign.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Júlio Reis (:Tintazul) File:Countries where Punjabi is spoken.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Countries_where_Punjabi_is_spoken.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Roland zh, Vibhijain File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Designed by File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sarawak_(1870).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Defunct, extinct historical state, sucessor state: Sarawak Original er was Bukhrin at en.wikipedia File:Flag of South Africa.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: unknown Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15, Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, SKopp, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 33 anonymous edits File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: *drew, AnonMoos, CommonsDelinker, Duduziq, Fry1989, Gunkarta, Homo lupus, Idh0854, Josegeographic, Klemen Kocjancic, Legnaw, Mason Decker, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Pixeltoo, Rfc1394, SeNeKa, Stevanb, ThomasPusch, UnreifeKirsche, Vividuppers, WikipediaMaster, Xiengyod, Zscout370, 白布飘扬, 9 anonymous edits File:Flag of .svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp, :SKopp File:Flag of Greece.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: (of code) cs::-xfi- (talk) File:Flag of Thailand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :Gabbe, :SKopp File:Flag of Singapore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various
17
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Flag of Oman.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Oman.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: *drew, Duduziq, Fry1989, Happenstance, Homo lupus, Ittihadawi, Jetijones, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, NikNaks93, Orange Tuesday, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, ThomasPusch, Zscout370 File:Flag of Libya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Libya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Source: Drawn by :SKopp, rewritten by :Zscout370 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :Pumbaa80 File:Flag of Australia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ian Fieggen File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: unknown Contributors: :SKopp File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :SKopp File:Flag of .svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: :Madden, :Pumbaa80, :SKopp File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Khalid Mahmood
License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/
18
Related Documents 543cg
Punjabi fsg
November 2022 0
Punjabi Literature 475e2t
December 2019 80
Punjabi Book 3v6h6t
November 2019 61
Punjabi Brahmins 274a4r
October 2019 60
Nitnem Punjabi 2z4k2r
October 2019 65