The Birhatīya Conjuration Oath And The Meaning Of Its First 28 Names 4p1x4a

The Birhatīya Conjuration Oath and the meaning of its first 28 names

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Introduction, Translation & Transcription

N Wahid Azal Revised © 2014

A circular talisman (dā’ira) utilizing the Birhatīya conjuration and names with a 4x4 magic square in its center (source: unknown).

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This current version of our paper is a slight revision of our 2008 piece.

Introduction The following below is our translation of the famous Birhatīya1 conjuration oath together with Aḥmad al-Būnī’s (d. 1225) delineation of the meanings and pronunciation of its first twenty-eight names. The recitation of our translation here was first delivered as part of our presentation on the occasion of the third Alternative Expressions of the Numinous conference held at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, in mid August 2008.2 The meanings were translated just before the commencement of Ramaḍān 1429 (August 31, 2008). Together with the two Jaljalūtīya poems (majora and minora) attributed to the first Shīʿī Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. 661),3 as well as the 40 Idrīsid Names,4 the Birhatīya conjuration oath constitutes one of the preeminent magical proof-texts and invocations among the vast occult rūḥānīya/ʿulūm gharība literature of the Islamic world. It especially occupies a pride of place amongst the Corpus Bunianum,5and so, therefore, no discussion of the subject can proceed objectively without some reference to it. Many versions of the text exist in manuscript as well as in the printed editions, sometimes with variations between the names as well as in the structure of the conjuration oath itself. The standard, popular recension and discussion of it, however, remains the one elaborated by al-Būnī, particularly in the commentary reproduced in the Wellspring Sources of Wisdom (manbaʿ uṣūl al-ḥikma) (Beirut, n.d.).6 Although this conjuration oath (or, rather, its names) has appeared and been discussed in an endless array of rūḥānī/ʿulūm gharība related material in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Javanese, Gujarati (and even Albanian), to name a few, its origin remains somewhat shrouded in obscurity and so to a great extent conjectural as to specific origin. Al-Būnī attributes a pedigree originating in distant antiquity and a provenance chiefly going back to the era

of the Biblical-Quranic prophet-king Solomon. Prior to al-Būnī’s treatment of it, the Birhatīya was also dealt with in depth by two currently unknown Muslim occultists in the centuries immediately prior to al-Būnī’s, viz. Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabsī (d. 1089/90)7 and Ibn Arfaʿ Ra’s (d. 1197).8 Each of their quite detailed discussions of the subject (and especially the names) still remain only in MSS and are presently being studied. Much like the Greco-Egyptian magical papyri, the interest of this text to serious students of white magic and the occult in the Islamic world is in its deliberate (and to a great extent, creative) linguistic syncretism which utilizes divine names in Hebrew and Syriac within the general context of an Arabic invocation incorporating Quranic quotations specifically directed at invoking helper jinn, angels, spirit guardians (i.e. muwwakilūn) -- and as some have asserted, also helper demons (ʿafārīt) -- all of which are held to be the instantiations of these (pseudo-) Hebreo-Syriac names. Discussions of it have been provided by Tewfik Canaan in his article “The Decipherment of Arabic Talismans”9 and more recently in two popularized discussions (one book length) by Nineveh Shadrach.10 While many modern scholars would consider such words and those names associated with the Birhatīya to be outright gibberish; it must be underscored and emphasized that to occultists in the Islamic world they are not. Such names and words, even if contrived to some degree by the standards of language and precise philology, are part of a special branch of conjuration magic within Islamic occultism variously known by the epithets ʿazā’im ( ‫)ﻋﺰاﰂ‬, taʿzīmāt ( ‫ )ﺗﻌﺰﳝﺎت‬or ʿilm al-ʿazamāt ( ‫) ﲅ اﻟﻌﺰﻣﺎت‬. The first of these three epithets literally denotes ‘spells’ or ‘charms’. Given this, the comparison here with the Greco-Egyptian magical papyri is especially apropos.

In our translation below, wherever identifiable, we have preferred the correct Hebrew orthography and pronunciation for the Hebraic names given rather than alBūnī’s arabized Hebrew. A translation of the meanings of the first twenty-eight names as given by al-Būnī follows the translation of the text. While we mentioned the ʿazā’im, the reader should also note that al-Būnī’s explanations and elaborations on the meaning of these names -- that is, when juxtaposed with their Hebrew and Syriac approximations –- is somewhat forced and contrived. This seems to have been noticed by al-Būnī’s own contemporaries as well and also by later commentators. This is one reason why there exists some consensus that the actual authorship of the Birhatīya commentary may not actually be by al-Būnī at all, but rather by someone else.11 In that section the placement of these names according to their specified abjad (numerological) sequence has also been provided together with the numerical values of the names themselves.12 This is followed, in conclusion, by a typescript of the Arabic text we have utilized for our translation. All translations from the Qur’ān here are our own. In addition, we should highlight here that the importance of this conjuration oath –- and specifically the names –- should not be underestimated either by practitioners, students or by scholars of Islamic esotericism and the occult. The Birhatīya conjuration oath constitutes a sort of supreme magical proof-text of sorts to the relatively active occultist milieu and sub-culture in the Islamic world. We know of one Pakistani correspondent on the former Ruhaniya list on yahoogroups who itted they were formally initiated into Sufism by their shaykh with the recitation of this conjuration oath constituting the formal accept of the ceremony of initiation (i.e. tasharruf) and the taking of hand (i.e. bayʿa).13 In a Tanzanian sub-branch of the Tījanīya order the daily recitation of the Birhatīya, together with permutations deriving from it (several from

the conclusion of al-Būnī’s commentary), is regularly recommended to initiate and non-initiate alike. One correspondent communicated to us that they were recommended several of these names by a Tanzanian Tījanī representative residing in the UK as a daily program involving the recitation of these names as continual, running dhikrs14 (invocations) to a prescribed number. Orthodox Sunni fundamentalists (i.e. the Salafists/Wahhabis) of the Islamic world, of course, find all such material suspect, highly objectionable and thus un-Islamic to the core; albeit, as with other things, their opinion has not been widely received (in fact, it has been widely ignored), nor has it remotely halted or degraded the well-worn popularity of such material in that part of the world. Iran, of course, is a totally different matter where such material is continually being printed and reprinted in multiple editions, where MSS emerge from assorted libraries on a daily basis, not to mention where scans are regularly ed online and shared widely. In our translation, basic transliterations of the Arabic have been placed in round brackets (). The actual Arabic of the names have likewise been placed inside round brackets as well as the numbering of the Quranic verses wherever they occur. Insertions or expanded readings have been placed inside square brackets []. The longer, running sections, where the names appear, have been italicized as have the names themselves and the Quranic quotations. The number of times a name is supposed to be invoked (usually twice) have been indicated in both the translation and the transcription of the Arabic. Below the English translation is offered first. This is followed by the meaning of the first twenty-eight names and finally the transcription of the Arabic text.

Translation In the Name of God the Pre-Eternally Ancient, the All-Encoming Who encomes all of His creatures within His Knowledge! The Post-Eternally Primeval Who hath no beginning in His primordiality nor an end! The One Who illuminates all beings by the shimmering brilliance of the Light of His Face, and by the Power of His magnitudinal tremendousness, overshadowingly maintains over every angel (malak), constellation (falak), spirit (jinn), demon (shayṭān) and ruler (sulṭān), for He is feared by all of His creation! Ever heedful and with humility, from the high elevation of their stations, whilst prostrating themselves, the archangels of proximity (malā’ikat’ul-muqarribūn) answer the summons of His Greatest Name by whomsoever calls by it; hurrying thereby to respond to the firm attestations written upon the tablets of the hearts of the possessors of the mystery [of the name] Badūḥ Ajhazat (‫!)ﺑﺪوح ٔ ﺰط‬ I beckon thee, O ye Spirits of the rawḥānīya [i.e. spiritual theurgy] of High Sublimity and low perishability, and the servants of this great covenant pact, that ye answer my summons and respond to my need [state thy need]! By the grandeur of Birhatya (‫( ) ﺮﻫﺘﻴﺔ‬x2)! Karīr (‫( ) ﺮﺮ‬x2)! Tatlīyah (‫( )ﺗﺘﻠﻴﻪ‬x2)! Ṭawrān (‫( )ﻃﻮران‬x2)! Mazjal (‫( )ﻣﺰ&ﻞ‬x2)! Bazjal (‫( ) ﺰ&ﻞ‬x2)! Tarqab (‫( ))ﺮﻗﺐ‬x2)! Barhash (‫( ) ﺮﻫﺶ‬x2)! Ghalmash (‫ﻠﻤﺶ‬,) (x2)! Khawtayr (‫( )ﺧﻮﻃﲑ‬x2)! Qalnahuwd (‫( )ﻗﻠﳯﻮد‬x2)! Barshān (‫( ) ﺮﺷﺎن‬x2)! Katẓîr (‫ﻈﻬﲑ‬4) (x2)! Namūshalakh (‫( )ﳕﻮﺷﻠﺦ‬x2)! Barhayūlā (‫( ) ﺮﻫﻴﻮﻻ‬x2)! Bashkīlakh (‫ﻠﺦ‬8‫( );ﺸﻜ‬x2)! Qazmaz (‫( )ﻗﺰﻣﺰ‬x2)! Anghalalīt (‫( ) ٔﻧﻐﻠﻠﻴﻂ‬x2)! Qabarāt (‫( )ﻓﱪات‬x2)! Ghayāhā

(‫( )ﻏﻴﺎﻫﺎ‬x2)! Kaydhūlā (‫( ) ﻴﺪﻫﻮﻻ‬x2)! Samākhir (‫( )ﺳﲈﺧﺮ‬x2)! Shimkhāhīr

(‫ﺎﻫﲑ‬D‫()ﴰ‬x2)! Shimhāhīr (‫( )ﴰﻬﺎﻫﲑ‬x2)! Bakhaṭūnīya (‫( ) ﻜﻬﻄﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬x2)! Bashārish (‫( );ﺸﺎرش‬x2)!

Ṭawnish (‫ﺶ‬H‫( )ﻃﻮ‬x2)! Shamkhābārūkh (‫روخ‬J‫ﺎ‬D‫( )ﴰ‬x2)! O God, by the reality [or ‘truth’] of Kahlahīj (‫ﻬﻠﻬﻴﺞ‬4)! Balaṭshaghshaghū’īl (‫ !)ﺑﻠﻄﺸﻐﺸﻮﻳﻞ‬Amū’īl (‫ !)اﻣﻮﻳﻞ‬Yaghṭash (‫!)ﻳﻐﻄﺶ‬ Jaldam (‫م‬N&)! Mahjamā (‫ﺠﲈ‬P)! Hajlamīj (‫ﻠﻤﻴﺞ‬Q‫ !)ﻫ‬Warduwīya (‫ !)وردوﻳﻪ‬Mahfīlaj (‫ﻠﺞ‬8‫ﻔ‬P)! He is God Who nothing is like unto and He is the Hearing, the Seeing! (Qur. 42:11) By the reality [or ‘truth’] of this covenant pact taken with thee, O servants of these names of fidelity and effectuation, in that which I command thee by in this very moment with the grandeur of His grandiose exaltedness in the grandiosity of His magnificence! Be ye all faithful to God’s covenanted pact as ye are bound, and do not shake the faith after it hath been made firm, for indeed God hath made thee to be answerable, to be present, to hear and to submit, so be ye all my aid in all that which I command thee by (to action)! By the reality [or ‘truth’] of the Most Mighty, Greatest Name whose beginning is EL (‫ ٓل‬/‫ )אל‬and [whose] ending is EL (‫ ٓل‬/‫)אל‬, and it is EL (‫ ٓل‬/‫ !)אל‬Shalaʿ (‫ !)ﺷﻠﻊ‬Yaʿayūbīyah (‫ !)ﻳﻌﻴﻮﺑﻴﻪ‬Yah (‫ﻳﻪ‬/‫ !)יה‬Wāh (‫ !)واﻩ‬Ah (‫ !)اﻩ‬By Takah (‫ !))ﻜﻪ‬By Takfāl (‫!))ﻜﻔﺎل‬ By Ṣaʿīy (‫ !)ﺻﻌﻲ‬Kaʿīy (‫ﻌﻲ‬4) and Mamyāl (‫[)ﳑﻴﺎل‬who are] the ones obedient to Thee! O EL (‫ ٓل‬/‫ !)אל‬How Mighty is Thy Name, O EL (‫ ٓل‬/‫ !)אל‬Lofty be Zarīāl (‫ل‬Z‫ )زر‬of that which is heard of Thy Name, spirit and the striking rod, and the burning enkindlement of Thy Light, O possessor of the Greatest Light! I beckon thee all by the hidden world and the great world of elevated manifestation, and by the reality [or ‘truth’] of the Name which ye all are compacted by [and so] bound to the Gate of the Temple of Greatness (bāb haykal al-kabīr), and it is: ʿAlashāqish (‫( ) ﻠﺸﺎﻗﺶ‬x2)! Mahrāqish (‫ﺮاﻗﺶ‬P) (x2)! Afshāmaqish (‫( ) ٔﻓﺸﺎﻣﻘﺶ‬x2)! Shaqhamūnihish (‫( )ﺷﻘﻬﻤﻮﳖﺶ‬x2)! Rakashā (‫ﺸﺎ‬4‫( )ر‬x2)! Kashlīkh (‫ﺸﻠﻴﺦ‬4) (x2)!ʿAlakshārish (‫() ﻠﻜﺸﺎرش‬x2)!ʿAlakūsh (‫!) ﻠﻜﻮش‬

And whosoever turns away from the remembrance of their Lord, there shall follow upon them a rising torment! (Qur’ān 72:17) And by the reality (or ‘truth’) of Ehye Asher Ehye (‫ ٔﻫﻴﺎ اﴍ ٔﻫﻴﺎ‬/‫)אהיה אשר אהיה‬ Adonāī Tzabāvot (‫ ٔدوﱐ ٔﺻﺒﺆت‬/‫ )אדני צבאות‬El Shaddāī (‫ ٓل ﺷﺪاي‬/‫ !)אל שדי‬And by the reality (or ‘truth’) of Abjad Hawaz Hutī (‫ ;) ٔﲜﺪ ﻫﻮز ﺣﻄﻲ‬and by the reality [or ‘truth’] of Batad Zahaj Wāḥ (‫واح‬

‫ ;)ﺑﻄﺪ زﱑ‬and by the reality [or ‘truth’] of Bashamakh (‫ !);ﺸﻤﺦ‬Dālāhāmū

(‫ !)دﻻﻫﺎﻣﻮ‬Shayṭī’ūn (‫ﻴﻄﻴﺌﻮن‬g‫ !)ﺷ‬O Danūwā (‫ !)داﻧﻮا‬Malakhūthūwū (‫ !)ﻣﻠﺨﻮﺛﻮا‬Daymūtūn (‫ !)دﳝﻮﺗﻮن‬O Kūrʿash (‫ !) ﻮرﻋﺶ‬Araʿyīshaṭūkh (‫ﺸﻄﻮخ‬j ‫ !) ٔر‬Balakhūn (‫ !)ﺑﻠﺨﻮن‬O Dahamūt (‫ !)دﳘﻮت‬Arkhā (‫ﺎ‬l‫ !)ار‬Arkhīm (‫ !)ارﺧﲓ‬Arkhīmūn (‫ !)ارﺧﳰﻮن‬O Thīkhūthīm (‫ !)ﺛﻴﺨﻮﺛﲓ‬Azīsh (

‫ !)أز‬Elyon

(‫ ﻠﻴﻮن‬/‫ !)עליון‬O Ḥaythamūwā (‫ﺜﻮا‬8‫ !)ﺣ‬Maythūwā (‫ﺜﻮا‬8‫ !)ﻣ‬Aḥabūn (‫ﻮن‬p‫[)اﺣ‬the beloveds?]! Manūn (‫ﻮن‬q‫[)ﻣ‬the beneficents?]! O Ehye Asher Ehye (‫ ٔﻫﻴﺎ اﴍ ٔﻫﻴﺎ‬/‫ !)אהיה אשר אהיה‬Adonāī Tzabāvot (‫ ٔدوﱐ ٔﺻﺒﺆت‬/‫ !)אדני צבאות‬Tzabātūn (‫و ن‬

/‫ !)צבאתון‬O Dahmīthā (‫!)دﳘﻴﺜﺎ‬

Dahalīlūwā (‫ !)دﻫﻠﻴﻠﻮا‬Divine Metatron (‫ﻣﻄﻄﺮون‬/‫ !)מחחךונ‬And O Light of Būraq (‫!)ﺑﻮرق‬ Arghīsh ( ‫ﺶ‬j,‫ !) ٔر‬Arghashīsh ( ‫ﺶ‬j‫ !)ارﻏﺸ‬Laghathūn ( ‫ !)ﻟﻐﺜﻮن‬Laghashūn ( ‫ !)ﻟﻐﺸﻮن‬O Shabīrā (‫ﺒﲑا‬g‫ !)ﺷ‬Sharū (‫ !)ﴍو‬Ashmakh (‫ !) ٔﴰﺦ‬Ashaghā (‫ !) ٔﺷﻐﺎ‬Ashaghūn (‫ !) ٔﺷﻐﻮن‬O Sovereignty of Mālikh (‫ !)ﻣﺎﱁ‬Malakh (‫ !)ﻣﻠﺦ‬Malīkhā (‫ﺎ‬D‫ !)ﻣﻠﻴ‬Mālīkhūn (‫ !)ﻣﻠﻴﺨﻮن‬O All-Knowing Knower Arghal (‫ﻞ‬,‫ !) ٔر‬Arghī ( ‫ !) ٔرﻏﻲ‬Araghā (‫ﺎ‬,‫ !)ار‬Arghanūn (‫ !) ٔرﻏﻨﻮن‬Tharnūn (‫ﺮﻧﻮن‬u)! Kaznūn (‫!)ﻛﺰﻧﻮن‬ Shamikh (‫ !)ﴰﺦ‬Shamkhīthā (‫ !)ﴰﺨﻴﺜﺎ‬Mashlamūn (‫!)ﻣﺸﻠﻤﻮن‬ Verily His Command whensoever He desires of anything to be is to say to it ‘be and it is’ (kun fa-yakūn), so glory be to the One Who within His hands are the dominion of allthings; and to Him are ye all returning! (Qur’ān 36:82-3)

Be ye His obedient Names, and by their invocation the ones who answer, for thou art single except by its calling; that is, when they are all assembled before us; for verily this is indeed a pact, if ye should know, mighty! Quick (‫ﺎ‬w‫( )اﻟﻮ‬x2), make haste (‫ﻞ‬Q‫( )اﻟﻌ‬x2), right now (‫( )اﻟﺴﺎ ﺔ‬x2)! Thus may the blessedness of God be within thee and upon thee, for no power and no strength is there save in God, the High, the Mighty!

The first 28 names of the Birhatīya: their meanings and pronunciations according to al-Būnī15

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The first name Birhatya (‫( )ﺑــِ ْﺮﻫَﺘ ْﻴﺔ‬622) is equivalent to the meaning of the Arabic name ‘Holy’ (‫ )ﻗﺪّوس‬and some say ‘Glorified’ (‫ ّﺒﻮح‬g‫)ﺳ‬.

‫ ب‬The second name Karīr (‫( )ﻛ َـﺮﺮ‬430) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘God of all-things’ (‫)إﻻﻩ ّﰻ ﺷﺊ‬ and some say ‘O God’ (‫ ﷲ‬Z).

‫ ج‬Tatlīyah (‫( )ﺗ…َ† ْ…ﻠﻴﻪ‬845) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘the Holy, the Powerful/the Powerfully Holy’’ (‫ )اﻟﻘﺪوس اﻟﻘﺎدر‬and it is also said ‘Glorified, Holy’ (‫ ّﺒﻮح ﻗﺪّ وس‬g‫ )ﺳ‬and some say ‘The WellInformed’ (‫ )اﳋﺒﲑ‬and it is said ‘The Protector from Oppression’ (‫)اˆﲑ‬.

‫د‬

Ṭawrān (‫ﻃﻮران‬ ْ ) (266) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Alive/Living’ (‰ ّ Z) and some say ‘O Revivifier’ (‫ ﳏﲖ‬Z).

‫ه‬

Mazjal (‫( ) َﻣ ْﺰ َ&ﻞ‬80) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Peerless/Self-Subsistent’ (‫ّﻮم‬8‫ ﻗ‬Z) and some say ‘O Ariser’ (‫ ﻗﺎﰂ‬Z).

‫و‬

Bazjal (‫( ) َ ْﺰ َ&ﻞ‬42) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Adored One’ (‫ ودود‬Z) and some say ‘O God’(‫ ﷲ‬Z) and it is said‘O Victorious’ (‫ ﻗﻬّﺎر‬Z) and some say ‘O One/Primary’ (‫ﺪ‬w‫ ا‬Z) and it is

said ‘O One/First’ (‫ﺪ‬w‫ وا‬Z).

‫ز‬

Tarqab (‫( )ﺗ َـ ْﺮﻗ َ…ﺐ‬702) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Peace’ (‫ ﺳﻼم‬Z).

‫ ح‬Barhash (‫( ) َ ْﺮﻫَﺶ‬507) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O God, thy servant. Respond to him’ (‫ﻪ‬p‫ ﷲ ﻋﺒﺪك ٔﺟ‬Z) and some say ‘O Powerful/Capable’ (‫ ﻣﻘ†ﺪر‬Z). This is the praise (tasbīḥ) of the archangel Michael (mīkā’īl) (upon It be peace).

‫ ط‬Ghalmash (‫( )ﻏ َ…ﻠ ْ… َﻤﺶ‬1370) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Praised One, O Glorious One’ (‫ ﳎﻴﺪ‬Z ‫ ﲪﻴﺪ‬Z) and some say ‘O Sovereign’ (’‫ ﻣ‬Z).

‫ ي‬Khawtayr (‫( ) ْﺧﻮ ِﻃ ْ…ﲑ‬825) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Powerful’ (‫ ﻗﻮي‬Z) and it is said ‘O Impregnable, O Knowing, O Wise’ (‫ ﺣﻜﲓ‬Z ‫ ﻠﲓ‬Z ‫ ﻣ†ﲔ‬Z).

‫ ك‬Qalnahuwd (‫ـَ ْﻬﻮد‬q ْ”‫( )ﻗ َ…ﻠ‬195) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Impregnable’ (‫ ﻣ†ﲔ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Hearer, O Seer’ (‫ ﺑﺼﲑ‬Z ‫ ﲰﻴﻊ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Hearing, O Wondrous/Fashioner’ (‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ‬Z ‫ ﲰﻴﻊ‬Z) and some say ‘O Self- Sufficient’ (‫ ﻣﻐﲏ‬Z) and it is said ‘O All-Encoming’ (‫ ﳏﻴﻂ‬Z).

‫ل‬

Barshān (‫( ) َ ْﺮﺷﺎن‬553) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O All-Encoming’ (‫ ﳏﻴﻂ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Godhead, O Dearly Precious/Grandiose’ (‫ ﻋﺰﺰ‬Z ‫ ﷲ‬Z).

‫م‬

Katẓīr (‫( )ﻛ َـﻈ ْـﻬﲑ‬1135) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘Glory be to God’ (‫ﺒ˜ﺎن ﷲ‬g‫ )ﺳ‬and it is said ‘O Powerful, O Impregnable’ (‫ ﻣ†ﲔ‬Z ‫ ﻗﻮي‬Z) and some say ‘O Merciful’ (‫ رﺣﲓ‬Z). And this is the praise (tasbīḥ) of Jonah (upon Him be peace).

‫ن‬

Namūshalakh (‫( )ﻧ…َﻤﻮﺷ َ…ﻠـَﺦ‬1026) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O God, O Dearly Precious/Grandiose/Tremendous’ (‫ ﻋﺰﺰ‬Z ‫ ﷲ‬Z) and it is said ‘I Am God, the refuge of the fearful’ (‫ ﷲ اﻣﺎن اﳋﺎﺋﻔﲔ‬šٔ ). And it is also said its meaning denotes ‘O Dearly Precious/Grandiose/ Thou art God’ (‫ ﻋﺰﺰ اﻧﺖ ﷲ‬Z) and others say ‘O God, O Powerful, O Impregnable’ (‫ ﻣ†ﲔ‬Z ‫ ﻗﻮي‬Z ‫ ﷲ‬Z) and it is said ‘O God, O It/he’ (‫ ﻫﻮ‬Z ‫ ﷲ‬Z).

‫ س‬Barhayūlā (‫( ) َ ْﺮﻫَﻴﻮﻻ‬254) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘Glory be to God’ (‫ﺒ˜ﺎن ﷲ‬g‫ )ﺳ‬and

some say ‘I Am God, the refuge of the fearful’ (‫ ﷲ اﻣﺎن اﳋﺎﺋﻔﲔ‬šٔ ) and others say ‘O Sufficient, O Hearer’ (‫ ﲰﻴﻊ‬Z ‫ ﰷﰲ‬Z) and it is said ‘O God, may my soul be raised by Thy Spirit to Thy Will’ (‫ﺘﺼﺒﺔ ﲆ ٕارادﺗﻚ‬q‫ﻚ ﻣ‬w‫ ﻟﺮو‬‰‫ ﷲ رو‬Z). And this is the praise (tasbīḥ) of Abraham (upon Him be peace).

‫ع‬

Bashkīlakh (‫ﻠﺦ‬8‫( );َﺸْ ﻜ‬962) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Protector of Faith’ (‫ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‬Z) and it is said

‘Lofty be God, the Comionate, the Merciful’ (‫) ّﻋﺰ ﷲ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﲓ‬.

‫ ف‬Qazmaz (‫( )ﻗ َـ ْﺰ َﻣﺰ‬154) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Protector’ (‫ ّﻴﻤﻦ‬P Z) and it is said ‘Lofty be God, the Comionate, the Merciful’ (‫ﻋﺰ ﷲ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﲓ‬ ّ ). And this is the praise (tasbīḥ) of Jesus (upon Him be Peace).

‫ ص‬Anghalalīt (% َ‫ ْـ"ـَ ـ‬$‫( )أ‬1130) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Mighty, O Judge/Wise’(‫ ﺣﻜﲓ‬Z ‫ ﻋﻈﲓ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Judge/Wise, O Well-Informed, O Magnanimous’ (‫ ﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬Z ‫ﲑ‬p‫ ﺧ‬Z ‫ ﺣﻜﲓ‬Z) and others say ‘the Comionate, the Merciful’ (‫)اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﲓ‬.

‫ق‬

Qabarāt (‫( )ﻗ” ََﱪات‬703) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Dearly Precious/Grandiose’ (‫ ﻋﺰﺰ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Subsistent’ (‫ﰶ‬J Z) and others say ‘O Clement’ (‫ﻠﲓ‬w Z) and it is said ‘O Judge/Wise’ (‫ ﺣﻜﲓ‬Z) and some say ‘O Sufficient, O Munificent’ (‫ ﺮﱘ‬Z ‫ ﰷﰲ‬Z) and it is said ‘Lofty be the Godhead, the Sufficient, the Munificent’ (‫ﻋﺰ ﷲ اﻟﲀﰲ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ‬ ّ ).

‫ر‬

Ghayāhā (‫( )ﻏ…َﻴﺎﻫﺎ‬1017) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Munificent, O Victorious’ (‫ ﻗﻬّﺎر‬Z ‫ ﺮﱘ‬Z) and it is also said ‘O Munificent, O Adjudicator/Judge’ (‫ ﻗﺎﴈ‬Z ‫ ﺮﱘ‬Z) and others say ‘O Dearly Precious/Grandiose, O Omnipotent’ (‫ّﺎر‬p‫ ﺟ‬Z ‫ ﻋﺰﺰ‬Z).

‫ش‬

Kaydhuwlā (‫ﺪﻫﻮﻻ‬ ْ ‫( )ﻛ َ… ْﻴ‬76) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘The Powerful/Capable, It/He is God’ (‫ )اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻫﻮ ﷲ‬and it is said ‘O Ancient, O Victorious, O Powerful/Capable over all-things’

ّ ‫ ﻗﺎدر ﲆ‬Z ‫ ﻗﺎﻫﺮ‬Z ‫ ﻗﺪﱘ‬Z) and some say ‘O speedy/swift One’ (‫ ﴎﻳﻊ‬Z). (‫ﰻ ﺷﺊ‬

‫ ت‬Simākhir (‫( )ﺳ”ِﲈﺧـِﺮ‬901) or Shimkhāhir (‫ﺎﻫـِﺮ‬D‫( )ﺷ…ِ ْﻤ‬1146) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘Elevated art Thou, O High, O Knowing’ (‫ ﻠﲓ‬Z ‫ ﲇ‬Z ‫)ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬.

‫ث‬

Shimkhāhīr (‫ﺎﻫﲑ‬D‫( )ﺷ…ِ ْﻤ‬1156) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Adjudicator/Judge’ (‫ ﻗﺎﴈ‬Z) and it is said ‘O It/he, O It/he’ (‫ ﻫﻮ‬Z ‫ ﻫﻮ‬Z) and others say ‘O Lord, O Lord’ ( ‫ﻩ‬J‫ر‬ ّ Z ‫ﻩ‬J‫ ّر‬Z).

‫خ‬

Shimhāhīr (‫( )ﺷ…ِ ْﻤﻬﺎﻫﲑ‬561) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Powerful, O Capable’ (‫ ﻗﺎدر‬Z ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺮ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Sufficent, O Dearly Precious/Grandiose, O Omnipotent’ (‫ّﺎر‬p‫ ﺟ‬Z ‫ ﻋﺰﺰ‬Z ‫ ﰷﰲ‬Z).

‫ذ‬

Bakhaṭūnīya (‫( ) َﻜ ْـﻬَﻄﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬107) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Ancient’ (‫ ﻗﺪﱘ‬Z) and it is said ‘O Constant/Perpetual’ (‫ داﰂ‬Z).

‫ ض‬Bashārish (‫( );َﺸﺎرش‬803) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Capable/Powerful over all-things’. ّ ‫ ﻗﺎدرا ﲆ‬Z). (‫ﰻ ﺷﺊ‬

‫ ظ‬Ṭawnish (‫ﺶ‬Hِ‫( ) ْﻃﻮ‬365) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Praiseworthy’ (‫ ﺷﻜﻮر‬Z) and it is said ‘It is God, the Munificent’ (‫)ﻫﻮ ﷲ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ‬.

‫غ‬

Shamkhābārūkh (‫روخ‬J‫ﺎ‬D‫ﴰ‬ ْ َ ) (1750) is equivalent to the Arabic for ‘O Capable/Powerful, He is God, the Munificent’ (‫)اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻫﻮ ﷲ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ‬.

Arabic text of the Birhatīya conjuration oath16

‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻷﺯﱄ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﺑﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻟﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺷﺮﻕ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﻊ ﻧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻭﻓﻠﻚ ﻭﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻓﺨﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺯﻋﻨﺖ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻭﺳﺠﺪﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺃﲰﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﳌﻦ‬‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻻﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻫﲔ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻗﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺮﻓﲔ ﺑﺴﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﺡ ﺍﺟﻬﺰﻁ ﺃﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻴﺒﻮﺍ ﺩﻋﻮﰐ ﻭﺗﻘﻀﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﱵ )___ﻭﻫﻲ___( ﺑﻌﺰﺓ ﺑﺮﻫﺘﻴﺔ‪ 2‬ﻛﺮﻳﺮ‪ 2‬ﺗﺘﻠﻴﻪ‪2‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺟﻞ‪ 2‬ﺑﺰﺟﻞ‪ 2‬ﺗﺮﻗﺐ‪ 2‬ﺑﺮﻫﺶ‪ 2‬ﻏﻠﻤﺶ‪ 2‬ﺧﻮﻃﲑ‪ 2‬ﻗﻠﻨﻬﻮﺩ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﺎﻥ‪ 2‬ﻛﻈﻬﲑ‪ 2‬ﳕﻮﺷﻠﺦ‪ 2‬ﺑﺮﻫﻴﻮﻻ‪ 2‬ﺑﺸﻜﻴﻠﺦ‪ 2‬ﻗﺰﻣﺰ‪ 2‬ﺃﻧﻐﻠﻠﻴﻂ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻗﱪﺍﺕ‪ 2‬ﻏﻴﺎﻫﺎ‪ 2‬ﻛﻴﺪﻫﻮﻻ‪ 2‬ﲰﺎﺧﺮ‪ 2‬ﴰﺨﺎﻫﲑ‪ 2‬ﴰﻬﺎﻫﲑ‪ 2‬ﺑﻜﻬﻄﻮﻧﻴﻪ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭﺵ‪ 2‬ﻃﻮﻧﺶ‪ 2‬ﴰﺨﺎﺑﺎﺭﻭﺥ‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﲝﻖ ﻛﻬﻠﻬﻴﺞ ﺑﻠﻄﺸﻐﺸﻐﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﻐﻄﺶ ﺟﻠﺪﻡ ﻣﻬﺠﻤﺎ ﻫﺠﻠﻤﻴﺞ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻔﻴﻠﺞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺷﺊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﲑ ﲝﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻴﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﺗﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻭﻗﱵ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻌﺰﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰ ﰲ ﻋﺰ ﻋﺰﻩ ﻭﺃﻭﻓﻮﺍ ﺑﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﺎﻫﺪﰎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻠﺘﻢ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻛﻔﻴﻼ ﻭﺍﺣﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﲰﻌﻮﺍ ﻭﺃﻃﻴﻌﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﻮﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﺗﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ )ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ( ﲝﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻝ ﺷﻠﻊ ﻳﻌﻴﻮﺑﻴﻪ ﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻩ ﺑﺘﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻜﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻌﻲ ﻛﻌﻲ ﳑﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻄﻴﻌﲔ ﻟﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﲰﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻝ ﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﲰﻊ ﺍﲰﻚ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﻋﺼﻰ ﺍﻻ ﺻﻌﻖ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺭﻙ ﻳﺎ ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﻈﻢ ﺃﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﲝﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﰎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﺸﺎﻗﺶ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻗﺶ‪ 2‬ﺃﻓﺸﺎﻣﻘﺶ‪ 2‬ﺷﻘﻬﻤﻮ‪‬ﺶ‪ 2‬ﺭﻛﺸﺎ‪ 2‬ﻛﺸﻠﻴﺦ‪ 2‬ﻋﻠﻜﺸﺎﺭﺵ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻜﻮﺵ‪ 2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺭﺑﻪ ﻳﺴﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﺬﺍﺑﺎ ﺻﻌﺪﺍ ﻭﲝﻖ ﺃﻫﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻫﻴﺎ ﺃﺩﻭﻧﺎﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺎﺅﺕ ﺍﻝ ﺷﺪﺍﻯ ﻭﲝﻖ ﺃﲜﺪ ﻫﻮﺯ ﺣﻄﻲ ﻭﲝﻖ ﺑﻄﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺞ ﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﲝﻖ ﺑﺸﻤﺦ ﺩﺍﻻﻫﺎﻣﻮ ﺷﻴﻄﻴﺌﻮﻥ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻠﺨﻮﺛﻮﺍ ﺩﳝﻮﺗﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻳﺎﻛﻮﺭﻋﺶ ﺃﺭﻋﻴﺸﻄﻮﺥ ﺑﻠﺨﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺩﳘﻮﺕ ﺃﺭﺧﺎ ﺃﺭﺧﻴﻢ ﺃﺭﺧﻴﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻳﺎ ﺃﻫﻴﺎ‬.‫ﻳﺎﺛﻴﺨﻮﺛﻴﻢ ﺃﺯﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﻴﺜﻮﺍ ﺃﺣﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻫﻴﺎ ﺃﺩﻭﻧﺎﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺎﺅﺕ ﺻﺒﺎﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺩﳘﻴﺜﺎ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺭﻕ ﺃﺭﻏﻴﺶ ﺃﺭﻏﺸﻴﺶ ﻟﻐﺜﻮﻥ ﻟﻐﺸﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﲑﺍ ﺷﺮﻭ ﺃﴰﺦ ﺃﺷﻐﺎ‬ ‫ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻼﻡ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺃﺭﻏﻞ ﺃﺭﻏﻰ‬,‫ﺃﺷﻐﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺕ ﻣﺎﱁ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻣﻠﻴﺨﺎ ﻣﺎﳋﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻏﺎ ﺃﺭﻏﻮﻥ ﺛﺮﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺰﻧﻮﻥ ﴰﺦ ﴰﺨﻴﺜﺎ ﻣﺸﻼﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳕﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻛﻦ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺴﺒﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻌﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻻﲰﺎﺋﻪ ﻃﺎﺋﻌﲔ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﳎﻴﺒﲔ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺤﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺎﺫﺍﻫﻢ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﳏﻀﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﷲ ﻓﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻭﻻ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺎﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ 1

The name of this piece derives from the first divine name of its invocation in crypto-Syriac. Our presentation was entitled Rūhanīya: The White Magic Heritage in Islamicate Esotericism. 3 https://www.idoub.com/doc/81920080/Jaljalutiyah-Imam-Ali and https://www.idoub.com/doc/117345844/Syarah-Al-Jaljalutiyah-Ahmad-Bin-Ali-Al-Buni-1 (accessed 15 December 2014). 4 See our forthcoming translation. 5 Although some may dispute the authorship of this commentary as being by al-Būnī, nevertheless we can speak of a Corpus Bunianum wherein this commentary occupies pride of place and sits as one of its centerpieces. This phrase Corpus Bunianum is the neologism first coined by Leiden University Islamic texts specialist, Jan Just Witkam in “Gazing at the Sun: Remarks on the Egyptian magician al-Buni and his work,” 2007, 1, www.islamicmanuscripts.info (accessed 14 December 2014). 6 sharḥ al-birhatīya al-maʿrūf bi- sharḥ al-ʿahd al-qadīm (commentary on the Birhatīya well known as the commentary upon the Ancient Covenant Pact, 67-90), henceforth manbaʿ. 2

7

See al-shāmil fī al-baḥr al-kāmil fī al-dawr al-ʿāmil fī uṣūl al-taʿzīm wa-qawāʿid al-tanjīm http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/pv63g0318 (accessed 15 December 2014). 8

In jahāt fī ʿilm al-tawjīhāt, private MS (in author’s possession). In (ed.) Emilie-Savage Smith, Magic and Divination in Early Islam, Ashgate, 2004, 69-151, see especially 9093.

9

10

See Francis Harrison and Nineveh Shadrach, Magic that Works, second edition, Vancouver, 2005; and Nineveh Shadrach, Berhatiah: Ancient Magick Conjuration of Power, Vancouver, 2011. In 2008 a critical academic monograph in Arabic was announced to have appeared in Syria as of 2007 critically assessing the issues, rigorously analyzing the questions hanging over versions of this text for over several centuries now, extensively detailing the linguistic problems associated with both the orthography and philological origin of the names, whilst also providing a valuable discussion regarding the multiple textual recensions and their source transmissions; but no further details are presently available to us regarding this study -- especially its author or title. Our understanding based on a posting made to the old yahoogroups Ruhaniya list in June 2008 is that this study was a published university dissertation. We have yet to locate it and the war in Syria since 2011 has only frustrated our efforts to do so. 11 This also seems to be the case with the most of the works attributed to the North African sage, including his opus magnum which exists in three separate recension traditions (i.e. a short/sughrā, a middle/wustā and a great/kubrā), see Jan Just Witkam’s pertinent comments in the article cited above; see also Noah Gardiner, “Forbidden Knowledge? Notes on the Production, Transmission, and Reception of the Major Works of Aḥmad Al-Būnī,” Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 12, 2012: 81-143; and Saiyad Nizamuddin Ahmad, “Navigating the ‘Corpus Būnīanum’. A Survey and Analysis of Key MSS ascribed to Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Būnī (d. 622/1225), American University of Cairo, n.d. (PDF sent by author); noteworthy are also John D. Martin III, Theurgy in the Medieval Islamic World: Conceptions of Cosmology in the Al-Būnī’s Doctrine of the Divine Names, MA Thesis, the Department of Arabic and Islamic Civilizations, the American University in Cairo, 2011; and Edgar Walter Francis III, Islamic Symbols and Sufi Rituals for Protection and Healing: Religion and Magic in the Writings of Ahmad ibn Ali al-Buni (d. 622/1225), PhD thesis, UCLA, 2005. 12 We were told in private conversation by a practitioner that these 28 names can also be substituted with the names of the lunar mansions and have been recommended in a specific invocation scheme specific to such ends (FSH, private communication, 2008). 13 FM, private communication, June 2008. 14 MR, private communication, April 2008. 15 This translation is based on al-Būnī’s commentary cited above, see 67-74. We should also note that these pronunciations are based on al-Būnī’s and that other sources have offered alternative versions. 16 This typescript was originally ed by the co- of the former Ruhaniya list, and in a virtually unreadable MSWord Andalus font. It also contained several spelling and typographical errors, which we have corrected here. The orthography has been left as is without vowelling.

N Wahid Azal © 2014