English Literature (study Materials) 711q13

English Literature (Study Materials)

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Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ wel‡q Dr. M. Mofizar Rahman Gi †jLv An ABC of English Literature eBUv meviB cQ‡›`i| AvuKv‡i ‡QvÆ GKwU eB| wKš‘ G‡Z Z‡_¨i cÖvPyh©Zv jÿ¨Yxq| Avcbvi Kv‡Q bv _vK‡j eBwU AvRB msMÖn Kiæb| GB eBwU‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm I hyMwefvM †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ †jLK‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnZ¨Kg© I Bswjk Literary Term Av‡Q| ZvB wewmGm mn mKj cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ GB eBwU Kv‡Q _vKv Avek¨K| D‡jøL¨, Genres of Literature ev Genres Gi Rb¨ Avcbviv Aek¨B D³ eBwUi 30 †_‡K 50 c„ôv ch©šÍ ‡`L‡eb| GB AvwU©‡K‡j Avwg Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i Dci †kÖYxweb¨vmK…Z wKQz Literary Term Dc¯’vcb Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ gvÎ| ‡h¸‡jv wewfbœ AbjvBb †mvm© †_‡K msM„nxZ| Gi cvkvcvwk wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i Dci cÖ‡kœi aiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| ZvQvov, Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ welqK wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© dvB‡ji WvDb‡jvW wjsK w`‡qwQ| ‡h¸‡jv GB wel‡q c~Y©v½ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z mnvqK n‡e|

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hv‡e e‡j Avkv ivwL| G¸‡jv wcÖ›U Ki‡j †`L‡eb GKUv ev `yBUv eB‡qi g‡Zv Kv‡jKkvb n‡e| ZvQvov †Kv‡Ukv‡bi Rb¨ GB I‡qemvBUwU wfwRU Ki‡Z cv‡ib: www.brainyquote.com wb‡Pi dvBj¸‡jv BCS Spotlight MÖæc †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i wbb: 1. List of Noble Prize Winners in English Literature https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1625592251013242/

3. English Period, Literary Works, Characters, Quotation, Nobel Laureate etc. https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1545963488976119/ 4. Literary , Quotations, Important Literary Works etc. https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1548495505389584/ 5. Books and Writers https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1548577738714694/ 6. 50 MCQ on English Literature https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1548820622023739/

Basic Terminology: Drama Asides Dialogue Drama Dramatic Irony Harmartia Monologue Props Soliloquy

brief comments by an actor who addresses the audience but is assumed not to be heard by the other characters on the stage. the lines spoken by the characters literature written to be performed a situation that depends on the audience’s knowing something that a character has not realized, or on one character’s knowing something other characters do not know Aristotle’s term for the “tragic flaw” in characters that eventually causes their downfall in Greek tragedy. extended speech by one character short for “properties,”--the pictures, furnishings, historical nuances, and so on, that provide the stage’s background a speech in which a character, alone on the stage, addresses himself or herself; it is a dramatic means of letting the audience know the character’s thoughts and feelings.

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2. Important Literary Works https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1618636491708818/

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Tragedy

Unities

words in a dramatic script--generally italicized--that define an actor’s (apart from his/her dialogue) actions, movements, attitudes and so forth throughout the play a type of drama--as opposed to comedy--that depicts the causally related events that lead to the downfall of the protagonist (in classic tragedy this person should be of unusual moral, intellectual, or social stature) rules (originating from Aristotle) that require a dramatic work to be unified in of its time, place, and action:  one day (twenty-four hours)  one major action  one setting

Basic Terminology: Novel and Short Story Novel

Short Story

Plot

Point-of-View

an extended narrative in prose. Typically the novel relates to a series of events or follows the history of a character or group of characters through a period of time. a fictional narrative generally centering on one climactic event and usually developing only a single character in depth; its scope is narrower than that of a novel. the way in which the narrative events are arranged. Generally, plots have the same basic elements:  Exposition - the explanation of the story’s premise and background material necessary for the reader to understand the story;  Crisis - the peak in the story’s action--the moment of highest dramatic tension;  Climax - the scene which presents the story’s decisive action;  Resolution or denouement - the outcome of the story--the information that ties up all (or many) of the story’s loose ends. the angle from which a story is told; i.e., the type of narrator the author chooses to use  In first-person narration the narrator uses “I” to tell his or her story. The first-person narrator may be a major character in the story or simply an observer. In third-person narration narrators are not actually characters in the story.  Omniscient third-person narrators can reveal the thoughts of all their characters; they are “all-knowing.”  A limited omniscient narrator only reveals the thoughts and feelings of one (or possibly a limited few) character(s).

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Stage Directions

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Character

Theme Setting Style Tone Symbol

Allegory

An objective third-person narrator does not reveal anyone’s thoughts and provides the sort of external, objective information that a camera (or an objective reporter) might record.

a fictional representation of a person (or animal). Characters may be described as either flat or round.  Round characters are usually main characters and are fully developed so that the reader can understand their personality and motivations.  Flat characters are usually minor characters who are barely developed or may be stereotypes.  A foil is a character who serves to contrast with another character. A hypocritical character, for example, may help emphasize the hero/heroine’s honesty. the central or dominant idea of a work of fiction the historical, physical, geographical, and psychological location where a fictional work takes place the way a writer selects and arranges words to express ideas the attitude of the speaker or author of a work toward the subject matter a person, object, action, place, or event that in addition to its literal or denotative meanings suggests a more complex meaning or range of meanings a story with two parallel and consistent levels of meaning, on literal and one figurative

Basic Terminology: Poetry Alliteration

Allusion

Archetype

repetition of initial sounds in a series of words, e.g.: note the repetition of the letters b, y, and s in this excerpt from Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “Counting-Out Rhyme”: Silver bark of beech, and sallow Bark of yellow birch and yellow reference, often to literature, history, mythology, or the Bible, that is unacknowledged in the text but that the author expects the reader to recognize. In the poem “On His Blindness” John Milton alludes to the parable of the talents (from the book of Matthew 25:14-30) when he writes: And that one talent which is death to hide Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent image or symbol that is so common or significant to a culture that it seems to have a universal importance. This theory originates from

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Blank Verse Conceit

Dramatic Monologue End-Stopped Line Enjambment

Haiku

Hyperbole

Imagery

Metaphor

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Assonance

Carl Jung who posited such things as a “tree,” for instance may represent “growth, life, unfolding of form in a physical and spiritual sense” repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words, e.g.: All is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil; -- “God’s Grandeur” Gerard Manley Hopkins lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter in no particular stanzaic form. extended or complicated metaphor that is impressive largely because it shows off an author’s power to manipulate and sustain a striking comparison between two dissimilar items. A famous conceit occurs in John Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” where he compares himself and his beloved to two legs on a com. type of poem perfected by Robert Browning that consists of single speaker talking to one or more unseen listeners and often revealing more about the speaker than he or she seems to intend. line of poetry that has a full pause at the end enjambment occurs when the sense of a poetic line runs over to the succeeding line, e.g: In that blest moment from his oozy bed Old father Thames advanc’d his reverend head. --Alexander Pope a Japanese poem in three lines, of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, which represents a clear picture so as to at once to arouse emotion and suggest spiritual insight, e.g.: The falling flower I saw drift back to the branch Was a butterfly --Moritake figurative speech that depends on intentional overstatement or exaggeration. In the poem “To His Coy Mistress” Andrew Marvell uses hyperbole when he declares that “if there were world enough and time” he’d spend centuries adoring each part of his lover’s body. words and phrases that describe the concrete experience of the five senses, e.g.: Nothing is so beautiful as spring-When weeds, in wheels, shoot long and lovely and lush; Thrush’s eggs look like low heavens . . . --“Spring” Gerard Manley Hopkins concise form of comparison equating two things that may seem at first dissimilar, e.g.: Life the hound Equivocal Comes at a bound

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Onomatopoeia Oxymoron Personification

Simile

Sonnet Stanza

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Meter

Either to rend me Or to befriend me. --Robert Francis regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, each repeated unit of which is called a foot (iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, spondee, pyrrhic). word whose sound resembles what it describes (snap, crackle, pop). phrase combining two seemingly incompatible elements (“darkness visible”). attributing of human qualities to things that are not human’, e.g.: In the following excerpt Sylvia Plath gives a “mirror” human qualities: I am silver and exact. I have no preconceptions. Whatever I see I swallow immediately comparison of two seemingly unlike things using the words like or as. Toni Morrison uses a startling simile in The Bluest Eye when she writes: “Nuns go by as quiet as lust.” a fourteen line poem following a strict rhyming scheme. group of lines in a poem that forms a metrical or thematic unit.

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