Learn Malayalam In 30 Days 5nh4i

LEARN MALAYALAM I N 30 D A Y S

BY Vidvan

C, L, MEENAKSt-lI AMMA

IBALAdI PUBLICATIONS ROAD MADa~s-aaool4

103, PYCROFTS

RAJ 8UAVAN

Camp: Rashtrapathi Bhavan New Oelhi

March 8, 1976

Daar Sirs

I am extresely

happy that Balaji

Publicatidns are bringing o u t ' of aatiunal I n t e g r a t i o a

Language series, They a r e u s e f u l f o r people speaking,ope language to

learn other languages. This is a pioneering work f o r n a t i o n a l . i n t e g r a t i o n , and I must c o n g r a t u l a t e you. C

Yours sincerely (Sd)K. K. SHAH

Ma. Balaji Publieat ianr 53, Oil Monger Street

Madras-600 014

V. R. NEDUHCMEZHlAN MIHtSTBR FOR EDUCAT1ON

Fort St. George Madras-9

AHD HEALTH

8th July, 1970

,I am g l a d La learn t h a t a baok antitled ''TO LEARN ~ Q ~ J A Y A L AIN M 30 DAYS" w i l l be published by the Bala ji Publications, Madras-14. T congratulate bhe publishers forhavingtakencommendable e f f o r t s i n b r i n g i n g out t h i s b o o k i n a s i m p l e but e f f i c i e n t w a y . 1 hope and trust $hat t h i s baok w i l l bemade u s e o f 'by the English-knowing people f r o m other parts o f the country and foreigners. U

FOREWORD ,$

To karn s Iangustge is to enter a new world and r1:-live one's life with the zest of a new childhood. This is al' the more true of the tourist or the new student: of nationi,lisrn or humanity,

'

Kerala is a world of beauty and variety, of land as wdl as of tbe people, and ofie can enter into the soul of it el sily with even a smattering of the language of the country. In [his book-lef Sn~nathiMcer~akshi Amma with a few deft touches, enables the English-knowing tourist, scholar',or o@cial to attain by imperceptible steps to an understanding of the essentials of the medium o f I he thoughts and feeli&s of the people. With minimum or with practically no grammar at all and with the just absolutely necessary basic vocabulary, thb author has evolved in the reals of language-teaching a r irable system o f her ow11 which is simple as simple can be and yet is egcient in the main,

The Balaji Pu biications are to be heartily congratulated for their great swvice in the cause of national solidarity and integration as betwee11 the linguistic nerve-centres of the k r love, m a k i ~ ~Kerala g nearer and nation i t is a labo t ~ of dearer to the people of the other parts of India and the world, and will certainly also help to bring the other parts of lndia and the world nearer and closer to the life of Maiayalis. The 30 days or rather the 30 quarter-hours of the Scheme, with a quarter of an hour a day for 30 days. would furnish one with a veritable key to one's converse with the

6 5

Malayalis. It is, indeed, desirable that the author and t h ~ publisher continue their co-operation yet further and supple mcnt the key with adequate foJlow-ups, so that the desire born of acquaintance may find its due fulfilment in greater ixltimacy and the resultant richer harvest of a cultural q& national nature to the nation and the people. I "

K.APPADURAI, M~A, (BNG), M, A. (T-) VISARAD (HINDI), L'. T.

Madras 13-6-1970,

Full Time Member Tamizhagarn Official Language (Legislative) Commission.

To learn a language is by itsdf an art, and alt are not gifted with that faculty. Nevertheless, once you develop a taste for that, it becomes easier, and a second habit with you.

Unity of our country is seemingly jeopardized by the artificial barriers created an of the numerous languages spoken here, and more than that, the linguistic divisions of the country. A common lingua franca is the only solution to this problem. The solution suggested h'as fast brought another problem. What shouId be the common language? There is English at present, but a few seem to be apathetic to the adoption of English as the linguu~fr~ncu of India. They have their own reawtls. Nowevcr. for the present, despite the opposition of thcse people to English. they too depend on that unique window of world culture to ventilate their feelings! Let i t be so, and let us be happy to that extent to know that hypocracy is often defeated by practicality

Here is a noble attempt on rile part of Balaji '~ubli-. cations to solve the problem in a different way. ,Learning ;I language in thirty days may seem some what ambitious a scheme. Balaji Pubtications, coming under the National Integration series, do ilot give you a rise promise nor do they p i ~ tyou undcr an illusion. From my persoilal experience, I. can say that I could learn a language fairly well through one of the Baluji P U blications; Cred itgoer to the Publishers, but not exclusively to them!

Tn ,fact to an Inditin student any fndian language

i s his

own provided4 he forgets the barricade of its alphabets, After all a!,\habets are the outer garments of a language,

Thanks to the Roman script ed by a code of transliteration, this barricade is removed to some extent, and by the time one finishes the first course, by an easy reading of the book, he will be convinced of its great use in knowing the general nature of the language. tt is then up to him to go slow, chapter by chapter; for a few days, to acquire a working knowledge in the new language. Forget about the alpha bets f ~ rsome time to come, Cultivate the taste of learning the vocabulary, syntax and a few primary principles of gmmrnar. Within thirty days you can talk a little and understand much of the language you want to master. '

+

To a South Indian, any South Indian language other than his mother tongue, is the least alien. A Malayali learning Telugu or Kannada finds himself quite at home with that language within a short time, if only he knows the fact that the Sanskrit loan words in those languages do not undergo any change excepting a Iittle, and that with regard to the &fExts indicating gender, number, person and case, The indigenous elements OF all the South lndian languages are common, and the worry is over by the realisation of this fact. Thus a Malayah cannot: but view Telugu or Kannada as his own mother tongue. Still easier is the case with a Tarnilian to learn Malayalam and vice versa, Practically they are one, if viewed sympathetically. Even the alphabets, let aione the stack of indigenous words, are similar. Far g Tamiliaa it is a question of pronouncing Sanskrit words as Sanskrit words to know Malayalam thoroughly , for which purpose he has to learn the additional alphabets in Malayalam. -A Tamilian who is familiar with the Grantha script would Gind that Malayalam script i s but a variation of it.

In the case of nun-Indian foreigners, a language like Malayalarn will be a difficult knot to untie. To them it will be more difficult than Tamil or Hindi. From the experience I have had with my foreign students learning Malayatam, f have noted that their main difficulty is ir! the matter of pronunciation, and the subtle distinction maintained by a few letters coming under consonantal group. Even to them these series would prove to be a Messing in so far as they help the students in the diacult matter of pronunciation by giving appropriate English equivalents. The publications under the National Integration series are well-planned. By an easy reading of the book one can quickly inculcate the spirit of learning a new language.

May f congratulate Mr. Janakirsm, the Publisher of the series fur the ingenuity with which he planned tMs most difficult but highly useful series in such a simple MaBDCf,

Dr. S, K. Nayur.

PUBLf SHER'S NOTE

I

My idea behind the publication of the National Integration series is not to enlighten either the linguists or the linguisticians. X had the common man in my view when I planned this ambitious project, Language is a problem to us, but no more it should be as long as these series are available to you. 2: can assure my readers the utility of the series if they care to follow the lessons consistantly and regularly for 30 days during their leisure hours. f am encouraged by thousands of customers from ali over India and a few from outside to pursue the lint taken up by me, of course with some diBcuIty at the beginning and with ease later on, when I: found that more and more arecoming foward with the queriesas to the availabitity of hooks on other languages in the series. The present one "Learn Mabyalam in 30 days" comes under-the series. 1 have to thank the author Vidvan C. L, Meenakshi Amma for her sincere and hearty co-operatian in my endeavours to bring out this volume. Di. S. K.Nayar has been a.source of inspiration to me for a long time in my attempt to publish these series, and I am grateful to him for rendering me all necessary help in my humble, but wrnest attempt. Dr. Nayar has been ab!e to revise this work thoraughiy in the manuscript stage, and many additions and alterations are stilt to be made according to him in this work, f: assure him and my readers that T would carry out his instructions in the next edit'ion of the work. However, despite the care taken in reading the proof, a few errats have crept in and we request the students to refer to the errata and make necessary corrections wherever needed. f,

CONTENTS

Page

freface Foreword Introduction Publisher's Note Alphabets How to pronounce Conso~~ants Rules of pronunciation Signs 06 Vowels Conjunct Codsonants Words (Nouns) Parts of the body Places Time Week Days Seasons Months Directions Household Famiiy Feelings Edibles Vegetabtes Fruits Animals

I..

...

...

.. * . .

... I.,

.I.

** *.I

1..

...

16 I7 18 19

Birds Education Postal Industry Professionists Piurnbers Measurement

Colours Metals Sentences Interrogatives Sentences with Interrogatives Imperatives About the House In the market

Conversation Grammar Voice Short Exercises Glossary of important words

... .*. A

..

.+*

I . .

I . .

.

.*. -4.4

... . . a

... ...

...

A short note on the history of Matayalam Language and Literature,

FIRST PART

ALPHABETS

mmmm3a A kgaramala

I . Vowels

rrurmssnd Svaradfial m

a

W

9

u

w'

*

a Note :

e

* 6

m,

8

e m n D au

S 4

@

BD 8 @

1

Sg

C

a

i

8,

firs

r,

1

e

i

1 o

9,€3

e, an short vowels and the rest are long excepting a* ai and e9 au wbich are known as dipthongs. Apart from these 14 vowels there are two signs to be associated with any one of these vowels They are I, and r r , usually written with the first ietter to indicate that they may go with any vowel. Thus m o am and mt ah are to be smdied along with the vowels although they are not strictly speaking vowels, They ate called mrnrclu~~a~ aausvHram and N%W$) 0 visargarn respectively. a

U,

8 and a~ 1' have long vowels but they seldom appear

1' occurs only in one word in Malayalarn In usage. Even and that is borrowed from Sari?krit,

HOW TO PRONOUNCE cBlb

a

as A in

W

a

as a in Father

$32

i

as i

America

in It as ee in Sweet

1

as r in Rhythm m

I'

@

somewhat like '1x1' in clue as a in

any elongate the vowel e

4 sa

Q

653

o

mt

ah

Only elongate the vowel o

as in '

as h in halt.

Note : The sign of am, aousvzram, is 0 , which has the value of the pronunciation of the English letter m. The sign of ma, the visarga, is : which corresponds to 'h' in English. Anusviiram and visarga can be added to any vowel and therefore both of these are studied in the alphabetical chart associated with the first letter, m a, which has the value of x in algebra and which stands

fur any vowel

,&

ka

kha

1JJ

~a

cha

m

Lfl

ta

tha

cn

Rel

ga

gha

s

(6W

ja

j ha

s da

w d ha

:-- All the consonaats are written adding a vowel m, a, when only they are capable of being clearly

pronounced. Strictly speaking these consonants are to be understood without adding any vowel to them, as a consonant is defined as having no independent entity in pronunciation unless a vowel is added to it. Thus consonant b, ka, is to be represented as a",k, and the others idso likewise,

-

RULES OF PBONUNCIATION '

Aff the alphabets in Sanskrit are found in Malayah and their pronunciation is exactly like that of Sanskri alphabets. In addition to the Sanskrit alphabets, the threl letters 1, 9 1 and g found in Tamil and otbe Dravidian languages strictly follow their counterparts i~

Tamil or Kannaba, cn na the dental, nasal in Maltlyalam is used for th pronunciation of fia in Tamil, the alveolar nasal, whic! never occurs at the beginning of any Mafayatam ward

is identical with . in the English ward, no. When na, the dental i dupiicated it is pronounced either as dental or alveola according to the context. The general rule to pronounc alveolar da i s that it is to be pronounced as alveolar d when cn, n, is found occurring anywhere in a wor excepting at the beginning. Thus the words rnm nah9, mcn nada, G ~ C Dcaila, mmo maham ma be given as examples. Therefore throughout this book n particular diacritical mark is given to alveolar m n; as is the case with Malayalarn letter cn which represen both dental and aIveolar, o $a when single has its original value, and whe duplicated oo r f a takes a different pronknciation whic i s identical with the tt in the English word attention. Note: Many words in Malayatam end in half g which has the status of a vowel, although it is half of vowel only. Half of g u is represented by a cresce mark above 9 as g* uv* This particular half vos has a special significance in the Malayalarn grammar, ar therefore the students of Malayalarn language sboould p special attention in its writing as weII as pronunclati5n, m e pronunciation of alveolar fia

SIGNS .OF VOWELS m a, the first vowd, has no separate sign in

Malayalam. As dready stated 41 consonants are written with .vowel m, a, latent in them. To have no separate sign is itself a sign as in the case with Tamil and Sanskrit, Vowel.

Sign.

Example.

N o : One diEculty with Malayalarn is thatthesignof g u has no uniformity with all the consonants. A few examples are given below:Short

Long

a0+g=GLd Kh +u=Lhu

a* kha

a

~"+2=E.! (3+u--gu W0+@=W

&a J ,

Gh+u-ghn

gho

rnU+~=6Y3,

6%

b+u-htr

Short

fiii

Short 5u+2-S

Long

-3

14-u =tu

tu

oQ+g=o,

0,

th+u-thu

tbu

WU+!g*;rtCCk $+-flu

m* dD

CUp~+*"CU09,

a,

gh-cu.=dbu

g h-ii

mv+g=m o+u=4u

fin3

hng

Short

Long

Short

Long

Shurt

r+u=pu

Long

rii

The following are consonants with independent pronunciational entity, They are half of the consonants shown against them:-

Conjunct Consonants The most difficult task in learning Mabyalam Is fd when you write the conjunct consonants. Combination! of a number of consonants is. represented in script by certain principles in writing, which can be learnt by slow degrees only, and that by familiarising yourself with such conjunct letter. An exhaustive fist of conjunct letters is out of place; only a few models are given below:dhV+&=tm

k+ka=kka do+&=&

+

r ya ;=rya

c+ca--cca sU+B==:3

a"-) a-gg

t

1+la

+ p=..tta

mU+m--m t+ta- tta

.=

Ila

CU+CU==QJ

v+va% vva

LP+nJ=&.j

P a=PPa

dB~+w=kfbJ

k+ya= kya. For all letters fioaUy t with ya, J sign would do. e. g. dJcya, mJ gya, mJ fiya, hJJ pya, m& Yya, mJ sya, nnf hya, I For a!! letters finally t with

is to be given. &O+CU=&J

k + va= kva.

ell

va,

J

sign

&A

cva, WA gva,

hva.

fl(>~

--&& or 6 rka- Same principle when a lettel & or ok-!-6 hgioiwitb o or m t or & r . e. g.

I1ZI''+DJ=UIS11

rppa @ rgga &muc. rsa. Wher 0 ra or rn ra comes jast the sign is like pra, QJ vra, @ kra.

4ca.

or I z i b b lka or tka. The same method mu or ID%+&, ( is to be followed when wVI or m ut ir followed by any letter.

a"+ce3.

'

cib or mu+&=&

hka~fika, m ~ + m ~ s 6t.a m m u + s = w ~p h Mu+#-cm) nta

m or &+a=c@o nra m U C C U ) = m gga MV-f-m=m)nna

mG+n-l=m mpa

m + ~ n = 3 ntha a

A70rt,: 111 the above examples mu, n, stands, for any nasal. Therefore the group of rhe nasal is to be determined

by the Ietter with which it is ed. are two peculiar combinations in MaiayaIam, They are apparently the camhination of ono+@, hrna and hm,

mum hna, but their pronunciation is pecutiar. They should be pronounced as mha and nha respectively.

p.~omory"

brahmiivuv-to be pronounced as bramhnvn". mnm? vahni to be pronounced as vanhi.

WORDS (NOUNS) (Words of two letters)

Head Net

*

Field

Forest Pot

Wage

Lord Krishna Elephant Mather Cow

(Words of three letters) I

Donkey Cbju mu

Pa Ila kkuO

Palanquin

Chilli & 16) &mu

Ka ta ku"

Shutter

Sorrow Lotus

Marriage

m&m Sa rkka ra

PRONOUNS

-I

We

You (Singular)

You (Plural) cud A van

He She

am a a A var

ney

That This

Thase These

VERBS

Came Go &s?&&

Ku ti kku ka

To drink

m7 m dh

Ti nnu ka

To

eat

To walk

To run T o jump &g$lcs61&

Ka li kku ka

To play

ag7rna

Ku li kku ka

To bathe To see

am3 rn

No kku ka

ms7dmrfk A ti kku ka

TO beat

&5?&6!&

Ka ti kku ka mI7 97 &ta

Vi

To bite

d%

li kku ,ka

To call

rn#a:,$%#ERk

KO tu kku ka

To

give

CWaS~c"

A ta ykku ka

To dose

an"& Tu ya kku ka

To open

m7 g.& d, Ni lkku ka

To stand

~ o i m d h

Mu xi kku ka

To cut

dl m'l &a 6

Ci ri kku ka

To laugh &To kill

PARTS OF THE BODY

mcuavmsand Avayavad fiaj

.rn(03

(Do

1

Sa ri ram OB

M a

D E ham Head

Face

Tongue

FY~ ,,Mouth &YtPU

Q>

Ka {u ttu"

Neck Tooth Chest

Lip

Rand

Ear Back

,

Finger

Thigh Chin

Eye brow Forehead

Hair

fa 3. Mv ttu*

Knee (t) Nail

PLACES

crunelmd Sthala&&a{

Place: ~3

mo

Grzi mam

Village

033 q &lo T3 I@ kku"

Taluk

Crtlo Mll13 M v

Sam stha nam d 3 6mo Pa f f a gam

State

Town Country

CSWD d o

La kam

World Way, path

6)m m3 nJU Te ru vu"

SEreet

River Sea &3

5"

Kg

tu'

Forest

TIME

Second Second (One sixtieth. of a M397a

aahika)

One by sixty of 24 hours

Hour

Sun Ca ndra n

rn

Moon

wo

Na kgha tram

Star

Night

Dusk

Dusk m~

3 RMO3 Ma dhya &am

Noon

Noon CLiO

m7 mo

Pa ti n

Midnight

m&c03~fl

A rdha rzi tri

Morning am

8 a o cl.a d t r o a a

Ve lu pps a ka lam QSHW & am

E d y morning

Vai ku nna ram

Evening

Duration of 3 hours; One eighth part of a day

WZEK DAYS

mow& R5 yar

Sunday

ad:, Q,j Co vva

Tuesday

Bu dha n

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday Saturday CLJD (0s

Vij ra m

ma Ln7 Ti thi

SEASONS

Summer

m Ra Ve na1 Gal

Summer

CL1 Clu m o

Va sa ntam

Spring Spring

ID Y dm3

-0

Ma l a kka lam a fiTtMP;1 &a3 fa@ Ma Riiu kg lam

Rainy Season

Winter Rain Sun (Sunlight or sunshine) Cloud

rnt~6)61aib

Ma la kkgr

Cloud

A3 OQU

Ma rrum #7 m mB

Mi nnal

a 57 1 ti

Lightning

MONTHS

momamcia Masabfial

August-September dh

m7

Ka nni

September-October

October-Navern ber c g w 7 &a Vg sci kam wm Dha nu m & ro*

November-December Decem5er -January

January-February

Ma ka ram

February-March

March- April Grn

So

April- May

Me tam !gS

hlo

I ta vam sll

Lg

May --June

mo

Mi thu nam

June-Jul y

& & S & O

Ka rkka

ta

kam

July- August

DIRECTIONS o?cedadbcib Dikkukai

East am m u 're kku"

South West

CU 5

6)81u

North

Va ta kku"

Corner '

Left

Right

. Down

Sie

Middle

In Out

Circle

HOUSEHOLD

culg c r u o m c n u l y c z r Vi tu sam bandhiccava

House

Building

Room m hU Ka ta kuu

Shutter

w3 ml aa

Vg

ti1

Door

a m & Ja nal

Window

ctsr 53 cab Ku ti 1

But

dfi

House of the Lower W ~ f e House of the lower People

53 mo KO ttn ram

060

Palace

Broomstick m ml A ri ppa

Seive

m g m s A fu kka la

Kitchen

'PFbd

9WU

A tu ppu*

oven

(113 @ o

P i tram

Vessel

Ladle Fire Fire wood 6 el0

Ka lam &

Pat

ml

Ka ri

Chrri;caal Cot

Bed

Pillow Mat

FAMILY dhgomo Kutumbam 50

m

o

Ku turn barn

Family

mm A mma

Mother Father

m q m A mmG mma

Grand mother Grand father

Grand father &I7 00 ly na Ci XXa ppa n

Father's younger brother

g9 Ib&

Bba rya e aim3 i Q u Bha rta vuV

Wife

Husband Male

Female

Child Son Daughter a d EJ d CE tta n

Efder brother

ctnam7wd A ni yan

Younger brqther

a d 4bn Ce cci CSAl

s m 7

Ce $a tti s m?rn m

C8 f a tti a mma

1

Elder sister

Efder sister-in-law Maternal uncle

Aunt

Father-in-law

'rn M I l O 0 7 m MD A mma yi a mma

Mother-in-law

rcnacncnnmhlcib A na nta ra va n

Nephew

cnmm&Jn3, Ma ru ma ka n

Nephew or son-in-law

nrm9J7wcib A ii ya n

Brother-in-lap9

mj Ka nya ka

Virgin

6

Husband's sister or Brother's wife

112)

am0

m o

San td Sam

Happiness Happiness

C&3 d o

Ka pam

Anger Anger

Laugh

sorrow Weeping

qm o Soe ham

Love, friendship

Lovc Luvc, friendship m ~ ?m m c r Pi na kkam

Enmity

Enmity

Comion md 6I.h

Su kham @a

wo

Duh kham P

Comfort Sorrow

-0

Bha yam

Fear Fear

8)aU) IDAa

Dbai ryam

Boldness

8BCn IP3 UUJo

Nai rs byam

Disappointment Difficulty

w

#a3 Va 118 yma

Gloom

'

EDIBLES ~(eflr~~and Bhakthyah ha1

Milk Curd

Buttemilk Butter

i

mD@7 A ri

.

%Pice

8af3 Qu

Cb

XU*

Cooked dce

wheat

Flour n ~ a m o ' l Pa cca kka ri

Egg Sg&Q

g?

&a 03

KO li kka l i

Chicken Bread

Sale $2

mu

(117 3 U ppi li !$a tuu

Pickles

ang go mo m m o a 09 Na ra fihii kka pi

pickles

Lemon pick1es

VEGETABLES

0

am m Ve qta ykka

Lady's Finger

Coconut

a3

6uQ

M8 fiRa

Mango

aJ &-a Ca kka

Jack fruit Onion

Q

ta761113m

Mu ri 6th kka

Drum Stick

g& PB va ykka

Bitter Gourd

Ka yppa kka

Bittei Gourd

U D CU

rLJsCUmm

8;t fa va la hfia

Snake Gourd

c8xm2m KII mpa \ a hda m mm 6F13

Meto 11

Ma

tta hba

FRUITS

'

hJ 90

Pa lam

Fruit

m3 9 & J!P< 'Va la ppa lam

Plantain F ~ U I L

m.l Y o Ma mpa lam

Mango Frui

a3

d m

a

90

Ca kka ppa [am

Jack Fruit

m7 m7 arso gy 9. Mu nti ri hhg ppa lam

Grapes

Ck xu aa ra

Lemon

Q

6t5a

q t t m n ~ 9 a

B tta ppa lam

Banana

a

a m QJ NB lntra ppa lam

~&ana

a h $ @ d &

Ka yta ca kka

Pine-apple

rncb)rohomm Ma dhu ra na ra hfia

Orange

ANIMALS $
Animal

CW'lo

U

Sim ham

o

. Leopard

tLi

mrl

: .!

Pa nni

Pig ,

Bear

Bull Cow

Ku ru kka n

Jackal Dog, in some places Bitch

Monkey

,

Horse Camel Ass

Rat or Mouse cL$a Pt1 cca

Cat

Buffalo She-buffalo @"

CLJ~

Kta vu"'

m a l MD m7

Calf

w3 gU

Ce mma ri ya fuU

Sheep

BIRDS

Bird

Peacock &

w7

raa

Ku yi J

Cuckoo

1

wa

.zdQ

Pra vu' a3 a 'Ka kka

Dove

Craw Chicken Owl

Owl Bat rs!m

Ta tta

Parrot

~831~7

Ki $i

Parrot, also Sparrow

&d Ka lu ka n

Vulture

&

lg

Swan

cuI8~"p(ruo Vidygbhyasam W? S J O 0J3 CrUo

Vi dya bhya sam N?

8J5)

Educatioa

ma

Vi dya la yam S.

n_l

Pa Iti kka tarn

School

* Y r n d S l E iu ttu pa {ti

School

rPmr W J O

Teacher

A ddhys pa ka n

mu

mu V% ddhya ru* OUjD

& -3

&Ia*

Ka In la yam m

&&&l3Ub3a

Sa rva ka 1s dii

la

University

& J wo mr, w j o d & d3 Pra dha n& ddbya pa ka n Heaster ~7 Vi

C&O

cu7

SJO

Vi

&7'

d y ~rtthj &I7 dyii rtthi

Student

m nC

Girl Student

a

Q sta kam

Fu a a1

Book

t~

Examination

Pa rl kSa

IP? a 0 4 el* Pa ri kba pha lam Examination Result g m, m clr? a j o BJO me U nna ta vi d y ~b h y ~sam Higber Education m clr w7 czJ

A

Leave

va dhi

m hl 037

m3 ws

A va dbi kka lam

Hof iday

-7 Vi

Rest

&

4ra mam 5 El3 (QIV

Ka la la ssu" ad3

Paper

@&a

CU dyam

Q uestian

U

Answer

tta r i m

POSTAL mrz~3d Tapfl

Post rn

h13 eJ3

Ta pa

Ia

~7 mu ppi s

Post Office

csa ma ma7 iEU0 m o Mi5 1 vvi 1 sam

Address

mtm Va rtta

News Particulars

m d 3 IFb Ta pa 1

rm7 Ka mpi

ml

n43

wq

Si pa y i

Postman

Telegmm

Note: For cover, card, , money order, usually t same English words are used.

.

.

INDUSTRY

CU J(Um)300 Vyavassyam CUJ fll Nu3 W o

Vya va s3 yam 803

To

9 3 a3 $7

ti

li

18

Labourer

Labour Wage nJ 6m7 Q

S

&a0

Pa pi mu fa k h O m7 mr, rrl)O J Ib .n mo Ni rii ha ra vra tam

ua

Labour Strike

Hunger strike

29

Q

Mu

*

ta la crzl

li

Proprietor

go

lam

Salary

amo 99 mil 0 ~ 3 a To ji 1 Sa la

Factory

Sa mpa

PROFESSIONISTS

am3 *7 (pil

To li 1 amo 97 (pa m:, To li 1 kka r rerrP€3m&0(11C@

A la kku kg ra n am g a m 5 t?B Vc l u tte ta n

Carpenter

i?

Barber

I

Goldsmith

I

KO Xia n d=rcscuacrll

Blacksmith

mo -3 3 60m Ca Ha yz jtu kit ra n

Hunter

mmtu oh d Vai dya n

Physician

a 7 &I33 m cl3 KF ~i kka ra n

Farmer

d&

Agriculturist

Business 6)B& G)IFIIRQ

Kai

tto

91 d i li 1

Handicraft

6)M K?J'J@@u t

Ne yttu" mrn w u m co t@ Ne yttu kL ra. n @ tmd

Weaving Weaver

Tu nnal

Sewing

ggm raam3ad T u nna I kka ra n

Tailor

clr &"t Va kki

4

NUMBERS m]obu~&d Samkhyakal CTt)o

WJ

Sam khya

Number

To

count

Quarter

Half

Two

Four

Five Six

Seven'

Nine nJ

mu Ten

Pa ttu" rmrl om3 mu Pa ti no nnu"

~ievelr

d @ W U Pa ntra pXu"

'Twelve

4m7qma~ Pa ti rnii nnu"

Thirteen

Fifteen Sixteen

Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen

Twenty

gmd ~ r nm 3u IE ru pa tto nau"

Twenty one

gm.hJ-7 T ru pa tti ra ptu'

Twenty two

Note: Thus for twentythree onwards add qlm~' rnrtnnu', mDeJu niilu" etc to ~ ~ d a r m irupatti ? to get up to Twenty nine. Q @" Mu ppa tue

Thirty

(y ml awa m a Mu ppa tti yo nnu" Q

Thirty one Likewise add raatu. mannu to niuppsti, to set l ~ p i o ,thirty nine. C

C""

a a"

Na Ipa tu"

Forty

cwadd@" A n pa tu"

Fifty

ne)Y*@u

E lu pa tu"

Seventy

E

Eigbty

p

pa t u g

amo 6 nu To pna ru*

Ninety

Hundred 007

mw:, ma0

Nu ggi

yo nnu"

Hundred and one

w? m o A yi ram

Thousand

c~oWI Pa ti na yi ram

Ten thousand

IsrQ

a1617

Lakh Crare

4 =A* Fii jyam

Bra

MEASUREMENT

-aodU A avu"

$3 mu

Measurement

A \a vu"

Length 3 readt h ad3

m

o

@ Tfi kkam d%

Height

kkam

Po

Mo

Ka nam wa

mo

1

Weight

Gha riam Big

Small

Much Lit tic

m7

oa

Ni barn N &o

Va rppam

@

au

Ve !ta ppuu

" 9 pj*

White

Ka ~u ppu'

Black

m"lwo Ni lam

Blue

m d m

ao

Ce ma ppu"

Red

4

Fa cca

Green

m m Ma Ciia

Yellow

on OJ?' gU Ta vi ttuO

Brown

BQ

U ta 5

Purple

METALS

@aonnmd Laharifia] CSWI) m a

Lo ham

Metal Iron Copper

n ~ 7a a Pi cca l a

Brass

.ggg MI*

i: yam rruJ

Lead

g o o

Sva rpqarn

Gofd Silver

@

m

093 clho

Tu

tta

nB kam

Zinc

Bronze

SECOND PART

SENTENCES SENTENCES OF TWO WORDS

m @ rfh37

Na Ila ku fti

Good boy (or girI)

a w g m Ve l u tta ku ti ra Q &I $u Mu jIa mo tru"

White horse

Jasmine bud

~7C11CTUrnaa

di va sa riha 1 H o w manydays &Qmmr d g 7 Ka ru tta pa ffi Black dog m:, a@ nro Na Ie vii Come to-morrow

E tra

mm7 A ri QM @ a

SgJ

i Ita rik

No rice 57

M A .

Ve Ilam k u t i k k u k a 9 Q $ & m Pu la o lu ku nnu rn m & &@7 A mma ku 11 ccu

Drinkwater

River flows Mother bathed

SENTENCES OF THREE WORDS

m&JTta moqg Acchan ns\e varurn

Father will come to-morrov

m 1 m m n_t@7@sm7rria cszloaam? Nr'Afiaj Pallikkaiattil p u p ? Did you go to school? o w & IZJrnd330 cuow7&!m Aviir pustakarn vayikkunnu WU) n-333

They read book

nJ35m-o

Rgdha partu parunnu

Rad ha sings a song

nnGJ3cr21 ~ r m r n e _ rm m

Talfan innale d@

Padit

vannu

mmm p ~ l tarunnu

The goldsmith came yesterday

d3d

The cow gives milk

q m j & ~ & 2 ' 9 & - ag137mn-n ~ SGryan kiiakku" udikkunnu Sun rises in the east d$-FJr?a

c n 3 ~ 7@j&3ub7&cmr

,Caridran ratri praksiikkunnu Moon shines at night Rsrnan parikvayiI jayiccu

Rama ed in the examination

mcuw7m c z l ~ 7 d ha d 3 & m 0 Avadfiikku vittil p b k a ~ a m (l) must go hame during holiday

omgm &rm?ca sogm Veiutta kutira at unnu

The white horse runs

czsm"l rn7*~3& cumo Vakkil tiiikalalca varum Lawyer will cume on Monda gmo al!&uci8 ~ r n " Xnnu budhan agu" &aldrnlma

Today is Wednesday

6)rrJqjo

Kuabhattil mala peyyum aa6agg0 O J ~ R ~ ) %@ ? Mesaykku viti illa

In (the month of) Kumbha it will fair

Table has no breadth (TabIe is no broad)

me7 db79am03u apdknm

Nadi kilakkbttu" olukunuu River flows towards east

9aU6>.alo7au hl"dsasnau ZtuU ceriya vif8pu"

This is a small house

uslsurmam g@ Rtikayil pa Ecaslra ilIa There is no sugar in the shop h_r"lsl&w?m3

g(173of3 ~&97UXsavarn innale kali 5 5 u

Festival took pface yesterday

antg&mo Radha Nrtham veykkunnu

Radba i s dancing

@ma0

103w Q r n o

INTERROGATIVES

Which

What

na, n17 as? E vi te ELB,

Qa300?

E P P na)

Where

1

When

am am?

E d i a ne

Bow

fl@ @ @A3 fT@'?

E ntu ko ntu' OIQ

Why

mu?

A ru"

Who

9 493

E

Era

How many

By whom

SENTENCES WITH INTERROGATIVES cs-113~ J

@

cuo&~mua

Cddyar9pattiluZ 1 a vrikyariha t mlmgas ma$' ne)culesauomU? Nifi iialute nqu" eviyey3puU? Which is your native piac C D ~ ~ @ B Q ~S( I B ne)m3mu? ~

Nifihajuje psru" ent;0puV? What is your name? *magdtbe q r ~ 7 m s 3 Addeham tvite? Where is he?

ma& *n_l?tns? Avan evite? mauock &@cll7tiss? Aya\ evite?

Where i s he?

1 9 1 ~ ~ 7m@mu ~ s ' gsr$"? Avite lru9 ugtu"?-.

Who is there? or who w

Where is he?

IEFIOCU~~~S @n~3&a?

Avite aruQ pokum?

Who will go there?

~q&moo emu? Nihfiat kku" etra pustakadfial Row many books have yot ugtu"? * The word 'he' given three synoyms here, Each hs its own significance, moagdo addaham literally meat that body', which is used in honarophic sense, mmc avaa refers to a person of lower age, status and castr m 3 ~ ) 3 a 3aayiil is used indifferentJy to denote equafitj friendship or any one who does not command respect frox you.

m?m.00&~

r n 7 m 0 3 wdaUC

~

C fi)&35=? I ~

Nififial arkku" pena kalu ttu? To whom did you givc the pen?

mrum n@mtncr, 9 ~ 7 0 swm? Aval efiriane ivif e vannu? Wow did she come here? cruqmqas &s q@"mamu? Sitayufe kula ~ t u "apu"? Which is Sita's umbrella?

(m1wm7 Qaatjo~ o e ~ c j ~ ? Tivaqti eppa 1 puyappef urn? When does the train start? acumo? Itu" 3rkkuq vaqam?

@@" aQ&u

Who wants this?

IMPERATIVES

@u7tns Xvile vii

0.40 ,

~cu76)5Cum Tviie vara .

galas

Come here (to menials & youngsters) Come here (with affection and love)

~ucm3e4~

Ivite vannalum

Come bere (with respect)

shocrurorm7a Kasgrayil irikkii

Sit in the chair

czlo~?$@

@Q&a

Pustakam vayikka

Read the book

adcnammv q y ~ Write with the pen ~enako~tu'eluta dml&srsmr7a3 ado#& Pal likkotattif pbkG Go t o school @!3m

Ugu

kalikkn

Eat rice (Take meals)

&53@

Vel {am kutikko

Drink water

6)&3-(21@

Pstram koptuvara

Bring the vessel

m7cn7m dh3m-9 Sixzirna k%giTr

See the cinema

ABOUT THE HOUSE

@a" R

B ) ~ ~I U O~ S ~ ~ M I Q

( ~ 74-5mm") ~ This is my house. 1tu" enge vit8pu" (vi{uQ+ap~").

mm7prp. COOGLJ~~07~ezgsr$u Atinnu" x121uumuyika\ugfu". It has four rooms. am lg07tW3~ SCYI~~~J~CM 2WU, One room has two windows. Oru muyikku" rantu' jannalukal ugfu" m m 1 slmaagrmr~p*m g m @ w l a ~ m ~ . (mgmgw7d+csrgm~) Ari veykkunnatu" atukkata- Rice is cooked in the kitchen. a

yiigpu" (Atukkalayil s a QUO)

mm mol rnirn,l~crro. Amma ari veykkunnu, Mother cooks rice. mooM 2ff~ma. Ran ugpunnu, 1 eat (rice) rwa$&.@o?w?eJsrg% Jd Father is in the room, Acchaa mugiyiSu~tu". mo?wm'! M ~ w ~ M ~ ~ o w ~ . Aniyatti vayikkukaysp uv, Younger sister is reading. rsmg7 Elder sister is bathing. Cacci kulikkukayii~u". &

~

~

C

~

&

W

~

~

C

I

P

~

.

,

odsd

cdocru?. Cattan apprsil pbyi Elder brother went to office. (erg@(ru7&

IN THE MARKET Cantayil n_ryrtnrnmg5lgu

mom

w?a?

Vi3lutanafiliaykkuV entagu vila? What is the price of brinjal' cugmmm12;lso & 7 a ~ l omm@omdcn>, Valutanafihaykku" kilo ampatu paisa. Brinjal is fifty paise per kilo, mymmm r r ~ ~ r m ~ c s a i r n ~ ? (wa4" W ~ D ) ValutanafitTa nallataga? (nallatuv+lpo) I s the brinjaI good?

+

mmo! Oaxlarn taram! 6 b m 3 0

First class!

mlb7; om dh1aa3 m a . gari; oru kilb tara. pma, n g ) S m - D q * Its, etuttukoll a. (b~l

Alright, give one kilo, Here, please take,

-t*mu)

Veptaykkayute vilayentuu? What is the price of Iady's (vila+ entu"?) sager? afbl&fEg&q&' c u 7 a f&gmaomu,

For lady's finger price is high Veptaykkaykku" vila k3tutalapu0. q(@curno? Etra varum? Row mucb would it be? (LiterallyHow'much would it come to'

CONVERSATION

r n o a w ~ r n ~ Sarnbh~igagam

Sam bha qa gam m a -XU0

lssa

Conversation.

&.

Sam sa ri kku ka.

To talk,

to converse.

rnIm00m maw3som o m 3 m 1 m ~ ) r i m01q~gm3? b Nifi iial kku Mafayat am samsarikkiin agiy u m ~ ? Do you know to talk Malayalam? &061a?9rS611 1 f m 0 7 ~ 3 0 .

(I) know a little. Kugaccokke aliyarn. ne)mosnou m'lssagcs u? Ent3 gun n.i6Aalute p8ruV? What is your name?

.

q p d o an~csma? sarn&7m~m& qmosnao

Enhe pans? JinakirIiman enn~gu'. My name? Janakiraman. Euitey 8 pu" svadadarn?

Which is your native place?

cla)~d~ C # J W u b a (B~3ClV3Sm)u. Efqe svad5garn madrss8puU. My ,native place is Madras.

m'lwo@esmogu oe)o~lnsmrosnu? Nififiajute n3tuU eviteygguu? Which is your native place?

c,g)t;rAo mago ~ d h c n ~ m 7 d BEqqrzr3. ;

EJl$ ngtu' kaialattil; sluva.

My place is Kerala; Alwayc;. c . s r p ~ c U O~ m ? & s m o m ' J ? 0

Aluvir eviyeyziguw? Where is Atwaye?

marno 6)&~a7d366~ 1gm9~nsi3077~~. AIUVB koccikkuu atuttaguo. Aiwaye is near Cochin. q m m m CBQ~ l m u ? EAiane li dikkuv? How is that place? WWNU

G~J~L~CU~CW~~~~WL~~QGITO~.

Aluvi~ or u sukhav~sasthalam&guUt Atwaye is a health sanatorium.

~ c r m o r nmm'isam ~ a7cxmmm? Ent@uu avitatte vissgata?

What: is the speciality there? mum7615 63m m a ~ ~ q w v . Avife oru nalla pulayuptu". There is a good river.

cle)mosrra" amJ a w q 6 ) s oh~mv? Entapuo 2 pulayute peru"? What is the name of that river? anlmlauot3 *mu o&gl$ama? Periygr ennu' KB$fiftupfb? It is called Periyar. Heard about it? A

a

~lh~m'lwodb qm3d +m~mvmrcnIoo? Periyax ennal entapu" arttfiam? What is meant by Periyar? ..4

arz-rmlml *m>mfh mialm, qm" mcmIa0, mid ~ r r n o m - 3me?, atlr7~3cai* m o d w e ~ l wmcl ne)onmh.. Perlya ennaI valiya ennu" arltham. Ar ennal nadi. Periyar ennal vaIiya nadi ennarttham* Periya means big. Ar means river. Periyar means big river. G l ~ I r r > ? ~ EfQQg'm3 3& ~ r b h f D ~ ~ ~ ~ ) I 2 l

Q O O ~ o CUM~M, ms73

Periyar %go K ~ r aattile t Egxavurn valiya nadi? Is Periyar the biggest river in Rerala? mmm: ahlrn7w~o~rn~ mm$as m3g7agl qooo.~. me~?m, Ate; periyiiriigu" 5a6 ha\ upe n ~ t t i l e e ~ x a v u mvaliya 3 p . f . Yes, Periyar is the biggest river in our place. G3@&61%;

m ~ ~ 3 ~ 0 3 n 9 3 d 1 6 a

rsndbslmarogsni;"? 3katte; malayalabhii!ayiI et ra akgaxahfiaiuntu"? Alright. in Malaydarn language how many letters are there? rnwwo2m7f&3ra-m~eammam~mU md3mmmOa

9q0.

Malrtyalattil g k e ampattonnu" akgharahhal uptuv. In Malayalam there are fifty one ictters.

Ampattomb? Tamilil vajare kugavapalld! Fifty one! In Tamil it

is far less.

A ~ S ;malayalattil tarnilile

elfa akgrtra8iloturn upfuQ. gSti[te samskrtatfite e11ii akgaran&iium uqtu". Yes; in Mdlayatarn all the TamiI letters are them* Moreover, all the Sanskrit letters also are there,

~ p p tan~llum 1 samsk ftavurn aghifiiral maiaynlarn ;?a thiccuvcnnu~ayay~mal!~, Then1 if (one) knows Tamil and Sanskrit, (one] can say that (he) has studied Mafayah,

btehfialre? ma?a)alarn pathiccgla hbyolm pa! hiccennu pagayavil. Wow is that? lf only one fearns Maiayalaxll, be can claim that he has Ieaxnt Maiayalam,

It i s easy to learn Matayalarn for one w ha b o w s Sdnskrit a;ld Tamil

Atu iariysgu"; tamilil5yurn samskrtattilayum va kkukal , a n i k k i l v ~ ~ u maiiiya m \attifug$u'

That is right. Majority of the ward Tamil and Sanskrit are in Mabyal aawaprm7rmU~ a t t n p c* u ~ o ~ c b m ~ ~ m o ? Malay81attinuu praty ekam vy8kara~amup{a? Is there separate grammar for Malayid

Tirccayayurn; I$ vyfikara pamiyamad iial rqnu h i nibha1 psthikkgn pokunnatua. Certainly; it i s the same grammatical rates you are to learn I

GRAMMAR CUJ3&(06mo Vy3Skatagam

CASm

ruleg6R1ad Vibhak t ikal

There are sevtn cases in Malayafam. The vocative is ocluded in nominative and therefore it need not be considered as a separate case. It is formed either by prefina @r*nhe or aIle m o or~by elongating the final letter. The names of the cases and their su&es are given blow*

at*l@m?&oa W ~ J ~ Q @e3t%ik%6mo (Cases) (Suffix) (Example) 1. rn?~Qub*l& rnornmrlr* a b w e l r n o r n ~ ~ h l d m e

nirddeiika mmm Nominative ~ case

m r ~ o u

taw

SinguXar amomci3

Plural rclomcmgrb

Rzman

RImaxlm~r

@DtTlBCn

tUOBI1Cm3fi)(P

Ramane

Rgmanm8re

The noun form as it is No. sum 2. ~ c t n 7 Q ) o hfl?&

bB)

Pratigrshika e objective cast 8.

me(rU3

agv, 633$U I D D P I S ) ~ O $ ~~7mam~mma$ Samyajika otuv u Rsmanatuv Rarnanrngrotu* cbomomogu cbomcmaams$u Social case ROimanofu" Ramanmgrotu' 29%

4 , gg~b')&33 gv;mu

uQ; kkQ

UddiilSika Dative

5. w

mJ6;

a7rtk a&3mjV Prayojika irl; kaptu' Instrumental

6, W o m J mu?& as, go5 Sambandhikrr te, ule Possessive case 7. @~w3mlbh@a,

Adharika h w t i v e case

if, kal

raomrnldB

mamcmofild

Ramanil

ii~rnanm~rii

mamad

Noter Raman+ te becomes RHmange according to Sandhi rules R & t beIong ta two different groups and therefore they shall not from a t letter unless they made into one group. Thus t is converted into g which belongs to ti group-

Sentences as Examples 2~3nnmsmcu3rtb~sand Udaharaga,VakyaA ha) aomd B[~B m& m h a j d ~ a r g s r r ~ u . Raman oru nalla manusyan a ~ u " .

Rama is a good man.

gp

agttn~39~ w m a 3 m u .

Ttu"

$rule pEnay8pu".

,

hJ$&

Whose pea is this')

do833 mmm*

Pa$u' pal tarunnu.

Cow gives milk.

mcsghno *mdo rnCflLdW36na'4 Add8h~t111enbe badhuvanu". He is my relative. 11~&a'!dkOa hJ0mm.

Pakpika 1 pagakkunnu, rm71ln S ~ t a enne

Birds fly*

w?a?a. viticcu.

Sita called me,

m9mol ne)Ocm mbhti37mam, R a m ! enne rrtkiikkags. Oh Rama!

save me.

a d ! b t ~ C S a m ~ r o &u o q 5 1 & 3 ~ c u @ . He! palkk~ran pglu kopfuvaru. Oh! milkman, bring milk. V

&Q f8QmaCal dk~m3?

A

iinaye kagfo? Did you see that elephant? m3d s c m m e l turnuhJmMBg h13m7 Rsrn innale ragtu" paiukkale VB hai. 1 bought two cows yesterday. 4

m l a m wcrs ~ 1 @ + ? 4 ?

Hinne iiru vificcu?

Who called you?

.

Ran ava\ajuU pakan payzfiiiu. I told her to go. a@G0710gu ng)rrslOSmru Cflls~raCu~ r e l 0 3 ? a g o ?

Ennatuu entanuu niii6aj codiccatuV? What did you ask me? Ay21 ku;tiye vatikapf 2puu af iccatu". I t was with a stick be beat the child

Ninn~l vanna Ipatt2l?un itu". This danger is because of yon& pgp 0 ~ 0 r n r n m 3 m o~ l e l q ~ c wqj. ib Itu* ennekkoptuU ccyyfn vavya. This cannot be done by me, qaclao mdboO B ) N ~ O ~ ? En re pustakam eviie? Where is my book? wgmos mm?m)~rnumau? Arufe vaqi~iyagu atu'? Whose vehide is that?

ad57w?& 6 0 m ~ . Pena pettiyil ka aum. Pen will be seen in the box, n~~?@cerii r t l q a n ~ c ac n ? g p a

Pafikkai rag fupBr nilkkunnu. Two persons stand at the gate,

(zr6#7av?& &crzlrg*. V a ~ t i y i l ka yag fi

Get into the vehicle.

am7 am@rn?m%~ m 7 . Tuqi veitattil mukki. Cloth dipped in the water.

The meaning of cases c u ? r s * l ~ d m g e scsramio~ Vibhakxi Rtipahxialu!e artham

Nominative-The noun form as it is. Usually the subject of sentence will be ih the nominative case. g, & t a o m d ' r a o ~ m a mQdhoCna RImaa Ravaqane ko'onu. ama an -killed Ravana. Here m o m 3 (Rama) i s in the nominative case. 2 Accusative or Objective:- The object of a sentence (usually the direct abject) will be in this case, as, W-3 CI%a~~r(n7&'a q b o &aka$m. Laksmi Saraswathikku* pustakanl kotuttu. Lakshrni gave a book to Saraswathi, Here book is the direct object, and hence in the Malayalam translation of the sentence, acr;~&~ pustakam is in accusative case. t names of inanimate objects when used in th accusative case do not take a case ending su& ia Malayatam. Thus ~LJCI&)&O -t q - n d Q a m m pds~akam+e-pustakatte is incorrect. In the former example m~fllmamRiivapaqg is. in the accusative casc, as if is the object of the sentence, a 3, Social-This c a s is very peculiar in Malayalam. Both direct & indirwt objects are dsnoted by the Social 1.

t

case. m u d mcljamoSu ~JC)F~I~BQ. Nan avana~u' parasiiu. 1 told him. In this example, *him' in

English is the abject, and is in the accusative: case. In Malayalam r n f l l ~ r n 3 5 ~avan~iu*is in the social case. 4. Dative-This also refers to indirect object like lgIDLUCIOU 4(72b)&0 6 1 b 3 3 e . Rgn avanuu

pustakam kbyuttu, I gave him a bwk tmmr avanu" is ia the dative case. The use of dati d s e i s ]?of restricted to this sense only. It: is at used to denote a particular place, time peria rar7namgja erz~~crztl TjruvalIaykku pavi We to Tiruvalla- denat ing a place.

Vebicle wi!l come at ten o' clock. Here the time is denoted. an-lma ~ w r n grn3rm90 ~ &30. VEnalkku venalkku rnsmpalam kitturn Eve Summer (you) wilt get ripe mango-fruit?. Here tl season or period is indicated. lnstrun~ental OF Causative-Either to indicate a thi~ Instrumental to some thing or to show cavse, tt: case is used, aah3d trop~udenotes instrument m~7~)&36!3$0 ms?a. Vatikogfuatimv, Be with a stick, ~d a1 shows cause*

-

6.

Malay81 vanna tar;luppuU. Chill caused by rain. 6. Possessive-Indicat ive of possession. Exampies almac given. See pages 84, 85 & 86. 7. Locative indicating location, place, surface et;c mennix in, on upon and at. an~~7mr7d-pettiyil-ln the box &g.~?a&m m. KaIlil natanou. CYaIked on the stone. &ml( aw07. K ~ n t l i lkayari. CIimed u p a the hi us1mm3 adam patikkal annu. Weat the gate.

linportant notes on the use of case-s&as , in Malayafam the accusative (,objective) case endings are not usually added to inanimate - objects. For example. We shall not say, timadew e r n m d 0 3 ~ m ' urn? m a onnwam,~ rr~-1. Patturopaye kotuttu" patinaiicu teiifiayt: uappi. Bouge fifteen cacunuts, giving ten rupees. It i s not idiomatic. 6ma%ggj dm? c m q camam c z l a m l . Pattu ropa ko$uttuU patinaricu teirr3a vaii Ai is the correct form.

PRONOUNS WITH CASE ENDXNGS

m&m3mmgas ~ I ~ a 1 ~ 9 o ~ Sarvvanama6fiaiute Vibhaktthi RGpafihag

First ~erson-gmrmrn~mn~rd (Uttamapurugan) r n ~ dR a n d

§ingrrIar-*hQJnJm~ ekavacanam

Plural-ngflfllm* Ibahuvamnlsm

1 , sm3&

Ran 2.

*am Enne

4.

qrn7mu

mms@ Rafifiale

Enikku"

6

@ado

mm@os

En re

maiifiatute

,

Second Person-m~~m (Madhyamapurugan) m9 ni

- you

Third ~ e r s o n - ~ ~ m h d ~ ~ ~ (Prathamapurugan)

PulliBgam

cworerd avan (he)--Masculine 4% l o Singular

rsnr#d Avan

Plural mcu& Avar

,

'2,

4.

6.

laramam

mmmm

Avane

Avare

~mcra~orrenbhlmav Avwnu* or avanau"

(~lbfll&u

mmrnfi)~ Avartrle

mmoa3a

Avanre 7,

A&Irkku*

mmcn7&, frncurrjbFA Avanii, avadkal

rn#7@3

Avaril

Third Person-Beminine gender ~~0m~rnnsld-ou~~9~10 Prathamapurugan-Stri Ii rigam mcuc~ avai

- She mow& Avar arracumfa Avare

rn~~silmo~~, mcuam39u ~varofu*,avatatu'

mcu&u

Avark kuv 5 * tmrugolaa,

wmruo~.

m o j s r ~ m ~ 3 ~ "

ItMlhJ6)(bam361%u

Avalal, avatekkoqtu'

Avarsl, avarekkogtuc mamas Avarute mwa3@a

Avacil

m@o atu* - That

mcu Ava rnCUQ)

Avaye 3.

mrmlmmogu, mlm7ccmo~" Atinof u", atinUtuV

ctmrw@$" Avaykku'

6

7,

mtm*la&o mmlmsrs

mwGls

Atinbe, atinufe

Avayute

mmlma, mm7akrva Atil, atinkaI

mmwl& Avay il

~ o t e @av, : iEuO, this, is to be declined exactly

mgo,&tug*

GENDER

There are three genders, masculine ( q H 7 am a 1, feminine OW.) and neuter gender ( m g acn a) in Malayalam

.

Generally, Mafayalarn folfaws the same: rules of ramil in determining the genders. Sanskrit loan words used In Malayalam also behave like Malayalam Words in the matter of gender. g a t vlklah, tree, in Sanskrit is masculine whereas v l k ~ a m ,tree, as adopted and &opted in MalayaIarn.is a neuter gender like its counterpart in genuine Malayalam m o o maram. Of course the names denoting animate things in Sanskrit are either mascuiine or feminine as the case may be. ,

Masculine geader-a~'bmo-Pu~gam .pr

:Qta

Almost aU masculine genders l i d in the suffix ma3 iike mhjd, m&cill, aa~lcia,msiiocia, rmqraod+ The suBxes are

~a

Masculine s t r r a c u d Avan

a m ~ Pdaym d

1, @ i,

a?cci, dm17

rti, 37 ffi.

Feminine mcu- Aval R J W & ~ or ~ e r w ' l Pulaccl or Pulay

Neuter g e n d e ~ - - ~ ~ o ~ & ~ ~ ~ c f l ~ - ~ a p ~ am. a Palam, we10 kalam, mlao nifarn,

Suffix of neuter gender is d q

Note: It should be noted the suffixes alone cannot beid one to determine the genger of a word in Mafayatam. '#c meaning of the word i s more important than the

ending. As the gunder is determind by looking into the group it belongs ta word5 denativg any male, whether belonging to higher group or lawet group, men or animals, birds or repti!es, are masculine. Same is the rule to determine the fetemine gender. 63157 Ktlf fi child is a cornrnm gendzr. m* d q (male) or m u d peg (fcm:~lt) is prefixed as an adjective to differentiate the gcnder, if needed, Thw for male child, mdh37Apkrrfti & female child, amm~Bc&gTipepkutti are coined.

The rdes stated a b v e are nut the least exbustim,

ADJECTIVES

Only a few examples of adjectives are given below. The rules to make adjectives from other words are too elaborate to be detailed here.

awgm vel utta p a h

-

White cow

A Q r n 0&OEJU

karutta k ~ f t u "

c ow (@)d raptu raps

-

Black coat Two rupees

-0 wfabmnugu paiukkal

Hundred cows

cem tmmara

Red lotus

pan matiram

GoId ring

valiya v ~ t u "

Big house

mo~~ahm ci manugyar

Bad men

odorib a%0m71bo

dmmt

tta

There are two numbers in Malayalam, R ( B ~ N P ~ ~ O akavacanarn, singular and meQmncmr, bahuvacanam, plural. Singular

avan

Plural mmd avar

Thus am& ar, & ~ o kat, mod mgr are the usual suffixes far denoting the plural, It is the general rule that plural suffix is not used to show the plurality of inanimate objects. & o m rniifiila-mango fruit

dm cakka-jack fruit

ad

r a pa-rupee

Words like the above do not take plural s u B ~The pturality is determined by the adjectives they take,

E.g* ~ Q Q m o m nOgu m2t"llZa

hundred mango fruits

VERBS AND TENSES

Present tense

srsraa3 adocqmci. Ran pbvunnu

I 80

Note: a d 3 pT) is the root, to mean tc go. @m unnu is the SufEx indicating present tense. Thus a d o pa+unnu becomes r s n ~ o a j mpbvunnu ~ or ~sriloshmb pukunnu. cu va in every verbchanges ta dk ka, and therefore both adocymb and ( B u Q & ~ (pbvunnu and pbkunnu) are used alike.

mezms to become, or to be, m+gm a+ u n n u + m q m b Svunnu. adjaw& povuka means to go. Thus the present cantrnuaus is formed by adding larg~m avunnu ta the main verb. cm;pqmp iivunou is further shortend to -mu BQU' in the common parlance. *mu gquU is more frequent than the grammatical form, @@qC171> or w&m avunnu or lkuxlnu in literature.

m~

2

wrncril rn7$md Raman mif ukkan Gkunnu, m o m d rnl5md mmmL. RHman mitukkan igu' momrid mTt~mmam" -(when ed)

Raman rnigukkanaqu". Ail Se11te11cesn~ean- Rama is clever.

meaning gnn, mlmbma tinnunnu Eats Eats (rice) gsna LIQ + * 2mm uggunnu Sees dhosna k l y ,, tfh3mm klpunnu 6 3 3 ~ 6fU0 ~ ,, 63Wm afunnu . Runs Jumps &3sU car' ,, dWm clfunnu am5"' tef uu ,, ~rm5cna Searches tafunnl~ Sicgs d 9 5 " pat" ,, n335m pitunnu Somc verbs take a glide rn kku when this suffix is added. &27 k u { i - & g l a m ~ Ku tikkunnu-bathes cag7 kali,-&g7mm Ka] ikkunnu-plays cu72i?7 vi{i--r2172'bam Vi1 ikkunnu-calls r n 7 w oil--ml&m Nilkkunnu-stands nr3& v i l d l ~ m Vllkkunnu-sells m7m vi$a-oj'l~rtssamb Vjbakkunnu-gets hungry Root a176 tin

Sufix

word

Past tense qm&3~o-Bh6tak~lam g~ i and @ tu aie the usual suffixes for past tense. a d ~ + =aadow? 'y' is a glide Pb + i = p d y i

becomes m ? m tinnu, Tn the ease of 9uptu the rule of assimilation, i. e. converting a letter of a different group into one's own group, takes place. ta, the dental when ed with Q the cerebral became !a, the cerebral, The rules regarding Sandhi are too numerous to be exhaustively treated here. Therefore, different types of examples are given below for reference.

Future tense @~CZ~?&W~-B havikalam

90 urn is tbe suffix for future tense. 0 n ~j 3-g ~ + G ~ l 3 a $ also o ~d3&0.

Po +urn+ pbvurn also pbkum.

~~c~+~~+cuIIso.

+

Var urn+ varum.

More examples of verbs in three tenses Meaninl

Root mm i ~ a

Present Past mmwm m m m agayunnu aga3Bu

WCtlrn~o

mQe,

mDaa#m

ma-

(FMIW~v

aYa

ayayunnu

ayafigu

ayayurn to become loose.

m m

rnlPQrn

mlbm

arb

arayunnu

rtrasiiu

met

mwqm alayunnu

maalafiiiu

ala

Future

apayum to approach to come near.

arayum to become puwder, O W ~ O

alayurn to

SP

ila

m ura

w'wm

ilayunxlu

$Wwm

urayunnu

clWm

,fbaqcrra

kara

karayunnu

IliiEu

g9w ilay urn

@am

B@Wo

urafifiu

urayurn

wander. to creep.

to rub,

dhlbqo

karaidtiu

karayum to

weep.

wilwo

kalay urn

ahandon.

tg

ktr rayurn

to reduce.

drn$&o

rmsqx'm htayunnu &a9

tula

m s m tafa8 fE'u

cavaykkerm to masticate. msqo taf ayum to prevent, @(sQ'.

ttalayulm to

row.

naoayu-rn

to get drenched.

nJ0

para

patayum

mafay urn

to

speak*

to hide.

CUR)

vara

am vara

varayrom

to draw,

h~2'

CU2qa

val a

valayum to bend,

fl179 vi\a w" ura

9maRBm

uraykkunn u

w 'a uraccu

$Q")g;EBo

uraykkum to say.

a m

4QP

cuma

cumaykk unnu curnaccu

"dm%!

(m9 tila

hnmaaso

cumaykkum to cough. ~ ' ~ & B B o

tilaykkum

wLl?(ma

w'lm

arlnng;ymo

vita

vitaykkunnu vitaccu

to boil. cz~?mg#o

vitaykkum

to sow* m70

~ I O S O

vifa

vtfaykkurn

-

to shiver, 6 5

&SMo

kata

katakkum to cross.

&15m

djlls

s&7sdssam

kila

kitakk unnu ki tannu

@a tufa

db?~d)610

kitakkurn to lie down. g;k?m&t30

turakkurn to bore, @C)&

tura

0

tubakkum to open,

natak kum to walk.

d m

cL.ilOmC(ID

para

papakkunnu parannu

~(OmP

parakkum to spread.

ale

para

parakkum to

fly.

nj?0#@0

pirakkurn to be

born.

mC)#@o

marakkum, to forget. CLI~U~CW~

viSakkum to feet hungry. dboqpm

h 3 m Q

A~WO

kayunnu

kaii6~

kayurn to get heated. aloqyo

c8 yum to

laan.

maw0

mayum to aJ3nJm

elm

dDCZJ0

csvunnu

cattu

cavum

vanish, to die.

&am0

kakkum to protect.

.

106 ms7o;ym

atiyunnu

ms;j7atiiiidu

rwbm?q~mammlapiyunnu agiiifiu

mw? ali

ms7qp0

atiyurn

to fall to the ground

or bottom. mrn7~0

apiyum

to decorate.

m e j l q o

aliyum

to melt.

eri ne)o?c$t5

eriyurn to throw.

aslqa

otiyum to break, Wwa

oliyurn to

bide itself.

8~7&30

o\ikkum to hide, c b 0 ~ ~ 0

kuaiyunou

kunicci

kuniyurn t~

bow,

u m 7 ~ m dm7a

papiyunnu

papitu

paniyurn

to work,

mutiyurn

.to finish

4awo mu~iyum to be cut off.

mulikkum

to cut off.

~ s ? @ o

agikkum

to beat.

gm?&so

@a7 iri

irikkurn

to sit.

katikkum "

to

bite.

&g?csao

kalikkum

to play,

kitikkurn to

drink.

to

bathe.

to

cheat,

&g7mo

kulikkum elm7 cati

dmr7dmrn d m ? q catikkunnu caticcu

catikk urn

t137m7 ciri

d 7 ~ 0 7 d 3 6 1 ~d~71 m ~ 14

d'ia7&0

cirikkunnu

ciri kkum

ciriccu

to laugh.

culgl?&m m1@7q

cz172?&630

vil ik kunnu

vi liccu

vilikkum

d9~crsd

d'im

ciyunnu

cl5 5u

to call.

ciyum to decay.

u'fum to plough,

dl9m pi iannu

dIY@,

&?yo

pi1utu

pilum *

to pluck.

tglb%&fao

atukkum to approach, O Q m o

arukkum

to cut off.

99-0

titukkum to wear, *$-a

elukkum

to take;

msmo tatukkum to prevent

m m m m rmm@ L lJ tagukkunnu taputtu

mm&lo tapukkum

t o get cooled.

m d 3 ~ m m a;)d~3(am ed3qm0

porukkunnu poruttu

porukkurn to tolerate. to jive.

t

mQQ@ a

WQ

~

~ CUQ&a ~

vap

varukkunnu varuttu

varukkurn

vetu

vel ukkunnu vel uttu

velukkurn to grow white, to dawn.

to fry.

arum

to be cut off itself

eso if urn

to put, 6)&$0

kefurn to extinguish. rnnJQm,

per unnu Gltnqo

teyum to be worn out. rnQrnMlu

&&rn#&rn@

@'a;Ego

taiy u"

taiykkunnu

tayk kum

to sew.

dnlgdjro

oiukurn

to flaw.

snwo

u~adiiurn

to steep.

@6W*

tutafidurn to begin

~ ' i q m o tilahdum to glitter. 6ldJ36uYj~

pofitlum to go bp, clrm6o-qm

(zrmm1

vaqafi6 uonu vapafi fii

flleW)me

va~afi'i2um to salute.

msm gf unnu

-97

ati

WSQ

aturn to shake,

to dance.

ea90

wrn

to run,

elgo kit turn

to get*

B&%o

ket turn

to' ,bind.

dogo

csf urn

to jump,

Qm6!?$o

IteQturn

to wander.

4030

pagum to sing.

wBe u!lqum

to eat (rice)

4m0 epwm

to count.

*am0 elutum

em"

to

write.

to

burn.

m m o kattum

kattu'

m"la ninturn rmld tin

to swim.

m7mo

tinanurn to eat (ianythifig)

tunnurn

w7 tuppi

to stich,

@do txrppum

to sp6t out.

a'l@wa

vi\aapuas to serve food.

6'?&3wv

koyu

alfhoqm koyyunnu

abow

Gc&C1qo

koytu

koyyum

6)dw ceytu G)MQLUU

ney uw

amqm neyyunnu

a*w neytu

to reap.

a b j q o

ceyyum

to do.

amqo neyyum to weave. 8 d Q o

PeYYum

to

rain.

msm~ talarum

to get tired,

mmm t I rnnu

tirum

to finish.

vartlm m2mm val arunnu

to come.

RIgm30 va arum to grow

arum to climb.

keg urn

@&3WU

m&aog,.Jllmr

adham

kolu"

kollunnu

konnu

@#&a" cel la"

Gldqr

cellurn to go ta, maJ3gyo

coflum to say I%((n3&3a

tblkkurn to get defeated.

m7g4o

nilkkurn to stand. g6YY23&rr

,

ugfgkum to be there,

m2$2m tul] unnu

@a97 tul \ i

tujlum to

&#arm kakkunnu

dance.

& A m 0

kattu

kakkurn to

sreaL

m39s

vai urn to Iive, nl"l0

vliurn to

fall,

NEGATIVES

rnlocrslwmdo Niiedharfipam P

The negatives in Malayalam are farmed in the fofbwhg ways:-

(1) Addink J to the root. e. g. ado& +m3=Qd3&3 wmu+ m p m m ~vara

paka Won't go

Won't come. (2) Adding separate words showing negative mtanhg U e G ~ O & + ~ g j = r ~ n ~ ~ & ~ a )or ' ) & ~ jh ~ 3 & 3 ? ~ .

Paka +iIla= pakayilia or pakilla B 2-13&

+

(BTbIWaU== Qt~i36blP3@~.

Pbka +arutu"= pbkarutuu.

Don't go Should not go. ~hto&+oc~srs=oLoo~m~ Paka +vaqta- pakaota. Must not go. r~low?cf36)+mm@u = f113w7061mgU.

Vgyikka+arutuv =.vayikkarutuv, (BtlJ3dk+rsragg=rsU9sbW&g,

Pbka + alla= pakayalla.

Not going.

OW^+^&!= B O W A ~ H Uy;ahlluka+alla=U~aiTft~kayalla. means no. SRl illa aIla means not. QFlbM means to get (have). Q B C U ~ VQ vBpam means must get (bave). U C U ~ O means must not have, mum23 v e ~ f 8

VOICE

Both the active voice aad ive voice are common in MaIayalam, although the latter i s somewhat a later phenomenon in the language, and therefore seemingly artificial. Thanks to the advent of Sanskrit and English, using ive forms has become natural and normal in MalayaXam.

Active voice caarnd caowmarn m&om. Raman Ravapaae konnu, Rama killed Ravaaa;

ive voice coocum& m o m m o d m & $ g l m ~ % . Ravapan R3mangl kollappe$tu. Ravana was killed by Rams*

'adg' petu is the auxilary vefb added to the main verb to make it ive. The ive forms are more prominent, expressive and natural in verbs taken from Sanskrit.

Vadhikkuka

Vadhikkappetuka. to be killed,

116

Active

ive Present

Past

.

Future

Say.

d 0 q m a . dOW6)WS". dLIO(D)b)ag. hMw6)gs.. para yunnu parayappel unnu parayappet 1u palayappelurn See. A06naCI1D.

&OsFnOMsmP.

dmDSmSa$,

dh36mOa50.

kag unnu

ka pappet unnu

kziqappeytu,

kaqappetum

Send.

miar;asm. mag~agm. mqgaa9, r s r a w ~ s ~ ~ avaykkunnu ayaykkapetunnu ayaykkappettu ayaykkappctum [I! ri re. oii, ram c 1,: t 11nnu-

ne)YrnrnWSmP.

ne)pnnaag. fqP""'W5".

elutappetunnu

elatappettu

elutappeturn

SHORT EXERCISES mm

Elephant is a big animal, It has four legs, They look like pillars. The ears of it will look like winnowing baskets. It will be always moving its ears. The elephant has a long trunk. It catches things with its trunk. In olden days the kings used to ride an the elephants.

The Jackal and the Grapes Once a Jackal was wandering, tired with hunger. He saw a grape creeper at a place. Going u n 9 r the creeper

he looked up. Lo! there is a bunch of grapes at a height! He could not suppress his greed. He thought he could get it by one jump. He jumbed at it. ~e could not reach it, Again be jumped, Could' not. At last, disappointed. he said: "Hi! I don't want this grape. It is sour!"

Kerala KeraIa is a beautiful country. The foreigners used to say that it is the garden of Bharat. It is a country filled with mountains, valleys, rivers, back waters, fields and canals. Everywhere can be seen thickly populated places. Majority of the peopte in Kerala know writing and reading, Kerala is a state where many people suffer due to unemployment. There is W e scope to tbach or learn a profession. Who can Iive with jiteracy alone? If one learns a profession, he will get a job. IF one learns to read, he is capable of reading only. By reading can any one fill bis mouth and belly?

LE'FTEEt WRITING

~Eluttukuttu" vaamu

Madras, 16- 31'70, Dear friend, Received your letter kindly sent (by you). Very much pleased to have @own the particulars, You have never come to Madras! Please do come once, Let us be together here far some time. Now the summer is jirst begun here. By the month of May, the summer will be intolerable: Therefore start immediately. Hope you wiIt send gitber a letter or wire before you start, I shall be waiting for you at the Railway Station, Yours, SANKARAN.

GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT WORDS [This glossary contains 900 words used i n the preparation of this book ,, Only the meanings of words appropriate to the context i i l which they areused in the book are given. Many words have more than one shade of meaning, and unlees they arc: demanded by the context, they are overlooked.]

akam

mdhb

akafu* f~m)aue akalam m & p ~ g j ~akattuka mdhoq& akarruka ~ ~ Q Q ~ \ Q ~ oale ytrirnarn rna~ akkarn momm a k kara rn&+aU

akrami agni

nrmt.&al'l

mm7 ~

O

W

Q

aiigam

- Room, inside, mind. - To be away. - Distance.

1-

-

-

-

To keep a way Not artificial. A numerical figure. The opposite side ofta rivet or sea. At that time. Iniquity, confusion, impropriety. A wicked person.

Fire. - Body, a limb, a member. To accept, to receive, to approve, There, jander, far off, you (honorofic term) Bazaar, market.

m6mmm

a&h ant

mmmrntlPlBcm ahlane tanne

~mam39u mas7

m4d m947m ma&so , mG@B~~

afi hattu" accaf i accan accihila

m@P

accukiitarn accukk Btam acchan

m5

afa

WQU atlhfiru"

Thus, in such a wav. - Just so, yes. - Thither, to that sidi. - Printing. - Father, priest. - Young beans. 7, A printing a

o%ce,

I

--I ~ a h e r . Five hundred.

kind of cake with gluffillgs. A sign, a mark. To close, arecanut. To split. A blow, a foot step, sole, bottom, metre. 7'0 beat, to sweep. Frequently.

-- A

-

-

-

--

Assauk

- Slave.

ms7 m o r n o atisthanam

rwa9&~1rdb m3-$2 magma

atukka1 atukkata atuk kuka

m$m af utta mc,md h 3 W W U rtf utta kiilathuv

-

fall, to-drift . FO hdatioo.

To rat,

to

Near. -- A kitchen. - To put in rows. - Near, fit, appropriate.

A fire place, hearth,

oven. ,

mea7m

rnm3mv

atuppikka aqiyuka aqoakkuO

o~lbrn@~

atat uV

mm3

at8

mm7qm

mm7m7

atithi mm'l m a m m atinaubekham 0

m(m7ibm*l m1~11m"

at iru" atirtri

-au

atu"

i

To bring mar. To adorn. The Soft palate. Each. Lo,behold, there it is* Guest. After that. Boundary,

That, Demonstrative pronoun.

ate a1bhu tam

Yes, Wonder.

add aham* addhyakhhan addhyapakan

Extreme, very Tf not, otherwise. He (hanorofic) President, Teacher. Much. A person in authorityo

anakKam C m a C n W a k anahfiuka mmmmcllcd anaotaravan

tmm-o

m c n 7 ~ m ' l aniyatti mm7m@ aniyan (BID~*(D+

d ~ ,

. mmaw? casi

anukarikka anubhavikka

Motion, To move, to stii. Nephew. Younger sister. Younger brother. To imitate. To experience, to enjoy.

m n a ~ o c n h s m oanu8fhanapararn

mamebe

anekarn

mma

annam

mm'l mmv rndrdgp

anti annuU ahpatuU

mrn~n3

anyan

~ C I ) J O W ~

nnyfiyarn

cmaornjocn~~ anyanyarn (EIWOC~-I&~O

c s r a n ~ ~ ~

m d m 3 ~ 7 mnJMilda (BlbdDMf0

majcs

zanvabhanam apargdham ~ o agaradhi apavadam aplvam

m@o0

aPPan appuram

caraagpoo

aPP0 PPan aPP0 f abhacgi

meoml. mewo

abhayam m c 3 7 mm7m abhinandikka me'l~aar;u . ~abhiprayarn mslmdl abhiruci m e 7 ~ r > m abhiprayw

-

Ritualistic. Many. - Cookedrice. -- Evening, dusk. - That day. - Fifty, - Stranger, - Injustice, complaint

-

Mutual, - Search.

-

-

-

-

-

-

A offence. An uflencgr,

Blame. Calamity, danger. Father, child. The other side. Grand father. Tbert. Ugliness. Refuge. f o congratulate. Opinion. Taste.

vyatyasam - DiRerence of opinion m a 7 a o ~ a abhimanarn - Pride, self respect, rirmrcu~to anpalam Temple. CU&~JOM)O

-

rma~r~@ rnm73&

anpat tan am pi r tan

- Barber.

New maan. Mother Maternal uncle.

mwgp mad

ayaykkuka

aya1 mgufim~cadayalkkiiran I P ~ ~ W O ~a

mraqpi

~ai

~YYU

ara mm7 ari mm'lenrg&)adbari vcykkuka reracb7q1a ariyuka

~

C

D

-

-

-

-

Father-ia4aw. Mother-in-law. Grinding stone. Mother's mother, grand mother To Send, to slacken. Neighbourhood. Neighbaur. He.

Oh, alas. The waist, loins, half. Rice. To cook rice; To cut into small pieces. A sickle.

Be not, must not, do not* A waterfall, Meaning of a word, wealth To mean.

- Ecunomics. - Washing cfathes, washed clothes. mgim&~ alakkuka - To Wash clothes. . , rnm&aDrnfm alakkukziran - Washerman. maahm"l& alaiikarikkuka Ta decorate. Decoration, figure of me~m3m0 ala fikararn speech, ornament, - To wander. af ayuka ' Roaring, alarcca alaruka - To roar. - Tomelt. alikkuka - To be melted, alig.taka alpam - A little. af pan - A mean fellow. - Nu, not* alla allate - Besides, all6 - Ts it not so? ava - They. - Right, Inheritance, svakiigam avakzrii - An heir. avatIrarn -Incarnation, - lntraduction. avataxika avadhi - A term, period, leave, vacation, limitation. Vacation period, ~ U U J &OW ' ~ 0 avadhikkalarn mcz~d avan - We. Iglb#& avar - They, - End, mWmOCl30 avassnam mwoo aval - She.

-

-

avi f atte

-

Belonging there,

to t a t place.

-

asatyam asabhyam

asukham astamanam astaxnayam

arakkuka ariyuka

-

Sunset,

-

The sun to set. A bone.

-

-

I

asthi abaEkZram ahambhlvam ahammati ala at akkuka

am

-

Falsehood, Unparliamentary, Vulgar. tJntimely time. Impossible. Uneasiness.

-

asamayam asgddhyam

There, Ilnauspiciuusncss, Without a remainder, Mot good, bad fellow-

Pride.

-

-

A hole, cn burrow.

To measure. A measure

Brother-in-law Beauty; Bar, tattice, rivtr-ma~th. To become loose. Filthiness, dirt. - Room, closet. - To cut, to gaw. - To know.

smaolwu malbe

a~ivu' ar upatu" . akharam

Isr?B

tc

.-am

lkunnu iike

sruka iittam

-

Knowledge. Sixty. Letter. - .The second letter in the Mafayafam alphabet, that (demonstrative pronoun) - ~lright,yet, if be so, - IS, became.

- Total, - To swing,

dance, .W$o - Swinging, dancing. Wgam gttakkatha - Literature for the dance diama, Katbakali. apu* - Shortened form of the verb -&mu, Male. m a ~ g ~ m S &addhy~ltmikam o - Spiritual. srqbwum?a iidhrsrika - Name of the seventh case in Malayalam. lsrgrn fsna - Elephant. atrrij-0 fnandam - Pleasure ~~~" Spattu* - Danger. tq~9n0 ir yiram - Thousand, q m 3 d Hr81 -- By whom. WWu iiruU - Who. q&" ark ku* - To whom. to

,

m~m

@w

a!

-

Man.

at

--

See

mOu

apu*

SwQ"

itattu* i#avam

~ S W O

-

-mu*

Six, River. Left-side, Name of a Malayalam

month. SS?

iti

m>s7m&

itikkuka

2V"a

ita

@au

itu"

~cmsra

innalc

!Z!2mU

innu' innat am irupatu'

garn3gp

grnz~w

.

~rndrn7

m m u irupattiraptu'

mm* anmnomv irrlpattonnu"

irunpuU ilia iva idtam

QW"

,

-

-

-

-

-

Thunder, blows. To give blows, Here it is. This, Yesterday, Today. Up till today, Twenty, Twenty two,

Twenty one. Iron,

No, not.

I yam

- These. - Linking, lave, friendship - Lead.

ucca unaruka unarvvuu

- %wake up, - Enlightenment,

upfa ~ t u '

g a w a m ~ udfiharapam

galmrrre

-

udikkunnu

-

Midday,

-

Ate (the meats).

-

Yes, Exampl'e. Riser up.

'

-

Name of a case In

Malay atam High. Essay. Pickles* Salt -- Onion. - Inside, mind. --To understand ,to receive inside - Meals. - Name ofa colour. --.

-

--

'

tinu" iSta e&il ane el tug COW

ep patu* ctra

exlnal enniva c p ~ a i. erurna

eti evitc eluttuu eluttukar cluttupal {i

-

Haw. Eight,

OiI.

- How much, - What,

-

-

-

-

But. All these. When. She-buffah. Rat.

- Where, - Letter, - Writers. - %h008,

writing.

SevenQ five* Seventy. Easy, A. a, Almost, Somowbat. whateverBHuwevar.

Which. Banana fruit, Seven. Much. MUG&, maximum. Camel. First class, One. Nine* Together with, q u d aimi%az,

a, OQe. Flows.

Current.

Tile, bell-metal. Race* A feotivataan l e e s ~ ~ m . Comezm.

Lasn. 'Iks take a loan*

&st@

kata1 ~ 5 7 m ~katikkuka d%m katuva

Am

kaotu &wo1~7mkaptupitikka

To bite, Tiger.

-

Story.

-

A c~assicaldancedrama of KeraliP. Volume, weight.

Sea.

katakuv

-

dm0

himU

.

dm750

am7

~cnslds

%Im

r

~

q

&a

kanam kattuv kannatam kanni

kauya kanyaka kaypakh ~ kayyu" kara

ID

Saw,

Invent, discover. - Eye. -- Shutters.

ka4guo

4&m~U

-

-

-

1-

Letter. Kannada Language, Name of a MaIayalam month, vergin.

vergin.

-- Bitter gourd.

-

Hand, Bank of a river, sea ete,

e a m ~ ? ~ @ karaccil ~ r a ~ + I karati ~ r a l kari ~

E

&&BEB~O

~

W

O karuvgn ~

karkkatakam

-- Crying. -- Leopard. -- Charcoal.

-

Black smith. - Name of a MaIayaFam month, AgricuIturist. -- Mud pot, pot.

-

kala kalHr opam kalalayam kaXyii nam kalluu kavi kavu6 iru'

Art*

Form an art, College. Marriage. Stone.

Poet.

Arecanut palm* Chair, Play.

To tat,

ka rutta karuppu' kakka kiltu* kapuka

kzira~am k3X

kslu" kayam

kal a karsu" kittuka kili

to

finish.

Vulture* Donkey. Neck, To become black in cof our. Black, Black colour. Crow. Forest. To see. Reason.

Leg; Quarter.

Asafoetida, Bull. Wind.

To get* Parrot, sparrow,

kilakku"

-

East. Below, - Pot. -- To drink. Hut. -- Family. Child. Hill, Melon. - Pot, Name of a Malayalam month. -- Cuckoo. Monkey. - Bath.

-

-

-

kuyil kurnAliuu kul i ku y accu' ku yaccokke

-

}-

A littie.

--

To diminish

-

Short corning,

deduction. -- To mark, to write, to refer to. - Jakckaf. - Moreover, beyond. - Sanskrit play staged in Kerala temples. - ed, increased. Mixed, ed. - Together with.

-

--

wage.

Work writing.

Artificial usage. Agricuf t ure. Agriculturist Building. Heard. Country Kerala. Pertaining to KeraBa. Language of Rerala. To hear. Name sf a place, To give,

.

c?&m@7~~11@~npl kera11yabhBga a&oom& kelkkuka mh3a'l kocci

--

--

-

~dk3=jd%&

kotukkuka

616333fio

sak06np

koy taram koptu"

- With.

6 ~ 6 3 ~ 0

kollam

- Year, N 8 ~ e 0 f n

mao&p

kolluka

-

~&oG?

kr>ti kapam

QA3nJo

G~OI kali PI dbg5'l

a&g

mag @@ow3&0

kautilyan

kramtm

kramadhikam

-

-

Palace.

To kill.

place, .

-

Crore. Anger. Cock. Aut hur of Arthasastra, a treatise on Econom i cs in Sanskrit. . Handicraft.

-

Order.

-

.-

- Beyond b i t ,

@OWU

klavu' ~rorl3rd kgurakan WSJO gadyam rnaj9(m7&cb gadyakytikal mspam

gadyaiakha

~~~23*1~lr83m3ib gavesakanmar

O C ~ ~ ~ C gUtampuu ~AJ* @CnD@a

W3mp

W?%Q wmo dm A ~ ~ M

asm aJW

gatram grii mam grigrnarn

ghanam cakka P cakkapalam O can ta candran ca mpu

cantram carya catuka

Calf.

Barber, Prose, Prose writing, prose works. Branch of prose literature. Resarchers. . Wheat. Family. Village. Summer season. Weight, volume. Jack.

Jack fruit. Market. Moon. A particular type of literary work in which verses and verse-like prose are intermingled, History. Mode. To jump.

caya ciiy am

Tea.

coyakkgran

Wasberman. Hut. Name of a month in Matayalam.

c~\a

cifi barn

Colour.

ciri

d?(a7

curukkam

40.

dm-o

'sl~?w&

- Laughter. - Step father, Father's younger brother. - Some. - Some*people. - Lip. - Few,

arzlqdh

curukkam cilar cemappue cenpub ceyy uka

- Few others. - Red colour. - Copper. - To do,

q a ~ " l

cevi

-

Qdcla" ma-1~&~3

ceyutuv

aw

ontm.p

cerukatha

-

Ear. Small. Short story. Lime.

- Elder sister. - Elder brother's wife, - Elder sister. - Elder brother. - Tuesday, - To ask, to.question. - Question. - Cooked rice.

~mm3

.

B C M ~

s1~7&a& 22-0

janal jannal jay ikk~kajayam

" E O ~ C U ? ~ ~ jlvitam

-

Window.

Tci become victoI.ious. Victory. Life*

We.

Sun, Sunday.

-Nu

rmm

tapuppu" t atta

~ ( F E B ~ D O tatbhavam

Gold smith. Cold. Parrat. Corrupt form of a loan word. Post. Same form of a loan

mm7gg. tarnilu" rmrn7~7t~kalma

tamikikarikkuka

mmmb

mclr?g"

tarunnu tala t avi tavittu"

mot-uo@u

tayavatu"

rm-7

tali

mDmCb m3qmY

tgmara tgliikku'

m31i)~

tale tin kal t innuka tiruv~llla

mw cm~lll

ctnlmbb

tar7magj

ward Tamil language*

To Tarnilise, Give. Head, Ladle. Brown colow. t family in matri lineal system. Chin, Lotus flower. Taf uque . Below, Moan, Monday.

To eat. A place name in Keraia. Train. Fire, Certainty. Cedainly, ,

- A

@S

tut a

@Smd*

tutati &uka

tutarcca g~s&~~moatn? eufarccayayi ga~m7 Eugi @.mcsmbbs euttanakam tunnal ~ r m t s a m o m dtunnalkkaran Q O ~ & turakkuka @aa0 tul~sm @SkA

8mm" 8mlIWTZf0

iilctnWrsrU

ttrkkam tekku' teruvu" telufiku*

o r m ~ * l c y ~ teiivuv amglqcuoauy teliviiyi :

ammd tairu' sm~07aB tolil 61tmos'ldmo& tolilkknr

amlo97eras'!

tolilrili

-

--

--

-

great Malayalam

poet who wrote Raminyanam & Mahabharatam. and who is known as the father of modern Malayalm. Thigh. To begin. Continuity Continuousiy. Cloth. Zinc.

.

Sewing, Tailor. - T o open.

balance, Nameof a month in Malayalam*

- A -,

-

Weight. South. Str~t.

Tclugu language. Evidence' As an evidence, Coconut. Curd, - Profession. - Professionalists, - Labourer,

...

Ninety.

--

South. South India. Kindness. Vision, phiIosaphy .

-

PhilosophicaL Place, direction, cardinal,

Day. Territory. - Anger. - Body. That which pertains to

-

dhanu

dhairyam nalakkuka na#ukkua nattuu

aadi ,narnpiitiri

mculmo nav~ nam rnrzllcntP7m7~7d navi naritiyil

*H m&eU

naIla ngkku'

Dravidas, a Sanskritised form of the term Tamil. - Name of a month in Malayaf an, - Courage, boldness. Td walk. In the middle. - Owl. - River, - Brahmin of KeraIa. - New.

-

- Ta a novel method. - Good.

-

Tongue. -

Country, Regional language. Name. Naming ceremony.

To name.

A distance equivalent to more than a mile, two fifth of an hour.

Hunting. ~rnbaos7 nayiiti mowagdb3md nayhttukaran niiXuu m3€qU

Hunter.

-

nZIle rn7-a nighaqfu amiBtkr nififial cn?m?m nimidam m7Wm0 niyamam cn7r63nnorpn~rm0niraharavratam m7gp nilkkuka =n7&agm?& nirddesika -

moo@

-

-

Four. Tomorrow. Dictionary. Y 0.u. A Second, Rule. Hunger strike. To stand Nominative case in

Malayalam-

Calouy. You (Singular) Length, Hundred. Century.

Hundred and anel Breast, chest. Weaving. mmqj"

neyy u"

61C0001

nerfi nEf tarn

am30

nairgdyam

nokkuka naval

Weaver. Gbee. force bead Ach ivement. Banana fruit. Disappointment. To look at. +

Novet,

Day time. pakibi pacca paccakkari

Bird. Green, VegehMes,

Snake gourd. West,

Town.

hja'ia&

pathikkuka

dml.mcib

pag Qitan

Bitch, dog. Striking of work. To learn, to read, Scholar. Fifteen. Ten thousand. Fourteen, Sixteen. Eleven. ~ i g teen. h Seventeen.

u r n 3q ~ c g p p ~

patim8muU

-

Thirtwn,

~~"

-

QLsaWU

gaawa~tu"

t~lc'm7

panni

Nineteen, -- Twelve. - Pig.

pattu* ad@mo&d@~pattonprstus?

--

par~rnarbikklblra urnle~ parippuw ~ ~ 7 6 r n CI~ a g pad~rrmam caam'lmamskrs pari~~rnatada -t~~lg~@&@Im&

-

paiu

-

Cow.

&ITPI !i

--

parikfiha aaZbqma6a63a ~parfkAhHp1alam

~ @ ' 3

ap&+@so C L E P ~ Q

a% ~ ~ A Y ~ R T

ma&

doqa &aspa aos" ~om%mo

-

To refer to, DhaI, EvoBution. Stage of evolutiont. -st, examination. Result of the test* Many.

~!cb"t

(edm

Ten,

pala

,

,

pal likkt'itanma palakkram palam I paiamtamila' B ~ ~ ~ Q payakkuka parayuka

pa% pmu* pilira

-

--

-

--

--

-

Churca, Mosque. Scho~t. FemiEadty, oKdaea Ripe fruit, Qld%mi!,

To fly. To say, Pidd.

to tell, to talk*

Song.

Midnight.

am*

h17m3np

patram pavaykka pala' pislkkaran piccal a pitam*

~1617~11)

putiya

dam$$& a3wu

doaornd

4Wao

pustakam

cads00

Pug-

-

Pot. Bitter gourd,

Milk. Milkman. Brass*

a

I

-

-

-

I

Father. Enimity. Then, afte:. To be born, New, fresh. But, house, building, Tffs s m w * Brow,

Leopard. Book. Page, back-side, 'Fa start. Bebind, at the back,

River.

-mQ od@%~

~90~' periya

" I

-

Spaiag amson. Cat. To be ineluded into, Woman, girl, Big, large:,

Big river, name of a

river in Kefala* pef i u p8ru" ~dot18610 pokkam 6 1 n f 3 ~ f ~ l Q WputuvHyi 7 Q~JS'~

Fear.

Name. Height. In common,

ad3

Pa

Go

aubbbdk

To go.

ahJ3Q3U

pakuka puttu"

eh~ama

parr

pai h~~rtr~m? & 0 po~rSibikam ~&3ll00 prgkaiam ~ b u~7mn~t o prxkgdikkunnu um?wonnl& pratigrahika fi)ohj

WWbtlarrnpbo

pratyayam pratyakam g a r n i b earen pratyska bhalia aU33Ma prrtdbanam Q J " ~ ~prad ~ ha~ns J ~ dad3 ddayapakan fpJGW3acn0 praybganam

t9W3Bo

~0bl7rno

&pumrn

Q

~ ~ ~ r n ~ f

pravgI lam p r ~ cnam i grad h~nyam t prgrarn & bham

Buffalo. Not enough. Pie. Mythological. Shining. Shine, Name of the accusative case in MalayaIam Suffix.

Separate. Separate Language,

Heaster. Utijity, use. Name of a case in

Coral.

Malaydam.

Ancient, Importance. Beginning,

prarambbadaba prBvuU prsrnarn phalam phalamayl bhandbu bhud han -bhakti -bhaktiparam bhayam bhnrttisvu" bharatam , -

-

bh5ratlyarn

-

Love. Result, fruit. As a result. Relative, Wednesday,

Devotion. Devotional. Fear. Husband. Mababharatam, t odia, Indian, Pertaining to

Bhwratarn, Indian language. Wife. Emotion. Lvric. Language.

One o f the earliest prose works in MalayaIam, ~ j f f e i e tn opinion.

Different. Earth, Geography. S e n s ~us. ~o

Son.

&I~O

makaram

-

Name of a month in Malayaiam

.

Daughter.

Yellow. Snow. Winter Se890x1.

Made* Mode aud method.

Pearl, bell. Ha zr. Pearl-coral combination of Malayalam and Sanskrit langua ges-A hybrid language. Washermars, Religion, Opinion. Missionary, one who propagates religion. Religious.

-

aff$33cill map g ~ n a(m 0 matarn rnrorWa~3rum5matapracaxakar mrtnhlc~0 dlGIFlClSllRo

mar aparam matetaram

m ammm 9'1A7(8,w matetarak y tika] mmmm rnattafiiia mwju maddhyam mwjdhafiJo maddhyakslarn a&uj&3W maddh yakaia a1@?90 tamiiu' omgp masrrlmassu"

C

-

-

-

Secujar.

Secular works. Pumpkin. N iddle, Medievat. Medieval Tamil. 'Mind.

a

~~

3 7b

rnanassii~kuka e

mm#fmosw& manassilakkuka

- To understand.

-

-

mmdu &rib

manuSyan arw7d mayil mwwo@eonPr ma1ayaia b b $ a mawag ~ r n ~ o 'malayala t moli mmarvoaum malay2 yma rnmm3@ujo malayii j a mpm* ~WkhyHnam mo ma la mlsma& rnaiakkar awm3u0 malakkafam maf Fu mflQ cna~d?wd rnarruciiar m m p ~ ~ u mabattuO a3mQ rnZilfia ;PC~IVO mgrnpalam

To make one understand,

Man. Peacock. The Malayalam language.

Commentary in Malayala m . Rain. -- Cloud. Rainy season. The other. The others. Great, big. Mango fruit, Ripe mango fruit. - Mango tree, flour. Change, - Major, important. Majority, almost. Name of a month in MalayaIarn. +

-

-

a3nj0

rn8vuu

mH rram mik acca mik kavanrm rnithunam

-

-

-

lightniag.

Name of a man th in

Malayalam. Fish, star. Three fuuah.

,

4-6 Q a o

QaJ o 1gs7 Q ~ & @

mukkuka rnukham mukhyanl mu1 i mut tacchan

- To dip.

- Face, - Important, W air. - Grand Father

-

Grapes.

Thirty.

Th~ryone. Jasmine. Chilley. Complete1y Room, To cut. Nose.

a

Owl,

Three. Corner, Reason, cause, basis, original. Original language. A caster of metals, a brazier, A ninlal. Cloud. Same of a month iin

Malayalam, Address.

rnelli. mega

mottua moii mu rum rak 8a rakgikkuka racada racikhlca rap ruP ratnam xiltri

raman tarn%yapam riivagan

r&Strarn ,radtrl yam rapam rapamet ukkuka

laghu

laksarn fakirni labhikkuka lakam la ham vakuppuu

-

Above, beyoad.

Table. Bud. -- Ward, language. -- Butter milk. Safety. - To save. - Cornpsition,

-

-

-

To compose, Two. Pearl jewel. Night. Sri Rama. Story of Sri Rama,

an epic. The king of the demons. Country, nation. Political. Form. To take form, formate. Simple. Lakh. Goddes of wealth. To attain, to get. Wotld, People.

Metal, Department.

vakki j vatakku" vati vat tarn vanpicca var~~am vala

am?&

cusmu

cus? mQu ~crzr74~ hte~

valathu* valutu" vallHyma

wed@"

"-'WW

-mu

va &attu"

--

Lawyer. North. Stick, Staff. Circle, round, Big, Colour. Net. Right.

I

Big Gloom, trouble,

- On one side. - Many.

disgrace.

valare Whi?4 valar~ca - Growth, developmentclls& @a03 valarcca *mu m u ~ ~ i y a t u '- Well developed,

CU~Q(P

ma31128

vavvsl

CZrtruCXha

vasantam vastuta kal val i

mtqctn(aoo

cuol -3

va v&kku"

-

Bat. Spring seasan. Facts. Way.

- Come..

~ ~ 3 w ~ b r~ & n d~h y ~ f ? l *

- Word, - Door, Shutters. - Plea, dispute. TO plea, to maintaib an opinion. Teacher,

aomm

- News.

~

1

3

~

clromlm%

0

vstil

vitdam w383r~~& viidikkuka a380

vartha

-

VBya WY vala w ~ v ~ ' 9 0 vfilappalarn w l ahm7ms vikasitam hi?&m?m earn vika~itabhaia N?OW? vibhakti cu7~~t.00 vid~bam cl~lesublmd vide hi yar CU~BJ vid ya c u ? ~ ~ ~ vidy&bhysisam a j ~ m ~ mIe~3'lPiol vidyartthi h l ? j~3 m 7 m ? vidylrtthini m7aj3er3wo Vidyalayam w'l m3976 vina li ka

CU~W

*L*-

(U?QQDu)o

vi rbdham

m? c u m l ~vivarikkuka ~ m7cumm0

vivarapam

-

Mouth. Plantain Plantain fruit. De~ela ped .

- Developed language - Case, - Foreign country . - Fareigners. - Education, knowledge Education, - Student,

-

-

-

-

-

A girl student,

Schuof . One sixtieth af nii lika a second. To compose, to write (a book) To divide. Finger. Enrnit y. TO de scti be. Descicri pt ion; Translation. Holy, pure,

'

The Holy 'Bible.

Par! icutars, ht?ammm

vikB9ata

-

Speciality.

Espccially , Rest: Subject, topic. To call, to acco8t. To believe. Belief. DiEcuJty. Firewood, House. Width. Name of a muath in Matayalam. Lady's finger. Butter. Sunlight, Sun. Washerman.

Qdj@kl" crclrcnd a w d h 71

9 7

veiuppuO vanal 6 verpici35u ~ ~ ~

ahlmJ

vekya

a61wd7dko

vaidikam

Early morning, Friday* Sif ver* Water. White. Early morning. Whiteness. Summer. Separated. Harlet, courtesan, That pertaha to vfdCL8,

Vedic thems, biblical.

subjects. amme rib

vaidyan

- Physician. f ndustry.

rzl&nmnm?&ala

clbralao

ubm3

Well established, vyavaharikkuka - To term. Colloquial language. Grammar. Thursday. Cexltury . MoIasses. Correct, right, yes. 8arirar: - Body. Bani - Saturn, Saturday.

Sound, term. Correct1y

.

Stone.

mmoao

santb ham

-

sandhya

-

Inscription. Physical, Grief, Sorrow. . Numeral. Pleasure. Message. Messenger poem, a type of poem in wbicb a lover or husband separated, sends a message to his lover Evening.

mmmU

sampattu" mo m m 7 a sanbandhika cru.mmol sambandhiccu*

au

-

Wealth . Possessive case. pertaining to,

related to* sambbabanam samayam samiiham mmm~ sarnpannarn r r u m m m o m 7 sarnpannamakki rmacomro sampradgyam cru0~m3a7& samyagika

m>*somm= mama rnq~hn~

crumnu~m'l cruwiam

saraswathi

leaom?&a0 savarp gaj8tikat

-

--

Conversation. Time. Gathering, society. Rich. Enriched, Mod, manner. Name of a case in

-

Malayalam, Goddess of learning.

-

-

-

-

Nigh caste

communities.

mu?amnltlm savibgkata

- Speciality.

c r u @ t & ~ 1 3 ~ l b 3sarvva a kalabsla

- University, - To talk,

m h r n 3 ~ ~ 7 s~msgrikkuka

-

samskr tam rru0qm samsk y ta rnoscfho37 mmongtakl5hinayam mo(ljJmd@ samskcta m 3 ir o padabdal rru r!&jrnT& m l m ~arnsk~tikarikka-CrUamZtldMo samsthanarn m7 O M Q sirnham cndmo sukbam ~~~~3~ sclkhavasa WEJO sthalam ~ Q ~ C F I O

-

-

Sanskrit language. The staging of Sanskrit plays. Sanskrit words.

Saaskritise. State.

Lion. Comfort, welfare, Health sanatorium.

sulabham siiryan CndOSd nu'lcnlrn sinima sakrsi mo-7 s3 kilyam C~UO&WJU cn>oq$nn7&0 sarnahikam n u a m m l l & sampattikam ~ W r 0 7 m ~ a si~hityam CT\ZDWO sthalam C P Q ~ O snEharn o

,

,

svadebam T~UJBDRIO svabhgvam CW~ll)hlh)r) QUb svabhava~ 6 ~ 1 3 0 0 vi$aqaAhal TTUJQBWC

TTUJWO

sva\ am

~UJOW?C~

m m ' l svfdhlnakakti m~owclmno svayattam cru~7&mI&a& svrkarikkuka so337 rotti

-

Plenty.

-

Sun.

-

Cinema. Witness. - Evidence. - Social. - Financial. - Literature. - Place. Love, friendship, liking. - Native place, - Character.

-

.-

Characteristics. Self.

- Influence. - Self attained. - Toreceive. - Bread.

THE rnST0RY OF

A SHORT NOTE 0

MALAYALAM LANGUAGE & LITERATURE Malayalam belongs to the family of Dravidian languages. Tamil, Telugu and Kannada are the other cultivated languages belonging to this family. Of the four, Tamil is considered to be the oldest, the mast cultivated and well developed, For a long time the term Matayalarn originally denoted only the country and sat the language. It was quite wently the language acquired the name 'Malayzblam'. Msafayayma, Malayam rnoli and Malayam b Iga were the other namby which the language of Keraf were known before. Scholars differ id their opinion as to the drigin of Malayafam as a separate language from Tamil. Sdme say that she is the daughter uf Tamil, othek say that she is her sister and,a few 'others rna~ntainthat Matayalam is as old as Tarnit, These ifferences of opinion are due to the lack of proper understanding of the term Tamil, and its significance, When you say that Tarnil is the elder sister or mother of Malayalam, it does not imply that modern Malayalam b the daughter or younger sister of modern Tamil. Tamil has been used as a general tepm to denote the anguaga of the south in common. The ancient Tamil as undergone many changes, and the modern Tamil and, modern Malayalam are the outcome of the evolutions of the ancient Tamil. Ma!apalarn is believed to be an off shoot of medieval Tamil of the 8th century A. D,, and this fact is proved by many insriptions and other materials, now unearthed, belonging to the centuries successively following the gexiod of medieval .

t

h

Tamil. However, it may be dearly stated that of aB the four cultivated South Indian languages modem Tamil is the closest to Malayafa~r~ Malayalam as a Ianguage got separated from its parental tongue, the medieval Tamil, due to many reasons, saciological, political, geographical and to some extent geological too. Among them the most important i s sacioIogicat. It is often said that the Narnputiri Brahmins and caste Hindus of Kerala got thc!nselves allied, physically, spiritualiy and ecoaomically. In Kerala they formed themselves into a separate community or uatiunality, who were socially and culturally cut off from the rest. Sanskrit: which was the spritual and culturai language of the Brahmins made its way into the local language, and a new hybrid language cat led Ma pipravaiam (the coral-peat1 bmbination of the local lai~guageand Sanskrit) was farmed. Till the formation of MapipravaIarn, the then spoken and literary language of Kerala had been sing loan words from Sa'askrit in a Tarnillised form, as is evident from the words written during those periods both in Kerala and in Tamilnad. When Magipravalatp began to make its influence felt an local language, the system of adoption of Sanskrit loan words underwent a change. Sanskrit words were used as they are, and there was a tendency on the part of a few writers to Sanskxitise even the local wards. Such artificial forms are abundant in Magi pravgla works written during that period. By 14th Century A. D: the entire nature OF Ke~aEa language was changed and a language worthy of being terrnzd as Malayaiam, with all its modern characteristics had been formed by the tirno. The literary works belonging to the 1 3 t h 14th and 15th centudes bear ample testimony to this fact.

There were many literary works written during this formative period. They may be classified under two major groups according to the nature of languages and mode of literary slyles used in them, They are known as Mapipravsla works and Patluu yorks. P B ~ ~ umeans " song, and the campositians which strictjy followed the rules of he then Tamil poems were termed as P8ttuU works, 0r.e speciality with Malayalam literature is that the Mapipsavala works wrhten during the earliest iiterary periods (lZtb, 13tb, 14th & 15th centuries) are of purely non-religious nature. Poems on courtesans, f heir life and their actiy~tiers were co~aposed by many poets. Today they are considered as the best sources for researchers to study the ttrerr existing m;;isl conditions of Kerala. Almost aH Manipravalam wo* rtre replete with this sort of sensuous themes. Patfu works are mostly on religious, rrlytbologicat and ritu:~1 themes, Ramayana and Bharata were composed 'in PTittuYstyle during this period. Tuncattu E!,uttaccan,

ascribed to 16th century 1s often called the father of modern Maiayalam. Xt is in his . Ramayana and Bharata, we find the language of KeraIa establishing itself in its madera form.

There were many works written in imitation of Sanskrit literature. They come under the titles, Sandesa Kavyas (Messenger Poems) and Champus. An' indigenous literary branch known Attakkathas writtan for the Keratia c!assical dancedrama Kathakali form the bulk of medieval f iterature in Malayalarn .

Devotional poems and philosophical works were also written by marry during this period.

There were good prose works in Malayalam from ths Gutalia's Arthasostra, called Bb%@Kau taliyam, is perhaps the earliest of ~ a l a ~ a l aworks h now available. Theredkg appeared many prose works mainly describing the mode of acting classlical Sanskrit plays in temples, known as Kiitiyat tam. MalayaIam prose got a new fillip and a fresh enzrgy when the foreign missionaries began learning Malayafam and writing prose works on thedugid themes Including the translations of Bible. Thanks to these missionades Mslayalarn could have dictionaries in modeon style, By the 18th century the language and Iiterrltum &r:w to such a dimension that by the time many pets and writera could contribute their mite to tho enrichment of Maltayaiarn in all its aspects. During the 19th century and by the dawn of the 20th century, further growth and deveIapment were effected in all the branches of Ilterature when, thanks to the advent of English studies, novels, short stdries, plays, essays, lyrics and sirniliar modern foms of Etcraturo sprang up. Today Malayalam can be proud of claiming a an0 of the most advanced language in India. Writers in Malayalam are *ell known now nut only i n f ndia, but also outside, Journalisn in Malayalam has taken really long stzides on its path of progress,