Pumps And Pumping Systems Ppt 1b6u2p
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Training Session on Energy Equipment
Pumps & Pumping Systems Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia” www.energyefficiencyasia.org
1 © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
2 © UNEP 2006
Introduction What are Pumping Systems • 20% of world’s electrical energy demand • 25-50% of energy usage in some industries • Used for • Domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural services
• Municipal water and wastewater services 3 © UNEP 2006
Introduction What are Pumping Systems Objective of pumping system • Transfer liquid from source to destination • Circulate liquid around a system (US DOE, 2001) 4 © UNEP 2006
Introduction What are Pumping Systems • Main pump components • Pumps • Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air system • Piping to carry fluid • Valves to control flow in system • Other fittings, control, instrumentation
• End-use equipment • Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
5
© UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics • Head destination
• Resistance of the system
Stati c head
• Two types: static and friction
• Static head • Difference in height between source and destination • Independent of flow
source
Static head
6 Flow© UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics • Static head consists of • Static suction head (hS): lifting liquid relative to pump center line • Static discharge head (hD) vertical distance between centerline and liquid surface in destination tank
• Static head at certain pressure Head (in feet) = Pressure (psi) X 2.31 Specific gravity 7 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics • Friction head • Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings • Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow rate, nature of liquid • Proportional to square of flow rate • Closed loop system only has friction head (no static head)
Friction head
Flow
8
© UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics In most cases: Total head = Static head + friction head System curve
Friction head
System head
System curve
System head
Friction head
Static head
Static head
Flow
Flow 9 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics Pump performance curve • Relationship between head and flow
Head
• Flow increase • System resistance increases • Head increases • Flow decreases to zero
• Zero flow rate: risk of
Flow
Performance curve for centrifugal pump
pump burnout 10 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics Pump operating point • Duty point: rate of flow at certain head • Pump operating point: intersection of pump curve and system curve
Pump performance curve
Head
System curve
Pump operating point
Static head
Flow
11 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics Pump suction performance (NPSH) • Cavitation or vaporization: bubbles inside pump • If vapor bubbles collapse • Erosion of vane surfaces • Increased noise and vibration • Choking of impeller ages • Net Positive Suction Head • NPSH Available: how much pump suction exceeds liquid vapor pressure • NPSH Required: pump suction needed to avoid 12 cavitation © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
13 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Pump Classification Classified by operating principle Pumps
Dynamic
Centrifugal
Others (e.g. Impulse, Buoyancy)
Special effect
Internal gear
Positive Displacement
Rotary
External gear
Reciprocating
Lobe
Slide vane
14 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps • For each pump revolution • Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
• Positively discharged at other end
• If pipe blocked • Pressure rises
• Can damage pump
• Used for pumping fluids other than water
15
© UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps • Reciprocating pump • Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger • Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells
• Rotary pump • Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or vanes • Several sub-types • Used for special services in industry
16 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Dynamic pumps • Mode of operation • Rotating impeller converts kinetic energy into pressure or velocity to pump the fluid
• Two types • Centrifugal pumps: pumping water in industry – 75% of pumps installed • Special effect pumps: specialized conditions
17 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps How do they work?
(Sahdev M)
•
Liquid forced into impeller
•
Vanes kinetic energy to liquid: liquid rotates and leaves impeller
•
Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy 18 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Rotating and stationary components
(Sahdev)
19 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Impeller
Sahdev)
•
Main rotating part that provides centrifugal acceleration to the fluid
•
Number of impellers = number of pump stages
•
Impeller classification: direction of flow, suction type and shape/mechanical construction
Shaft •
Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump start up and operation 20 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Casings • Functions
Volute Casing (Sahdev)
• Enclose impeller as “pressure vessel” • and bearing for shaft and impeller
• Volute case • Impellers inside casings • Balances hydraulic pressure on pump shaft
• Circular casing • Vanes surrounds impeller • Used for multi-stage pumps
21 © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
22 © UNEP 2006
Assessment of pumps How to Calculate Pump Performance •
Pump shaft power (Ps) is actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft Pump shaft power (Ps): Ps = Hydraulic power Hp / pump efficiency ηPump Pump Efficiency (ηPump): ηPump = Hydraulic Power / Pump Shaft Power
•
Pump output/Hydraulic/Water horsepower (Hp) is the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump Hydraulic power (Hp): Hp = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x ρ (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000 hd - discharge head ρ - density of the fluid
hs – suction head, g – acceleration due to gravity
23 © UNEP 2006
Assessment of pumps Difficulties in Pump Assessment • Absence of pump specification data to assess pump performance • Difficulties in flow measurement and flows are often estimated • Improper calibration of pressure gauges & measuring instruments • Calibration not always carried out • Correction factors used
24 © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
25 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 1. Selecting the right pump 2. Controlling the flow rate by speed variation 3. Pumps in parallel to meet varying demand 4. Eliminating flow control valve 5. Eliminating by- control
6. Start/stop control of pump 7. Impeller trimming
26 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 1. Selecting the Right Pump Pump performance curve for centrifugal pump
BEE India, 2004 27 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 1. Selecting the Right Pump • Oversized pump • Requires flow control (throttle valve or by line) • Provides additional head • System curve shifts to left • Pump efficiency is reduced
• Solutions if pump already purchased • VSDs or two-speed drives • Lower RPM • Smaller or trimmed impeller
28 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 2. Controlling Flow: speed variation Explaining the effect of speed • Affinity laws: relation speed N and • Flow rate Q N
• Head H N2 • Power P N3
• Small speed reduction (e.g. ½) = large power reduction (e.g. 1/8) 29 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 2. Controlling Flow: speed variation Variable Speed Drives (VSD) • Speed adjustment over continuous range • Power consumption also reduced! • Two types • Mechanical: hydraulic clutches, fluid couplings, adjustable belts and pulleys • Electrical: eddy current clutches, wound-rotor motor controllers, Variable Frequency Drives 30 (VFDs) © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 2. Controlling Flow: speed variation Benefits of VSDs • Energy savings (not just reduced flow!) • Improved process control • Improved system reliability • Reduced capital and maintenance costs • Soft starter capability
31 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 3. Parallel Pumps for Varying Demand •
Multiple pumps: some turned off during low demand
•
Used when static head is >50% of total head
•
System curve does not change
•
Flow rate lower than sum of individual flow rates (BPMA)
32 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 4. Eliminating Flow Control Valve •
Closing/opening discharge valve (“throttling”) to reduce flow
•
Head increases: does not reduce power use
•
Vibration and corrosion: high maintenance costs and reduced pump lifetime (BPMA)
33 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 5. Eliminating By- Control • Pump discharge divided into two flows • One pipeline delivers fluid to destination • Second pipeline returns fluid to the source
• Energy wastage because part of fluid pumped around for no reason 34 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 6. Start / Stop Control of Pump • Stop the pump when not needed • Example: • Filling of storage tank • Controllers in tank to start/stop
• Suitable if not done too frequently • Method to lower the maximum demand (pumping at non-peak hours) 35 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 7. Impeller Trimming • Changing diameter: change in velocity
• Considerations • Cannot be used with varying flows • No trimming >25% of impeller size • Impeller trimming same on all sides • Changing impeller is better option but more expensive and not always possible
36
© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 7. Impeller Trimming Impeller trimming and centrifugal pump performance
(BEE India, 2004)
37
© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Comparing Energy Efficiency Options Parameter
Change control valve
Trim impeller
VFD
Impeller diameter
430 mm
375 mm
430 mm
Pump head
71.7 m
42 m
34.5 m
Pump efficiency
75.1%
72.1%
77%
Rate of flow
80 m3/hr
80 m3/hr
80 m3/hr
Power consumed
23.1 kW
14 kW
11.6 kW 38 © UNEP 2006
Training Session on Energy Equipment
Pumps & Pumping Systems THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
39 © UNEP 2006
Disclaimer and References • This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006. • The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) • Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is 40 available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org © UNEP 2006
Pumps & Pumping Systems Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia” www.energyefficiencyasia.org
1 © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
2 © UNEP 2006
Introduction What are Pumping Systems • 20% of world’s electrical energy demand • 25-50% of energy usage in some industries • Used for • Domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural services
• Municipal water and wastewater services 3 © UNEP 2006
Introduction What are Pumping Systems Objective of pumping system • Transfer liquid from source to destination • Circulate liquid around a system (US DOE, 2001) 4 © UNEP 2006
Introduction What are Pumping Systems • Main pump components • Pumps • Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air system • Piping to carry fluid • Valves to control flow in system • Other fittings, control, instrumentation
• End-use equipment • Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
5
© UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics • Head destination
• Resistance of the system
Stati c head
• Two types: static and friction
• Static head • Difference in height between source and destination • Independent of flow
source
Static head
6 Flow© UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics • Static head consists of • Static suction head (hS): lifting liquid relative to pump center line • Static discharge head (hD) vertical distance between centerline and liquid surface in destination tank
• Static head at certain pressure Head (in feet) = Pressure (psi) X 2.31 Specific gravity 7 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics • Friction head • Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings • Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow rate, nature of liquid • Proportional to square of flow rate • Closed loop system only has friction head (no static head)
Friction head
Flow
8
© UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics In most cases: Total head = Static head + friction head System curve
Friction head
System head
System curve
System head
Friction head
Static head
Static head
Flow
Flow 9 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics Pump performance curve • Relationship between head and flow
Head
• Flow increase • System resistance increases • Head increases • Flow decreases to zero
• Zero flow rate: risk of
Flow
Performance curve for centrifugal pump
pump burnout 10 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics Pump operating point • Duty point: rate of flow at certain head • Pump operating point: intersection of pump curve and system curve
Pump performance curve
Head
System curve
Pump operating point
Static head
Flow
11 © UNEP 2006
Introduction Pumping System Characteristics Pump suction performance (NPSH) • Cavitation or vaporization: bubbles inside pump • If vapor bubbles collapse • Erosion of vane surfaces • Increased noise and vibration • Choking of impeller ages • Net Positive Suction Head • NPSH Available: how much pump suction exceeds liquid vapor pressure • NPSH Required: pump suction needed to avoid 12 cavitation © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
13 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Pump Classification Classified by operating principle Pumps
Dynamic
Centrifugal
Others (e.g. Impulse, Buoyancy)
Special effect
Internal gear
Positive Displacement
Rotary
External gear
Reciprocating
Lobe
Slide vane
14 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps • For each pump revolution • Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
• Positively discharged at other end
• If pipe blocked • Pressure rises
• Can damage pump
• Used for pumping fluids other than water
15
© UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps • Reciprocating pump • Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger • Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells
• Rotary pump • Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or vanes • Several sub-types • Used for special services in industry
16 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Dynamic pumps • Mode of operation • Rotating impeller converts kinetic energy into pressure or velocity to pump the fluid
• Two types • Centrifugal pumps: pumping water in industry – 75% of pumps installed • Special effect pumps: specialized conditions
17 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps How do they work?
(Sahdev M)
•
Liquid forced into impeller
•
Vanes kinetic energy to liquid: liquid rotates and leaves impeller
•
Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy 18 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Rotating and stationary components
(Sahdev)
19 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Impeller
Sahdev)
•
Main rotating part that provides centrifugal acceleration to the fluid
•
Number of impellers = number of pump stages
•
Impeller classification: direction of flow, suction type and shape/mechanical construction
Shaft •
Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump start up and operation 20 © UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Casings • Functions
Volute Casing (Sahdev)
• Enclose impeller as “pressure vessel” • and bearing for shaft and impeller
• Volute case • Impellers inside casings • Balances hydraulic pressure on pump shaft
• Circular casing • Vanes surrounds impeller • Used for multi-stage pumps
21 © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
22 © UNEP 2006
Assessment of pumps How to Calculate Pump Performance •
Pump shaft power (Ps) is actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft Pump shaft power (Ps): Ps = Hydraulic power Hp / pump efficiency ηPump Pump Efficiency (ηPump): ηPump = Hydraulic Power / Pump Shaft Power
•
Pump output/Hydraulic/Water horsepower (Hp) is the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump Hydraulic power (Hp): Hp = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x ρ (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000 hd - discharge head ρ - density of the fluid
hs – suction head, g – acceleration due to gravity
23 © UNEP 2006
Assessment of pumps Difficulties in Pump Assessment • Absence of pump specification data to assess pump performance • Difficulties in flow measurement and flows are often estimated • Improper calibration of pressure gauges & measuring instruments • Calibration not always carried out • Correction factors used
24 © UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Pumps
Introduction Type of pumps Assessment of pumps Energy efficiency opportunities
25 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 1. Selecting the right pump 2. Controlling the flow rate by speed variation 3. Pumps in parallel to meet varying demand 4. Eliminating flow control valve 5. Eliminating by- control
6. Start/stop control of pump 7. Impeller trimming
26 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 1. Selecting the Right Pump Pump performance curve for centrifugal pump
BEE India, 2004 27 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 1. Selecting the Right Pump • Oversized pump • Requires flow control (throttle valve or by line) • Provides additional head • System curve shifts to left • Pump efficiency is reduced
• Solutions if pump already purchased • VSDs or two-speed drives • Lower RPM • Smaller or trimmed impeller
28 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 2. Controlling Flow: speed variation Explaining the effect of speed • Affinity laws: relation speed N and • Flow rate Q N
• Head H N2 • Power P N3
• Small speed reduction (e.g. ½) = large power reduction (e.g. 1/8) 29 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 2. Controlling Flow: speed variation Variable Speed Drives (VSD) • Speed adjustment over continuous range • Power consumption also reduced! • Two types • Mechanical: hydraulic clutches, fluid couplings, adjustable belts and pulleys • Electrical: eddy current clutches, wound-rotor motor controllers, Variable Frequency Drives 30 (VFDs) © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 2. Controlling Flow: speed variation Benefits of VSDs • Energy savings (not just reduced flow!) • Improved process control • Improved system reliability • Reduced capital and maintenance costs • Soft starter capability
31 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 3. Parallel Pumps for Varying Demand •
Multiple pumps: some turned off during low demand
•
Used when static head is >50% of total head
•
System curve does not change
•
Flow rate lower than sum of individual flow rates (BPMA)
32 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 4. Eliminating Flow Control Valve •
Closing/opening discharge valve (“throttling”) to reduce flow
•
Head increases: does not reduce power use
•
Vibration and corrosion: high maintenance costs and reduced pump lifetime (BPMA)
33 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 5. Eliminating By- Control • Pump discharge divided into two flows • One pipeline delivers fluid to destination • Second pipeline returns fluid to the source
• Energy wastage because part of fluid pumped around for no reason 34 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 6. Start / Stop Control of Pump • Stop the pump when not needed • Example: • Filling of storage tank • Controllers in tank to start/stop
• Suitable if not done too frequently • Method to lower the maximum demand (pumping at non-peak hours) 35 © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 7. Impeller Trimming • Changing diameter: change in velocity
• Considerations • Cannot be used with varying flows • No trimming >25% of impeller size • Impeller trimming same on all sides • Changing impeller is better option but more expensive and not always possible
36
© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities 7. Impeller Trimming Impeller trimming and centrifugal pump performance
(BEE India, 2004)
37
© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Comparing Energy Efficiency Options Parameter
Change control valve
Trim impeller
VFD
Impeller diameter
430 mm
375 mm
430 mm
Pump head
71.7 m
42 m
34.5 m
Pump efficiency
75.1%
72.1%
77%
Rate of flow
80 m3/hr
80 m3/hr
80 m3/hr
Power consumed
23.1 kW
14 kW
11.6 kW 38 © UNEP 2006
Training Session on Energy Equipment
Pumps & Pumping Systems THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
39 © UNEP 2006
Disclaimer and References • This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006. • The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) • Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is 40 available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org © UNEP 2006
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