Oni And The Great Bird 3f2u6w
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Oni and the Great Bird retold by Abayomi Fuja LITERARY FOCUS: MOTIFS IN FOLK TALES A motif (m£·t≤f√) is a feature that is repeated in stories throughout the world. Think for a moment about stories you heard during your childhood. Chances are that quite a few of those stories involved magic, villains, and quests to save a kingdom from destruction. Among the most popular motifs in folk tales is the superhero. Read on, and meet the superhero featured in the Yoruban folk tale “Oni and the Great Bird.”
READING SKILLS: SUMMARIZING When you summarize a text, you extract only the most important ideas or events. A summary is different from a paraphrase, in which all the ideas in a text are restated. Summarizing is a useful tool. By summarizing, you identify the heart of a text and clarify who’s who and what’s what.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
You’ll be asked to summarize “Oni and the Great Bird” after you read it. You may want to take notes on a chart like this one to prepare for that summary. Notes for Summary Main Characters
Conflict(s)
Main Events
Story’s Ending
Literary Skills Understand motifs. Reading Skills Summarize. Vocabulary Skills Clarify meanings by using contrast.
Oni and the Great Bird
209
PREVIEW SELECTION VOCABULARY Get to know the following words before you begin “Oni and the Great Bird.” implored (im·plôrd√) v.: asked or begged.
The old man implored Oni to do nothing dangerous. commenced (k¥·menst√) v.: began.
Oni commenced to sing only when the eagle flew near. invincible (in·vin√s¥·b¥l) adj.: unbeatable.
hovered (huvôrd) v.: hung in the air.
The great bird flew in and hovered above them. impostor (im·päs√t¥r) n.: person who pretends to be someone or something that he or she is not.
The hunter who claimed to have done Oni’s deeds was an impostor.
No one could beat invincible Oni.
CLARIFYING WORD MEANINGS: CONTRAST When trying to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, you might try a couple of strategies. Looking for a familiar word or word word are good strategies. Here’s another good strategy: As you read “Oni and the Great Bird,” look at the context to see if the writer gives a clue by telling what the word is not. In these examples, the italicized ages provide context clues for the boldface words. • Kuki, never one to give up, was relentless in her pursuit of the Junior Miss title. • Vibrant colors, not pale pastel colors, were chosen for the baby’s room. • Unlike the new cars on the lot, the jalopy was ignored by the customers.
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part within the unfamiliar word and looking for a restatement of the
© Royalty-Free/CORBIS.
Yoruban, retold by Abayomi Fuja
There was once a strange boy called Oni who was born Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
wearing a pair of boots. As Oni grew, the boots grew also. When he was a boy of eighteen years of age, war broke out between his people and another village. It was during the
Re-read lines 1–14. Underline the details that describe the way Oni differs from the other boys.
battle that Oni made a second discovery about himself, which separated him from his fellow men and made him different. The enemy arrows did not seem to harm him. Many pierced his body, which in the ordinary course of
Pause at line 14. Why do you think Oni is able to escape death?
events should have slain him. The other young men noticed 10
this too. They already regarded Oni as strange because of his wonderful boots, but when they discovered that he could not be killed, they were afraid to have him near them. When he returned from the war, several people tried to kill him in various ways but without any success. Finding
From “Oni and the Great Bird” from Fourteen Hundred Cowries: Traditional Stories of the Yoruba, collected by Abayomi Fuja. Copyright © 1962 by Oxford University Press.
Oni and the Great Bird
211
this did not work, it was decided to find an excuse to banish him. He was accused of setting a house on fire in the village, and although Oni had nothing to do with the fire,
Pause at line 18. Why did the people of the village banish Oni?
he was found guilty and banished. Oni wandered alone on foot for a long time. One 20
afternoon he came to the banks of a great river, and finding an empty canoe and feeling tired of walking, he got into the boat and made his way downstream. Towards evening, when it was growing dark, Oni reached a town and decided to pull into the bank and spend the night there. There were the sounds of many bells being rung and people seemed to be in a hurry. Oni tied up the canoe and climbed the bank, and as he did so, he met an old man. “Good evening, my friend. My name is Oni. I am a stranger to your town and have nowhere to spend the night. Will you take me to your
30
house?” Oni asked the old man. “Yes, certainly, come along with me, but we must go quickly because the bells are ringing and it is growing
Pause at line 38. Why are the people in such a hurry? What do you think the bells might be signaling?
dusk,” replied the old man. ple ring bells on the approach of darkness?” asked Oni. “People call this place Ajo, but hurry up, we must get indoors. I will explain the bells to you when we are inside,” replied the old man. When they reached the old man’s house, they found 40
his people waiting anxiously for him at the door. The bells had now stopped ringing and they were hurried inside and the door was securely fastened. “Now,” said the old man, “sit down and eat with us and I will explain. For many years now we, the people of Ajo, have been troubled by the nightly arrival of a giant eagle. We call it Anodo. It always appears on the approach of darkness and stays until the approach of dawn. Anybody
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“What is the name of your town and why do your peo-
who is unfortunate enough to be out of doors at the time of its appearance is sure to be killed by it. You were very 50
fortunate, young man, to reach Ajo before darkness. Our king has ordered the ringing of bells to warn the people to return to their homes and lock the doors. None of us knows where the eagle comes from or where it goes when it leaves
In lines 43–55, the old man tells about Anodo, the fierce bird that is terrorizing the village. What other stories do you know that feature the motif of terrible beasts?
us at dawn. It is a terrible curse, and in the past it has killed many of our people.” The old man had hardly finished speaking when Oni heard the sound of great wings flapping over the house. It sounded like a great wind, and the windows and doors shook in their frames. 60
“It must be a very great bird,” remarked Oni. After Oni had fed, the old man gave him a mat and a cloth and he lay down to sleep in the corner of the room. Sleep would not come to Oni, however, for he heard the constant noise of the great eagle’s wings as it flew to and fro over Ajo. When morning had come and the eagle had departed, Oni thanked the old man for his kindness and set out to find
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the king of Ajo and to ask for an audience.1 It was granted. “My name is Oni and I am a stranger to your town. I
The word great (line 60) has several meanings. In this context, it means “huge” or “enormous.”
have come to offer my services in helping to rid this town 70
of the eagle Anodo,” said Oni. “And what makes you think you will succeed where so
Pause at line 67. What is Oni going to ask the king?
many others have tried and failed?” asked the king. “I have certain powers and juju,”2 said Oni. “So had the others. One by one all my hunters have tried and have been killed or carried off by Anodo. Strangers have come from time to time to offer their services, but they too have perished. It is some time now since anybody has tried to kill Anodo, and I have issued orders to my
1. audience n.: here, formal interview with a person of high rank. 2. juju n.: magic charms used by some West African tribes; the magic of such charms. Oni and the Great Bird
213
remaining hunters not to try, as enough of them have been 80
killed already,” said the king. “Have you ever offered a reward to anybody who could
implored (im·plôrd√) v.: asked or begged.
succeed in killing the bird?” asked Oni.
commenced (k¥·menst√) v.: began.
“Indeed, yes. The man who succeeds will have half my kingdom. I made that offer long ago,” replied the king.
invincible (in·vin√s¥·b¥l) adj.: unbeatable.
“Then I will try tonight,” answered Oni, and he paid his respects to the king and departed.
hovered (huvôrd) v.: hung in the air.
Oni returned to the old man’s house and told him what had happened and of his intention to challenge Anodo. The old man was very frightened and implored him to give up 90
Re-read lines 87–92. Describe the different attitudes Oni and the old man’s family have about Anodo.
the idea, for he would only perish and perhaps all those in the house too. But Oni was not frightened. He took his bow and arrows and knives and examined them carefully. It seemed ages to Oni before he heard the bells ringing. Never had he known a longer day in his life. The old man was uneasy and his people were almost hostile towards Oni. When they heard the bells ringing at last, they lost no time in fastening the doors and windows and ordered Oni to lie Presently they heard the noise of a great wind, which
100
heralded the approach of Anodo. Soon the great wings were above the house. Oni waited till the great bird was
Pause at line 106. Why does Oni sing a song when Anodo flies over the old man’s house?
overhead and then he commenced to sing: Tonight Oni will be at war with Anodo, The eagle whose talons are sharper than knives, For now the knives of nature and man will meet. Oni is invincible; his knife is sharp. Anodo heard the challenge as he hovered over the house, and circling slowly round, he came back and sang:
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down on his mat and keep quiet.
Read the boxed age aloud several times. Use punctuation clues to guide your reading. As you read this chant, or song, use a threatening tone, as fits the story.
© Paul Almasy/CORBIS.
Pause at line 116. Banishment is a common motif in folk tales. This is the second time in the story that Oni has been thrown out of a place. Why was he banished from the old man’s house? A decorated silo s the thatched roof of a home in Toro, Nigeria.
Ah, fortune, I have found a victim tonight, 110
I have lived many months without a kill, Will the singer come out and feel the sharpness Of my talons and of my beak? It will take me
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
A moment to tear him to pieces. Come out. All the people in the house were terrified. They seized Oni and threw him out of the house, fearing the vengeance of Anodo on them all. As they threw Oni out into the road, Anodo swooped down and, seizing him in his talons, drew him upwards. Oni slashed the eagle in the chest with his knife and the 120
eagle dropped him with a scream. Oni fell to the ground, dazed. He picked himself up as the huge bird descended once again. He had time to use his bow and discharge an arrow into Anodo before the wounded bird beat him to the ground with his great wings and pecked him severely. Again Oni’s knife tore at the eagle, and he buried it twice in
Oni and the Great Bird
215
Anodo. Slowly the eagle beat his great wings and rose slowly into the air; then he hovered for a last terrible dive on Oni. Oni watched him and, putting an arrow in his bow,
Take a moment to summarize the events of the battle (lines 117–141).
took aim. The great bird hovered; then with a terrible noise 130
he tore down on the boy, gathering speed as he came. There was a great roar of wind as he came down. Oni discharged a second arrow, then another and another in quick succession, but still the bird came on. A moment later it had hit Oni and knocked him over. The boy rolled over, a thousand lights dancing before his eyes; then all went blank, and he felt himself sinking down and down into a bottomless pit. He was knocked unconscious and had not seen that the great bird was already dead before it struck him. Its great wings swept the boy to one side, and it plunged on into a
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cotton tree, which snapped like a twig and came crashing down to bury the eagle and Oni under a mass of leaves. When Oni recovered, he felt very weak, and it was all he could do to free himself from the great wing of the dead Anodo and the cotton tree leaves. As he struggled, one of
Following the battle, Oni loses one of his boots (lines 144–148). In what way might he be affected? Will he get his boot back?
dead bird. He was very weak and with great difficulty staggered along till he reached the edge of the river; then Oni fainted again. Early next morning the people came out to see the 150
dead Anodo lying in the broken cotton tree. There was great rejoicing and drumming and the king soon appeared with his chiefs to view the wonderful sight. “Who is the great man who killed Anodo?” he asked. One of his hunters stepped forward and, prostrating3 himself on the ground, claimed that he was responsible for the deed.
3. prostrating (präs√tr†t≈i«) v. used as adj.: throwing oneself on the ground to show humility and submission, a traditional gesture of respect toward rulers in many cultures.
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his magic boots came off and remained stuck beneath the
“Then you will be rewarded generously, for I have promised to give half my kingdom to the man who killed Anodo and it is yours,” replied the king. There was great rejoicing and dancing and the hunter 160
was carried to the king’s palace and feasted. A very bedrag-
Pause at line 162. Will Oni challenge the person who claims to have defeated Anodo? Give reasons for your answer.
gled figure then appeared; his clothes were torn and one of his boots was missing. It was Oni. “Ah,” said the king, “here is the stranger who calls himself Oni and who came yesterday to announce his intention of killing the eagle. You come too late, my friend, I fear.” “I killed Anodo. This man is an impostor and a liar,” said Oni. There was whispering between the king and his chiefs. At last he said, “Very well, you claim to have killed Anodo. 170
What proof have you got to offer?” “You see my condition,” replied Oni, “but if you require further proof, send your men out to clear away the dead eagle and the broken cotton tree. Somewhere underneath you will find one of my boots.”
impostor (im·päs√t¥r) n.: person who pretends to be someone or something that he or she is not.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
The king ordered his men to go at once and search for the boot. After some little time the men returned. They carried Oni’s magic boot. “We found it underneath the dead eagle’s wing,” they announced to the king. “Now if you are still undecided and disbelieve my 180
story, will you ask everybody to try on the boot and see if it
In lines 179–181, Oni proposes that the people of the kingdom try on the boot to see who it fits—to see who its rightful owner is. Can you think of a popular fairy tale that shares this motif?
fits,” said Oni. The king ordered everybody to try to see if they could fit the boot to their feet. Strange to relate, although it looked a perfectly normal boot, nobody could manage to put it on. When they had all tried without success, the boot was placed before the king and Oni stepped forward and said:
Oni and the Great Bird
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Boot from Heaven—boot from Heaven, Go on to your master’s foot. Summarize what has happened in the story from the end of the battle to the end of the story.
Immediately, the boot started to move from before the king 190
and fitted itself onto Oni’s foot of its own accord. The people and the king were convinced of the truth of Oni’s claims and marveled greatly and were very delighted and grateful for his brave deed. The dishonest hunter was taken out and executed, and Oni received the promised reward. That night, for the first time for many years, the bells of Ajo did not sound the curfew. Instead, the streets were
Founders Society Purchase, Friends of African Art Fund. Photograph © 1995 The Detroit Institute of Arts accession number 77.71.
This folk tale has a happy ending for both Oni and the people of Ajo. What has Oni gained through his deeds? What have the people of Ajo gained?
Epa cult mask.
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full of happy, dancing people.
Oni and the Great Bird Motif Map
Character types, events, and other features common to stories from around the world are called motifs. “Oni and the Great Bird” contains many motifs, among them the motif of the superhero. The graphic that follows lists several characteristics of the superhero. Locate story details that relate to each characteristic, and write them in the circles below.
Literary Skills Analyze the superhero motif.
Strange
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
powers:
Mysterious
Feared by
birth:
ordinary humans: Superhero: Oni
Magic tools or clothing:
Oni and the Great Bird
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Skills Review Oni and the Great Bird VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION Word Bank implored commenced invincible hovered impostor
A. Clarifying Word Meanings: Contrast Fill in the blanks with the correct Word Bank word. Use contrast clues to help you. 1. Impossible to defeat, the
warrior triumphed over
his enemy. 2. Setting aside her pride, the starving woman
the
town to provide hunger relief. 3. It was not over after all. The play had just
when we
arrived. 4. Unlike most birds, which fly quickly by, this bird
just
above my head. !”
B. Reading Comprehension Answer each question below. 1. Why is Oni forced to leave his village at the beginning of the story?
2. How does the king of Ajo react to Oni’s offer to fight Anodo?
3. Who wins the fight between Oni and Anodo?
Vocabulary Skills Clarify meanings by using contrast.
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4. How does Oni prove that the hunter who claims to have killed Anodo is an impostor?
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5. “He’s not the real hero,” the people cried. “He’s an
Page 203
IDENTIFY
This origin myth explains the causes of the earth’s seasons.
PREDICT
Predictions will vary. Possible predictions: Her plan will work because she is a goddess and has power over mortals; her plan won’t work because Metaneira, Demophoon’s mother, will not allow him to be taken away.
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Cause-and-Effect Chart (page 207) Cause: Zeus agrees to let Hades take Persephone as his wife. Effect: Demeter wanders the earth in mourning for Persephone. Cause: Demeter neglects her duties as harvest goddess. Effect: Nothing grows on earth. Cause: Persephone eats seven pomegranate seeds. Effect: Persephone has to live with Hades for seven months of every year. Answers will vary. Possible response: This myth explains what causes the seasons on earth. It is not a convincing explanation because we know that the seasons are caused by the earth’s position as it revolves around the sun.
IDENTIFY
To transform Demophoon into an immortal, Demeter anoints him with ambrosia, nourishes him with her breath, and places him in the red-hot ashes of the fireplace to sleep.
Page 204 IDENTIFY CAUSE & EFFECT
Metaneira becomes suspicious because of Demeter’s strange behavior. The effect is that one night, Metaneira leaves open Demeter’s door and watches as Demeter places the baby in the hot ashes. IDENTIFY CAUSE & EFFECT
The following details explain the effect of Demeter’s neglect of her duties as harvest goddess: “The greedy birds had a feast off the seed corn that season; or if it started to sprout, sun baked it and rains washed it away. Nothing would grow”; “As the gods looked down, they saw threatening the earth a famine”; “Even the offerings to the gods were neglected by despairing men who could no longer spare anything from their dwindling stores.”
Page 205
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CLARIFY
Demeter will resume her duties as harvest goddess only if Persephone is restored to her from the kingdom of the dead. INFER
Possible response: Persephone has not come to accept her fate. She is pale and sad, and she hasn’t taken anything to eat or drink since coming to the land of the dead.
Possible Answers to Skills Practice
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Possible Answers to Skills Review
Comprehension (page 208) A. 1. False
2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False B. Understanding Cause and Effect 1. Hades gets Zeus to allow him to take Persephone as his wife. Persephone is abducted by Hades while she picks flowers with the maidens. 2. Nothing grows on earth. 3. For seven months of each year, Persephone must live with Hades. She can live with Demeter the other five months.
Oni and the Great Bird, page 209
Page 206 PREDICT
Predictions will vary. Possible responses: Hades may be trying to poison Persephone; Hades may be casting a love spell on Persephone so that she won’t want to leave him. IDENTIFY CAUSE & EFFECT
Because Persephone ate seven pomegranate seeds, for seven months of the year the trees shed their leaves, cold comes, and the earth lies still and dead.
Page 211 IDENTIFY
Oni differs from the other boys because he was born wearing a pair of boots that grew with him. He later discovered that he couldn’t be killed. Arrows pierced his body during battle, but they had no effect on him.
Answer Key
23
INFER
PREDICT
Possible answer: Oni’s boots have magic powers that prevent him from being killed.
Answers will vary. Possible response: Oni will no longer be invincible. He probably won’t get the boot back. Someone in the town might take the boot.
Page 212
Page 217
The village people banished Oni because they were afraid to have him near them. They feared him because he couldn’t be killed.
PREDICT
Answers will vary. Possible responses: Oni will be afraid to challenge the person because he has only one of his magic boots; Oni will challenge the person because he knows the truth—that he killed Anodo.
PREDICT
Answers will vary. Possible response: The people may be in a hurry because they fear something evil that comes out at dark. The bells are warning people to get in their houses before dark.
Page 213
CONNECT
The fairy tale “Cinderella” shares this motif.
Page 218
CONNECT
SUMMARIZE
Answers will vary. Students may think of a Godzilla movie or the story of Count Dracula.
Possible summary: Oni loses one of his boots as he drags himself from under the dead eagle. Meanwhile, an impostor claims to have killed Anodo. Oni calls the person a liar and says the proof—his missing boot—can be found under the dead eagle. When the boot is found, everyone tries it on but no one can wear it. Oni makes the boot go back on his foot, and the king gives Oni half his kingdom. The people of Ajo are grateful to Oni.
PREDICT
Answers will vary. Possible response: Oni is going to ask the king if he can stay out at night and challenge Anodo. Oni isn’t afraid because he knows he can’t be killed.
Page 214 COMPARE & CONTRAST
INTERPRET
The old man is afraid that not only Oni but also everyone in the old man’s house might be killed by Anodo. Oni isn’t afraid; he begins to examine his weapons.
Besides gaining half the king’s kingdom, Oni has gained the gratitude and friendship of all the people in Ajo. The people of Ajo have gained the freedom to go out at night without fear, and they’ve gained the protection of Oni’s magic powers.
INTERPRET
Answers will vary. Possible response: Oni wants Anodo to know that he is going to fight him. Oni is teasing Anodo, goading him into fighting.
Page 215
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Motif Map (page 219) Strange powers—Oni can’t be killed; Mysterious birth—Oni was born with boots on his feet; Feared by ordinary humans—Oni was banished from his village because people were afraid to be around him; Magic tools or clothing—Oni had magic boots that grew as he grew and gave him special powers.
IDENTIFY
Oni was thrown out of the old man’s house because the people in the house were terrified. They were afraid Anodo would take vengeance on the entire household because of Oni’s threat.
Page 216 SUMMARIZE
Anodo swoops down and grabs Oni, but Oni stabs Anodo, and Anodo drops him. Anodo returns again to grab Oni, and Oni shoots an arrow into him. Anodo knocks Oni down and pecks him severely. Then Oni stabs Anodo twice with his knife. As the eagle dives toward Oni one last time, Oni fires four arrows into the bird. Anodo’s dead body slams into Oni and knocks him unconscious.
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The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual
Possible Answers to Skills Practice
■
Possible Answers to Skills Review
Vocabulary and Comprehension (page 220) A. 1. invincible
2. 3. 4. 5.
implored commenced hovered impostor
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IDENTIFY
B. 1. Oni is forced to leave his village because the
people are afraid to have him around. They fear the magic power that prevents him from being killed. 2. The king allows Oni to try to kill Anodo. He simply warns Oni that all who have tried have been killed or carried away. 3. Oni wins the fight; he kills Anodo. 4. Oni proves that the hunter is an impostor by allowing his lost boot to be tried on by everyone, including the impostor. The boot fits no one but Oni.
IDENTIFY
The myth is explaining the origins of Mount Adams and Mount Hood. The brothers’ quarrels explain the volcanoes’ “behavior.”
Page 227 INTERPRET
Possible response: The “fire within herself ” refers to the lava inside the volcano. INFER
Answers may vary. Possible response: The myth teller suggests that Mount St. Helens exploded because Loo-Wit and the Creator were unhappy with the way people were treating the land. The author might be suggesting that we need to be more careful about the way we treat the environment.
Loo-Wit, the Fire-Keeper, page 221 Page 223 INFER
Responses may vary. Possible responses: God, Allah.
■
IDENTIFY
Author’s Purpose (page 228)
The problem that begins the story is that “two brothers began to quarrel over the land. Each wanted to control it.”
Author’s purpose: to explain how two American Indian peoples came to be and how Mount Adams, Mount Hood, and Mount St. Helens came to be. Details: One brother shot his arrow into the valley of the Willamette River. He and his people became the Multnomahs. The younger brother shot his arrow to the north of the great river. He and his people became the Klickitats. Details: The brothers began to quarrel again, so the Creator turned one into Mount Hood and the other into Mount Adams. Details: Even as mountains, the brothers continued to quarrel, throwing flames and stones at each other. The stones nearly blocked the river between them, forming The Dalles in the Columbia River. Details: Loo-Wit was sad that her beauty caused such pain, and she no longer wanted to be a beautiful young woman. The Creator pitied Loo-Wit and turned her into the most beautiful of the mountains, Mount St. Helens.
Page 224 CLARIFY
The brothers’ problem is solved when the Creator gives each brother land where his arrow falls. INTERPRET
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Answers will vary. Possible response: A bridge is a good symbol of peace between nations because people can travel freely back and forth; a bridge overcomes a boundary.
Page 225 TEXT STRUCTURE
The two quotations are “ ‘Their lands are better than ours.’ ” and “ ‘Their lands are more beautiful than ours.’ ” RETELL
The people become greedy again, so the Creator takes away fire and makes the skies dark. IDENTIFY
Loo-Wit is rewarded for being good, and she is made young and beautiful because she agrees to share fire with all the people to remind them that they must also be good.
Page 226 RETELL
To solve the brothers’ latest quarrel, the Creator punishes the brothers by turning one into Mount Adams and one into Mount Hood.
Possible Answers to Skills Practice
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Possible Answers to Skills Review
Vocabulary and Comprehension (page 229) A. 1. arched; “like a silver rainbow”
2. claim; “castle in the sky” 3. aware; “like fighting the tide” B. 1. The Creator is angry because the brothers are quarreling over control of the land. 2. He has each brother shoot an arrow; the places where the arrows land become their land. The people soon begin to quarrel again because each group thinks the other’s land is more beautiful than its own.
Answer Key
25
READING SKILLS: SUMMARIZING When you summarize a text, you extract only the most important ideas or events. A summary is different from a paraphrase, in which all the ideas in a text are restated. Summarizing is a useful tool. By summarizing, you identify the heart of a text and clarify who’s who and what’s what.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
You’ll be asked to summarize “Oni and the Great Bird” after you read it. You may want to take notes on a chart like this one to prepare for that summary. Notes for Summary Main Characters
Conflict(s)
Main Events
Story’s Ending
Literary Skills Understand motifs. Reading Skills Summarize. Vocabulary Skills Clarify meanings by using contrast.
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PREVIEW SELECTION VOCABULARY Get to know the following words before you begin “Oni and the Great Bird.” implored (im·plôrd√) v.: asked or begged.
The old man implored Oni to do nothing dangerous. commenced (k¥·menst√) v.: began.
Oni commenced to sing only when the eagle flew near. invincible (in·vin√s¥·b¥l) adj.: unbeatable.
hovered (huvôrd) v.: hung in the air.
The great bird flew in and hovered above them. impostor (im·päs√t¥r) n.: person who pretends to be someone or something that he or she is not.
The hunter who claimed to have done Oni’s deeds was an impostor.
No one could beat invincible Oni.
CLARIFYING WORD MEANINGS: CONTRAST When trying to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, you might try a couple of strategies. Looking for a familiar word or word word are good strategies. Here’s another good strategy: As you read “Oni and the Great Bird,” look at the context to see if the writer gives a clue by telling what the word is not. In these examples, the italicized ages provide context clues for the boldface words. • Kuki, never one to give up, was relentless in her pursuit of the Junior Miss title. • Vibrant colors, not pale pastel colors, were chosen for the baby’s room. • Unlike the new cars on the lot, the jalopy was ignored by the customers.
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part within the unfamiliar word and looking for a restatement of the
© Royalty-Free/CORBIS.
Yoruban, retold by Abayomi Fuja
There was once a strange boy called Oni who was born Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
wearing a pair of boots. As Oni grew, the boots grew also. When he was a boy of eighteen years of age, war broke out between his people and another village. It was during the
Re-read lines 1–14. Underline the details that describe the way Oni differs from the other boys.
battle that Oni made a second discovery about himself, which separated him from his fellow men and made him different. The enemy arrows did not seem to harm him. Many pierced his body, which in the ordinary course of
Pause at line 14. Why do you think Oni is able to escape death?
events should have slain him. The other young men noticed 10
this too. They already regarded Oni as strange because of his wonderful boots, but when they discovered that he could not be killed, they were afraid to have him near them. When he returned from the war, several people tried to kill him in various ways but without any success. Finding
From “Oni and the Great Bird” from Fourteen Hundred Cowries: Traditional Stories of the Yoruba, collected by Abayomi Fuja. Copyright © 1962 by Oxford University Press.
Oni and the Great Bird
211
this did not work, it was decided to find an excuse to banish him. He was accused of setting a house on fire in the village, and although Oni had nothing to do with the fire,
Pause at line 18. Why did the people of the village banish Oni?
he was found guilty and banished. Oni wandered alone on foot for a long time. One 20
afternoon he came to the banks of a great river, and finding an empty canoe and feeling tired of walking, he got into the boat and made his way downstream. Towards evening, when it was growing dark, Oni reached a town and decided to pull into the bank and spend the night there. There were the sounds of many bells being rung and people seemed to be in a hurry. Oni tied up the canoe and climbed the bank, and as he did so, he met an old man. “Good evening, my friend. My name is Oni. I am a stranger to your town and have nowhere to spend the night. Will you take me to your
30
house?” Oni asked the old man. “Yes, certainly, come along with me, but we must go quickly because the bells are ringing and it is growing
Pause at line 38. Why are the people in such a hurry? What do you think the bells might be signaling?
dusk,” replied the old man. ple ring bells on the approach of darkness?” asked Oni. “People call this place Ajo, but hurry up, we must get indoors. I will explain the bells to you when we are inside,” replied the old man. When they reached the old man’s house, they found 40
his people waiting anxiously for him at the door. The bells had now stopped ringing and they were hurried inside and the door was securely fastened. “Now,” said the old man, “sit down and eat with us and I will explain. For many years now we, the people of Ajo, have been troubled by the nightly arrival of a giant eagle. We call it Anodo. It always appears on the approach of darkness and stays until the approach of dawn. Anybody
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“What is the name of your town and why do your peo-
who is unfortunate enough to be out of doors at the time of its appearance is sure to be killed by it. You were very 50
fortunate, young man, to reach Ajo before darkness. Our king has ordered the ringing of bells to warn the people to return to their homes and lock the doors. None of us knows where the eagle comes from or where it goes when it leaves
In lines 43–55, the old man tells about Anodo, the fierce bird that is terrorizing the village. What other stories do you know that feature the motif of terrible beasts?
us at dawn. It is a terrible curse, and in the past it has killed many of our people.” The old man had hardly finished speaking when Oni heard the sound of great wings flapping over the house. It sounded like a great wind, and the windows and doors shook in their frames. 60
“It must be a very great bird,” remarked Oni. After Oni had fed, the old man gave him a mat and a cloth and he lay down to sleep in the corner of the room. Sleep would not come to Oni, however, for he heard the constant noise of the great eagle’s wings as it flew to and fro over Ajo. When morning had come and the eagle had departed, Oni thanked the old man for his kindness and set out to find
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
the king of Ajo and to ask for an audience.1 It was granted. “My name is Oni and I am a stranger to your town. I
The word great (line 60) has several meanings. In this context, it means “huge” or “enormous.”
have come to offer my services in helping to rid this town 70
of the eagle Anodo,” said Oni. “And what makes you think you will succeed where so
Pause at line 67. What is Oni going to ask the king?
many others have tried and failed?” asked the king. “I have certain powers and juju,”2 said Oni. “So had the others. One by one all my hunters have tried and have been killed or carried off by Anodo. Strangers have come from time to time to offer their services, but they too have perished. It is some time now since anybody has tried to kill Anodo, and I have issued orders to my
1. audience n.: here, formal interview with a person of high rank. 2. juju n.: magic charms used by some West African tribes; the magic of such charms. Oni and the Great Bird
213
remaining hunters not to try, as enough of them have been 80
killed already,” said the king. “Have you ever offered a reward to anybody who could
implored (im·plôrd√) v.: asked or begged.
succeed in killing the bird?” asked Oni.
commenced (k¥·menst√) v.: began.
“Indeed, yes. The man who succeeds will have half my kingdom. I made that offer long ago,” replied the king.
invincible (in·vin√s¥·b¥l) adj.: unbeatable.
“Then I will try tonight,” answered Oni, and he paid his respects to the king and departed.
hovered (huvôrd) v.: hung in the air.
Oni returned to the old man’s house and told him what had happened and of his intention to challenge Anodo. The old man was very frightened and implored him to give up 90
Re-read lines 87–92. Describe the different attitudes Oni and the old man’s family have about Anodo.
the idea, for he would only perish and perhaps all those in the house too. But Oni was not frightened. He took his bow and arrows and knives and examined them carefully. It seemed ages to Oni before he heard the bells ringing. Never had he known a longer day in his life. The old man was uneasy and his people were almost hostile towards Oni. When they heard the bells ringing at last, they lost no time in fastening the doors and windows and ordered Oni to lie Presently they heard the noise of a great wind, which
100
heralded the approach of Anodo. Soon the great wings were above the house. Oni waited till the great bird was
Pause at line 106. Why does Oni sing a song when Anodo flies over the old man’s house?
overhead and then he commenced to sing: Tonight Oni will be at war with Anodo, The eagle whose talons are sharper than knives, For now the knives of nature and man will meet. Oni is invincible; his knife is sharp. Anodo heard the challenge as he hovered over the house, and circling slowly round, he came back and sang:
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down on his mat and keep quiet.
Read the boxed age aloud several times. Use punctuation clues to guide your reading. As you read this chant, or song, use a threatening tone, as fits the story.
© Paul Almasy/CORBIS.
Pause at line 116. Banishment is a common motif in folk tales. This is the second time in the story that Oni has been thrown out of a place. Why was he banished from the old man’s house? A decorated silo s the thatched roof of a home in Toro, Nigeria.
Ah, fortune, I have found a victim tonight, 110
I have lived many months without a kill, Will the singer come out and feel the sharpness Of my talons and of my beak? It will take me
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
A moment to tear him to pieces. Come out. All the people in the house were terrified. They seized Oni and threw him out of the house, fearing the vengeance of Anodo on them all. As they threw Oni out into the road, Anodo swooped down and, seizing him in his talons, drew him upwards. Oni slashed the eagle in the chest with his knife and the 120
eagle dropped him with a scream. Oni fell to the ground, dazed. He picked himself up as the huge bird descended once again. He had time to use his bow and discharge an arrow into Anodo before the wounded bird beat him to the ground with his great wings and pecked him severely. Again Oni’s knife tore at the eagle, and he buried it twice in
Oni and the Great Bird
215
Anodo. Slowly the eagle beat his great wings and rose slowly into the air; then he hovered for a last terrible dive on Oni. Oni watched him and, putting an arrow in his bow,
Take a moment to summarize the events of the battle (lines 117–141).
took aim. The great bird hovered; then with a terrible noise 130
he tore down on the boy, gathering speed as he came. There was a great roar of wind as he came down. Oni discharged a second arrow, then another and another in quick succession, but still the bird came on. A moment later it had hit Oni and knocked him over. The boy rolled over, a thousand lights dancing before his eyes; then all went blank, and he felt himself sinking down and down into a bottomless pit. He was knocked unconscious and had not seen that the great bird was already dead before it struck him. Its great wings swept the boy to one side, and it plunged on into a
140
cotton tree, which snapped like a twig and came crashing down to bury the eagle and Oni under a mass of leaves. When Oni recovered, he felt very weak, and it was all he could do to free himself from the great wing of the dead Anodo and the cotton tree leaves. As he struggled, one of
Following the battle, Oni loses one of his boots (lines 144–148). In what way might he be affected? Will he get his boot back?
dead bird. He was very weak and with great difficulty staggered along till he reached the edge of the river; then Oni fainted again. Early next morning the people came out to see the 150
dead Anodo lying in the broken cotton tree. There was great rejoicing and drumming and the king soon appeared with his chiefs to view the wonderful sight. “Who is the great man who killed Anodo?” he asked. One of his hunters stepped forward and, prostrating3 himself on the ground, claimed that he was responsible for the deed.
3. prostrating (präs√tr†t≈i«) v. used as adj.: throwing oneself on the ground to show humility and submission, a traditional gesture of respect toward rulers in many cultures.
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his magic boots came off and remained stuck beneath the
“Then you will be rewarded generously, for I have promised to give half my kingdom to the man who killed Anodo and it is yours,” replied the king. There was great rejoicing and dancing and the hunter 160
was carried to the king’s palace and feasted. A very bedrag-
Pause at line 162. Will Oni challenge the person who claims to have defeated Anodo? Give reasons for your answer.
gled figure then appeared; his clothes were torn and one of his boots was missing. It was Oni. “Ah,” said the king, “here is the stranger who calls himself Oni and who came yesterday to announce his intention of killing the eagle. You come too late, my friend, I fear.” “I killed Anodo. This man is an impostor and a liar,” said Oni. There was whispering between the king and his chiefs. At last he said, “Very well, you claim to have killed Anodo. 170
What proof have you got to offer?” “You see my condition,” replied Oni, “but if you require further proof, send your men out to clear away the dead eagle and the broken cotton tree. Somewhere underneath you will find one of my boots.”
impostor (im·päs√t¥r) n.: person who pretends to be someone or something that he or she is not.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
The king ordered his men to go at once and search for the boot. After some little time the men returned. They carried Oni’s magic boot. “We found it underneath the dead eagle’s wing,” they announced to the king. “Now if you are still undecided and disbelieve my 180
story, will you ask everybody to try on the boot and see if it
In lines 179–181, Oni proposes that the people of the kingdom try on the boot to see who it fits—to see who its rightful owner is. Can you think of a popular fairy tale that shares this motif?
fits,” said Oni. The king ordered everybody to try to see if they could fit the boot to their feet. Strange to relate, although it looked a perfectly normal boot, nobody could manage to put it on. When they had all tried without success, the boot was placed before the king and Oni stepped forward and said:
Oni and the Great Bird
217
Boot from Heaven—boot from Heaven, Go on to your master’s foot. Summarize what has happened in the story from the end of the battle to the end of the story.
Immediately, the boot started to move from before the king 190
and fitted itself onto Oni’s foot of its own accord. The people and the king were convinced of the truth of Oni’s claims and marveled greatly and were very delighted and grateful for his brave deed. The dishonest hunter was taken out and executed, and Oni received the promised reward. That night, for the first time for many years, the bells of Ajo did not sound the curfew. Instead, the streets were
Founders Society Purchase, Friends of African Art Fund. Photograph © 1995 The Detroit Institute of Arts accession number 77.71.
This folk tale has a happy ending for both Oni and the people of Ajo. What has Oni gained through his deeds? What have the people of Ajo gained?
Epa cult mask.
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full of happy, dancing people.
Oni and the Great Bird Motif Map
Character types, events, and other features common to stories from around the world are called motifs. “Oni and the Great Bird” contains many motifs, among them the motif of the superhero. The graphic that follows lists several characteristics of the superhero. Locate story details that relate to each characteristic, and write them in the circles below.
Literary Skills Analyze the superhero motif.
Strange
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
powers:
Mysterious
Feared by
birth:
ordinary humans: Superhero: Oni
Magic tools or clothing:
Oni and the Great Bird
219
Skills Review Oni and the Great Bird VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION Word Bank implored commenced invincible hovered impostor
A. Clarifying Word Meanings: Contrast Fill in the blanks with the correct Word Bank word. Use contrast clues to help you. 1. Impossible to defeat, the
warrior triumphed over
his enemy. 2. Setting aside her pride, the starving woman
the
town to provide hunger relief. 3. It was not over after all. The play had just
when we
arrived. 4. Unlike most birds, which fly quickly by, this bird
just
above my head. !”
B. Reading Comprehension Answer each question below. 1. Why is Oni forced to leave his village at the beginning of the story?
2. How does the king of Ajo react to Oni’s offer to fight Anodo?
3. Who wins the fight between Oni and Anodo?
Vocabulary Skills Clarify meanings by using contrast.
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4. How does Oni prove that the hunter who claims to have killed Anodo is an impostor?
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5. “He’s not the real hero,” the people cried. “He’s an
Page 203
IDENTIFY
This origin myth explains the causes of the earth’s seasons.
PREDICT
Predictions will vary. Possible predictions: Her plan will work because she is a goddess and has power over mortals; her plan won’t work because Metaneira, Demophoon’s mother, will not allow him to be taken away.
■
Cause-and-Effect Chart (page 207) Cause: Zeus agrees to let Hades take Persephone as his wife. Effect: Demeter wanders the earth in mourning for Persephone. Cause: Demeter neglects her duties as harvest goddess. Effect: Nothing grows on earth. Cause: Persephone eats seven pomegranate seeds. Effect: Persephone has to live with Hades for seven months of every year. Answers will vary. Possible response: This myth explains what causes the seasons on earth. It is not a convincing explanation because we know that the seasons are caused by the earth’s position as it revolves around the sun.
IDENTIFY
To transform Demophoon into an immortal, Demeter anoints him with ambrosia, nourishes him with her breath, and places him in the red-hot ashes of the fireplace to sleep.
Page 204 IDENTIFY CAUSE & EFFECT
Metaneira becomes suspicious because of Demeter’s strange behavior. The effect is that one night, Metaneira leaves open Demeter’s door and watches as Demeter places the baby in the hot ashes. IDENTIFY CAUSE & EFFECT
The following details explain the effect of Demeter’s neglect of her duties as harvest goddess: “The greedy birds had a feast off the seed corn that season; or if it started to sprout, sun baked it and rains washed it away. Nothing would grow”; “As the gods looked down, they saw threatening the earth a famine”; “Even the offerings to the gods were neglected by despairing men who could no longer spare anything from their dwindling stores.”
Page 205
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CLARIFY
Demeter will resume her duties as harvest goddess only if Persephone is restored to her from the kingdom of the dead. INFER
Possible response: Persephone has not come to accept her fate. She is pale and sad, and she hasn’t taken anything to eat or drink since coming to the land of the dead.
Possible Answers to Skills Practice
■
Possible Answers to Skills Review
Comprehension (page 208) A. 1. False
2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False B. Understanding Cause and Effect 1. Hades gets Zeus to allow him to take Persephone as his wife. Persephone is abducted by Hades while she picks flowers with the maidens. 2. Nothing grows on earth. 3. For seven months of each year, Persephone must live with Hades. She can live with Demeter the other five months.
Oni and the Great Bird, page 209
Page 206 PREDICT
Predictions will vary. Possible responses: Hades may be trying to poison Persephone; Hades may be casting a love spell on Persephone so that she won’t want to leave him. IDENTIFY CAUSE & EFFECT
Because Persephone ate seven pomegranate seeds, for seven months of the year the trees shed their leaves, cold comes, and the earth lies still and dead.
Page 211 IDENTIFY
Oni differs from the other boys because he was born wearing a pair of boots that grew with him. He later discovered that he couldn’t be killed. Arrows pierced his body during battle, but they had no effect on him.
Answer Key
23
INFER
PREDICT
Possible answer: Oni’s boots have magic powers that prevent him from being killed.
Answers will vary. Possible response: Oni will no longer be invincible. He probably won’t get the boot back. Someone in the town might take the boot.
Page 212
Page 217
The village people banished Oni because they were afraid to have him near them. They feared him because he couldn’t be killed.
PREDICT
Answers will vary. Possible responses: Oni will be afraid to challenge the person because he has only one of his magic boots; Oni will challenge the person because he knows the truth—that he killed Anodo.
PREDICT
Answers will vary. Possible response: The people may be in a hurry because they fear something evil that comes out at dark. The bells are warning people to get in their houses before dark.
Page 213
CONNECT
The fairy tale “Cinderella” shares this motif.
Page 218
CONNECT
SUMMARIZE
Answers will vary. Students may think of a Godzilla movie or the story of Count Dracula.
Possible summary: Oni loses one of his boots as he drags himself from under the dead eagle. Meanwhile, an impostor claims to have killed Anodo. Oni calls the person a liar and says the proof—his missing boot—can be found under the dead eagle. When the boot is found, everyone tries it on but no one can wear it. Oni makes the boot go back on his foot, and the king gives Oni half his kingdom. The people of Ajo are grateful to Oni.
PREDICT
Answers will vary. Possible response: Oni is going to ask the king if he can stay out at night and challenge Anodo. Oni isn’t afraid because he knows he can’t be killed.
Page 214 COMPARE & CONTRAST
INTERPRET
The old man is afraid that not only Oni but also everyone in the old man’s house might be killed by Anodo. Oni isn’t afraid; he begins to examine his weapons.
Besides gaining half the king’s kingdom, Oni has gained the gratitude and friendship of all the people in Ajo. The people of Ajo have gained the freedom to go out at night without fear, and they’ve gained the protection of Oni’s magic powers.
INTERPRET
Answers will vary. Possible response: Oni wants Anodo to know that he is going to fight him. Oni is teasing Anodo, goading him into fighting.
Page 215
■
Motif Map (page 219) Strange powers—Oni can’t be killed; Mysterious birth—Oni was born with boots on his feet; Feared by ordinary humans—Oni was banished from his village because people were afraid to be around him; Magic tools or clothing—Oni had magic boots that grew as he grew and gave him special powers.
IDENTIFY
Oni was thrown out of the old man’s house because the people in the house were terrified. They were afraid Anodo would take vengeance on the entire household because of Oni’s threat.
Page 216 SUMMARIZE
Anodo swoops down and grabs Oni, but Oni stabs Anodo, and Anodo drops him. Anodo returns again to grab Oni, and Oni shoots an arrow into him. Anodo knocks Oni down and pecks him severely. Then Oni stabs Anodo twice with his knife. As the eagle dives toward Oni one last time, Oni fires four arrows into the bird. Anodo’s dead body slams into Oni and knocks him unconscious.
24
The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual
Possible Answers to Skills Practice
■
Possible Answers to Skills Review
Vocabulary and Comprehension (page 220) A. 1. invincible
2. 3. 4. 5.
implored commenced hovered impostor
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
IDENTIFY
B. 1. Oni is forced to leave his village because the
people are afraid to have him around. They fear the magic power that prevents him from being killed. 2. The king allows Oni to try to kill Anodo. He simply warns Oni that all who have tried have been killed or carried away. 3. Oni wins the fight; he kills Anodo. 4. Oni proves that the hunter is an impostor by allowing his lost boot to be tried on by everyone, including the impostor. The boot fits no one but Oni.
IDENTIFY
The myth is explaining the origins of Mount Adams and Mount Hood. The brothers’ quarrels explain the volcanoes’ “behavior.”
Page 227 INTERPRET
Possible response: The “fire within herself ” refers to the lava inside the volcano. INFER
Answers may vary. Possible response: The myth teller suggests that Mount St. Helens exploded because Loo-Wit and the Creator were unhappy with the way people were treating the land. The author might be suggesting that we need to be more careful about the way we treat the environment.
Loo-Wit, the Fire-Keeper, page 221 Page 223 INFER
Responses may vary. Possible responses: God, Allah.
■
IDENTIFY
Author’s Purpose (page 228)
The problem that begins the story is that “two brothers began to quarrel over the land. Each wanted to control it.”
Author’s purpose: to explain how two American Indian peoples came to be and how Mount Adams, Mount Hood, and Mount St. Helens came to be. Details: One brother shot his arrow into the valley of the Willamette River. He and his people became the Multnomahs. The younger brother shot his arrow to the north of the great river. He and his people became the Klickitats. Details: The brothers began to quarrel again, so the Creator turned one into Mount Hood and the other into Mount Adams. Details: Even as mountains, the brothers continued to quarrel, throwing flames and stones at each other. The stones nearly blocked the river between them, forming The Dalles in the Columbia River. Details: Loo-Wit was sad that her beauty caused such pain, and she no longer wanted to be a beautiful young woman. The Creator pitied Loo-Wit and turned her into the most beautiful of the mountains, Mount St. Helens.
Page 224 CLARIFY
The brothers’ problem is solved when the Creator gives each brother land where his arrow falls. INTERPRET
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Answers will vary. Possible response: A bridge is a good symbol of peace between nations because people can travel freely back and forth; a bridge overcomes a boundary.
Page 225 TEXT STRUCTURE
The two quotations are “ ‘Their lands are better than ours.’ ” and “ ‘Their lands are more beautiful than ours.’ ” RETELL
The people become greedy again, so the Creator takes away fire and makes the skies dark. IDENTIFY
Loo-Wit is rewarded for being good, and she is made young and beautiful because she agrees to share fire with all the people to remind them that they must also be good.
Page 226 RETELL
To solve the brothers’ latest quarrel, the Creator punishes the brothers by turning one into Mount Adams and one into Mount Hood.
Possible Answers to Skills Practice
■
Possible Answers to Skills Review
Vocabulary and Comprehension (page 229) A. 1. arched; “like a silver rainbow”
2. claim; “castle in the sky” 3. aware; “like fighting the tide” B. 1. The Creator is angry because the brothers are quarreling over control of the land. 2. He has each brother shoot an arrow; the places where the arrows land become their land. The people soon begin to quarrel again because each group thinks the other’s land is more beautiful than its own.
Answer Key
25
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