Latin Abbreviations 5t6jj

1. Infra

infra adjective below; later in the text. The term infra is legal shorthand to indicate that a particular reference will be further discussed or cited later in a document. See infra note 117 and accompanying text.

2. Supra

The abbreviations inf. and sup. stand for the words infra and supra, which translate as “below” and “above” respectively. They are used to indicate that information will be more fully explained or cited elsewhere. If the information has already appeared in an earlier note, sup. is used. If the information will appear in a later note (where a more complete citation or explanation is perhaps more appropriate), inf. is used. In general, you can replace both of these abbreviations with “see below” and “see above” without any change in meaning.

supra adverb as referred to previously The termination of this Agreement pursuant to Subparagraph a., supra, shall operate to release both parties from any claims for lost business opportunities.

3. Ibid Ibid. (abbreviation for the Latin Ibidem, meaning "The same"). Refers to the same author and source (e.g., book, journal) in the immediately preceding reference. Where Ibid. appears, the source is listed in the immediately preceding reference. For reference # 5 in the list above, the source is listed in # 4 (Poirer, "Learning Physics").

ibid. Latin phrase meaning in the same text or source is used to refer to a source that has been mentioned in a previous reference in the same text

The confidential, redacted portions have been filed separately with the SEC. (9) Ibid. (10) Ibid. (11) Ibid. (12) Ibid. (13) Ibid. (14) Ibid. (15) Ibid.

4. Id

The abbreviation ibid. stands for the Latin word ibidem, which means “in the same place.” It is used in endnotes or footnotes when you cite the same source and page number(s) two or more times. If you cite the same source but a different page number, you can use ibid. followed by a comma and the page number(s). Also, note that ibid. is capitalized when it begins a note. For example:   

1. Barsby, 99-101. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 97. Although it is becoming less common, you may encounter the abbreviation id. used in a way similar to ibid. The abbreviation id. stands for idem, which means “the same person.” It is used in place of ibid. when the same author is cited but not the same page number. In such instances, ibid. is only used to repeat the preceding citation exactly. For example:

  

1. Barsby, 99-101. 2. Ibid. 3. Id., 97.

idem (id.) adverb used when quoting from a text to indicate an author, word, or a source that has just been mentioned. The term is similar in use to ibid., and is often used in legal texts. Id. at 225. 5. Op cit

op. cit. (abbreviation for the Latin opus citatum, meaning "the work cited"). Refers to the reference listed earlier by the same author. Where op. cit. appears, the source is listed in the previous reference by the same author. For reference # 8 in the list above, the author is Eliot and reference # 6 is by Eliot so the source is "Astrophysics".

op. cit. abbreviation

a Latin phrase meaning in the work already cited, used when referring to a text, especially a legal, academic, or otherwise authoritative text 33 The Dictionary of Real Estate Appraisal, 2nd ed., op. cit., p. 265.

6. Loc cit

The abbreviations loc. cit. and op. cit. are old forms used in bibliographic citations similar to ibid. and id. above. The abbreviation loc. cit. stands for loco citato, which translates as “in the place cited,” whereas op. cit. stands for opere citato which translates as “in the work cited.” Generally, loc. cit. is used to refer to the same work and page number(s) as the previous citation, while op. cit. refers only to the same work and may or may not be followed by page numbers. In all modern style manuals, ibid. is preferred to loc. cit. and op. cit. 1. e.g.

E.G. AND I.E. These are the two most often misused and confused Latin abbreviations-and for good reason. In any given sentence, it’s often not immediately clear how i.e. and e.g. are different. Both appear inside parentheses and offer extra information that helps explain what’s come before. There is, however, a very important and useful difference between these two abbreviations. The abbreviation e.g. stands for exempli gratia, which translates literally as “for the sake of an example”-but you can really just cut out the stuff in the middle and read it as “for example.” It is used to give an example or set of examples to help clarify the preceding idea. In general, if you use e.g., you should provide one or two short examples. More can be used, but only if they are simple and can be expressed in a single word or short phrase. It isn’t necessary to use etc. at the end of a list following e.g.; it’s understood that there are more examples than those that you’ve given. You should not list all of the possible examples. The abbreviation i.e. stands for id est, which translates literally as “that is.” Sometimes it might be more useful, however, to translate it as “what that means is” or “that is to say.” This abbreviation is used to clarify the preceding idea by restating it more simply or in different . Strictly speaking, what follows i.e. in parentheses should be equivalent to what comes before-you should be able to switch them without changing the meaning of the sentence. If this involves making a list, you should include all of the elements that make up that list. It might be useful to think of i.e. as representing an equal sign (=). This will help you that i.e. stands for a strict equivalence. Let’s look at some examples of how to use i.e. and e.g. correctly: 

YES The rocky planets (e.g., Mercury) are closest to our sun.



NO The rocky planets (i.e., Mercury) are closest to our sun. Mercury is not equivalent to the rocky planets-they’re not the same thing. Mercury is just one example of a rocky planet, therefore e.g. is appropriate.



YES The rocky planets (i.e., Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are closest to our sun.



YES Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars (i.e., the rocky planets) are closest to our sun.



NO The rocky planets (e.g., Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are closest to our sun. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are all of the examples of rocky planets in our solar system (they are a full and complete list, not just a few examples), so e.g. should not be used. Instead, use i.e. to show that the list of four planets is equivalent to the rocky planets-they refer to the same thing. Notice that switching the rocky planets and Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence. In some instances, i.e. and e.g. may both be acceptable, but using one or the other will drastically change the meaning of the sentence. For example: Farmer Brown sells his produce (e.g., apples, oranges, carrots) at the market. Farmer Brown sells his produce (i.e., apples, oranges, carrots) at the market. In the first sentence, the use of e.g. tells the reader that Farmer Brown sells many different types of produce, including apples oranges and carrots. The information contained in the parentheses provides a few examples to help clarify the meaning of produce. In the second sentence, the use of i.e. tells the reader that Farmer Brown sells only apples, oranges and carrots -nothing else. The information contained in the parentheses tells the reader that, as far as Farmer Brown is concerned, apples, oranges and carrots are what constitute produce-they are equivalent. 2. 3. 4. 5.

CF.

accord see see also cf

The abbreviation cf. stands for the Latin word confer which means “compare.” It is primarily used in endnotes or footnotes to point the reader to works that offer an argument which contradicts or is otherwise different from the author’s argument. Therefore, it might be more useful to read cf. as “but compare this to.” It is generally preceded by citations of works that agree with the author’s argument and then followed by one or two examples of works that disagree with or somehow differ from the argument. Although it is not strictly necessary to explain how these works are different, you might find it useful to include a short phrase for the benefit of your reader. Example: 2. Jones 1992, Smith 2003; cf. on methodology Harris 2005. 6. contra 7. but see 8. but cf

What Are Introductory Signals? Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to the text. This relation can be ive, comparative, or contradictory. Signals can also inform a reader what inferential degree exists between the text and cited source. A reader can thus determine if a cited source s or contradicts an author's assertion and whether it is necessary to take an inferential step between a cited source and the text simply by looking at the signal used. Law Review Typeface: Italics

ing Signals Bluebook Rule (19th): 1.2(a) Signals indicating that the cited work is ive of the author's text are the most commonly used type of signal. There are six ing signals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

[no signal] E.g., Accord See See also Cf.

The most frequently used are probably [no signal], E.g., See, and See Also. [no signal] No signal is necessary if a cited authority: 1. directly states the proposition; 2. identifies the source of a direct quotation; or 3. identifies the source referred to in the text. E.g., "E.g.," is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase "exempli gratia," and can loosely be translated to mean "good example." "E.g." is used when the cited authority states the proposition and when citation to other authorities also stating the proposition would be unhelpful or unnecessary. NOTE: "E.g." can be combined with other signals, such as "See." When communed with another signal, the other signal should be given first, separated by an italicized comma but ending with a non-italicized comma: See, e.g., See

See is probably the most frequently used (and abused) introductory signal. It is used when the cited authority clearly s a proposition but there is an inferential step between the proposition as stated and the cited authority. Although not a catch-all signal, it is often inappropriately used as such. See also "See also" is used to cite to additional materials and authority that s a proposition but when other authority has already been cited to using either See or [no signal]. An explanatory parenthetical stating the relevance of the additional material is strongly encouraged. NOTE: It is not appropriate to use See Also for general background-reading materials; in that case, the signal "See generally" should be used (rule 1.2(d)). Again an explanatory parenthetical explaining the relevance of the material is strongly encouraged.

Comparison Signals Bluebook Rule (19th): 1.2(a),(b) Two introductory signals may be used to suggest a useful comparison: "Cf." and "Compare." "Cf." is the abbreviation of the Latin word "confer," literally meaning "compare," but proper use of the two signals does vary in several key ways. First, "Cf." is classified as as signal indicating (in rule 1.2(a)) rather than one of comparison. This distinction is important when determining the order of signals and authorities, explained below. Second, "Compare" "must be used in conjunction with 'with'" and used to offer a comparison between two or more cited authorities while "Cf." may be used to compare a single authority with the textual proposition. Stated another way, "Cf." is used when a comparison between the textual assertion and the cited source would the proposition by analogy, while "Compare" is used when the comparison between two or more sources will tend to or illustrate the proposition. When using "Compare" as a signal, "Compare," "with," and the conjunction "and" should all be italicised and both "with" and "and" should be preceded by a comma: Compare A, with B, and C. Once again, the use of an explanatory parenthetical with either "Cf." and "Compare" is strongly encouraged.

Contradictory Signals Bluebook Rule (19th): 1.2(c) There are three signals for conveying negative or contradictory :

1. Contra; 2. But see; and 3. But cf. "Contra" is used whenever the cited authority directly states a contradictory proposition and so is essentially the contradictory form of [no signal]. "But see" is used when the citation clearly s a proposition contradictory to the textual assertion, and authority signaled by "But cf." is analogously contradictory to the textual assertion. NOTE: There is a sort of double-negative rule for contradictory signals - if another contradictory signal has already been used, omit the "But" from either But See or But cf.

Order of Signals Bluebook Rule (19th): 1.3 Law Review Typeface: Italics Bluebook rule 1.3 proscribes the appropriate order when multiple signals are used. Essentially the order of signals is ing, comparative, contradictory, and general background. Within each general class of signal, signals are arranged in order of greatest to least direct relation to the assertion - so a signal indicating a direct quote would come before one indicating an inferential step. NOTE: With the exception of "See generally," which would always be last if used, the order of signals as laid out in this guide is the appropriate order under rule 1.3.

About short form citations In certain circumstances, it is permissible to use a shortened citation to a previously cited authority. These citations are referred to as "short form" citations. This page will discuss some general rules to follow for short form citations but note that different types of documents will have specific rules governing appropriate short form citations. In this guide, these special short form rules are covered with other rules relevant to each type of document. Although not technically a short form, it is confusing that the Bluebook doesn't treat infra in the same section.

Specific short form rules Below is a table listing authority types covered in this guide, cross-referenced with the corresponding bluebook rule.

Authority Type

Bluebook Rule

Guide Link

istrative Material

rule 14.4

Link

Books, Reports, & Treatises

rule 15.10

Link

Court Cases

rule 10.9

Link

Constitutions

rule 11

Link

Digital Materials

rule 18

Link

Legislation

rule 13.8

Link

Periodicals

rule 16.9

Link

Statutes

rule 12.10

Link

Id. Bluebook Rule (19th): 4.1 Law Review Typeface: Italics (including the period) "Id." is an all purpose short form citation that may be used for any cited authority except internal cross references. "Id." always refers to the immediately proceeding cited authority, either in the same footnote or the previous footnote so long as it is the only authority cited in the proceeding footnote. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629, 632 (1950). Id. NOTE: Sources cited in explanatory parentheticals or phrases or as part of case prior or subsequent history are not counted as intervening authorities preventing the use of "Id." Any change in what is being cited, such as page numbers, needs to be indicated after "Id." Id. at 45.

Supra Bluebook Rule (19th): 4.2(a) Law Review Typeface: Italics "Supra" may be used to refer to certain types of previously cited materials as well as internal cross references. Rule 4.2 contains a complete, detailed list of which materials may and may not be cited to using "Supra." Note, however, that in general most forms of primary legal authority (cases, statutes, etc.) should not be referred to using "Supra." NOTE: This is also true for materials such as restatements, legislative documents (other than hearings), and model codes which typically have similar citation formats. "Supra" citations are most commonly used for secondary authority, such as books and periodicals. Therefore, the most common format for a Supra short form citation consists

of the author's last name followed "supra," offset by a comma. Immediately after "supra" is the word "note" in ordinary type, followed by the number of the footnote in which the authority was first cited in full: 15. PHILIP D. O'NEILL, JR., VERIFICATION IN AN AGE OF INSECURITY: THE FUTURE OF ARMS CONTROL COMPLIANCE 45 (2010). 25. O'NEIL, supra note 15. A pincite offset by a comma should indicate changes in what portion of the authority is being cited. An "at" is typically necessary to avoid confusion: 28. O'NEIL, supra note 15, at 52. If a work has an institutional author, use the complete institutional name; works without an author may be cited to by the title, while unsigned student authored law journal works should be cited by the appropriate designation such as "Note" or "Comment." NOTE: The typeface convention from the original source should be used for the author name or title in a "supra" citation.

Hereinafter Bluebook Rule (19th): 4.2(b) Law Review Typeface: Varies by source The term 'hereinafter" is used when using another short form would be impractical, cumbersome, or confusing. Two typical circumstances where a "hereinafter" is appropriate are when an author name or title is long and unwieldy for a normal "supra" short form citation and to distinguish between two or more authorities cited originally in the same footnote which could easily confused with each other. To use "hereinafter," at the end of the first full citation and enclosed in square brackets, but before any explanatory parenthetical, and write "hereinafter" followed by a shortened form of the authority, typically a paraphrase of the title or designation of the type of document as long as unambiguous. NOTE: The shortened hereinafter form should be in the same typeface as the original. Subsequent citations to the authority will function as supra citations but will use the hereinafter designation in place of the full author or title.

Internal cross references Bluebook Rule (19th): 3.5 Law Review Typeface: Italics Internal cross-references are used to cite to text and notes within the same work. Internal cross references may point the reader to specific pages, designate parts and sections, paragraphs, or footnotes, as well as figures, charts, and graphs. The

rules for appropriate citation to this material is discussed in greater detail in elsewhere in this guide at "Pages, paragraphs, and pincites". Internal cross-references begin with the signal "See." "Supra" is used to cite to prior material while "infra" is used to cite to subsequent material. Exact wording for internal cross references, however, is flexible. Both must be written in italics but they may be used either as an introductory signal combined with "See" or in a textual phrase directing the reader to specific material. Some examples of permissible uses of internal cross-reference citations follow: See supra notes 35-38 and accompanying text. See cases cited infra note 121. See discussion supra Part III.A. See supra pp. 94-97. See infra Figure 5.