Chapter 6-hazard Identification, Risk Assessment And Risk Control (hirarc) 3g1e4p

AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

6.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL (HIRARC) 6.1 Understand hazard, risk and danger

6.1.1 Definition of hazard

Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in of human injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.

6.1.2 Definition of risk and danger Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event. Danger is an exposure to a harmful eventuality, may be avoidable through caution, forethought, and/or decisive action.

6.2 Types of hazard

6.2.1 Classification of physical hazard

Physical hazards are the most common hazards and are present in most workplaces at some time. Physical work hazards are workplace hazards that can affect the body. They may include radiation and excessive noise levels. Other examples of physical hazards are falls or poorly communicated evacuation routes. Falls are the number one cause of office workplace injuries, and they can be easily avoided by mandating clear walkways and proper lifting procedures. Examples include: frayed electrical cords, unguarded machinery, exposed moving parts, constant loud noise, vibrations, working from ladders, scaffolding or heights, spills, tripping hazards.

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6.2.2 Classification of biological hazard

Biological hazards come from working with people, animals or infectious plant material. Biological work hazards may occur if workers are exposed to living organisms or properties, such as parasites, viruses, fungi and bacteria. These types of work hazards may also come from toxins and allergens. Employees who work in medical offices or health care facilities may be more at risk for this type of work hazard. This is because they can be easily exposed to blood-borne pathogens and diseases. Office and industrial workers may be at risk of exposure to biological hazards if they come into with dangerous mold or asbestos. Examples include: blood or other bodily fluids, bacteria and viruses, insect bites, animal and bird droppings.

6.2.3 Classification of chemical hazard Chemical hazards are present when you are exposed to any chemical preparation (solid, liquid or gas) in the workplace. Chemical work hazards may result if an employee inhales or absorbs harmful chemicals through his mouth, nose or via skin . Chemical hazards can come in several forms, such as liquids, vapors, gases, mists, fumes or solids. To prevent these types of hazards, employers should mandate that employees who come into with harmful chemicals wear protective clothing, gloves, masks and eye wear. Employees who work in manufacturing plants and labs may be more susceptible to these types of hazards. Examples include: cleaning products and solvents, vapours and fumes, carbon monoxide or other gases, gasoline or other flammable materials.

6.2.4 Classification of phychological hazard

Psychological hazards: Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general well-being is affected 2

Examples include: Work-related stress, whose causal factors include excessive working time and overwork, Violence from outside the organization, Bullying, which may include emotional and verbal abuse, Sexual harassment, Mobbing, Burnout, Exposure to | Prepared by : Azween Irma Bt Zainal

AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

unhealthy elements during meetings with business associates, e.g. tobacco, uncontrolled alcohol

6.2.5 Classification of ergonomic hazard

Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work you do, your body position and/or your working conditions put a strain on your body. They are difficult to identify because you don’t immediately recognize the harm they are doing to your health. Ergonomic hazards may be described as problems that can occur when a worker's physical workplace or typical work procedures do not match up with his physical size or work positions. These types of hazards may occur in both office and light industrial settings. According to Occupational Safety and Health istration (OSHA) website, office employees may face ergonomic hazards such as poor seating or lighting Examples include: poor lighting, improperly adjusted workstations and chairs, frequent lifting, repetitive or awkward movements.

6.3 Understand Risk Control

6.3.1 Classification of Hierarchy of Control

a. Elimination Elimination - remove the hazard from the workplace. Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers. For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion hazards.

b. Substitution Substitution - substitute a substance, method or material to reduce the risk or the hazard. Sometimes doing the same work in a less hazardous way is possible. For example, a hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less hazardous one. Controls must protect workers from any new hazards that are created.

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c. isolation separate the hazard from the workplace.

d. Engineering Control engineering control - includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure. i. ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to make them safer. For example, containers can be made easier to hold and lift. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect operators from a toxic chemical. Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or mechanized. For example, computer-controlled robots can handle spot welding operations in car plants. Care must be taken to protect workers from robotic hazards. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment guarding will protect workers from con tacting moving parts. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout systems can isolate energy sources during repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a hazard away from workers, the more effective it is. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before they reach operators.

e. istrative Control istrative Control- controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards and operating procedures (including training, housekeeping, and equipment maintenance, and personal hygiene practices). i.

Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.

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ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work procedures and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating work procedures. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs - Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where applicable, workers should be required to shower and change clothes at the end of the shift.

f. Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls measures are not feasible and where additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and workers must understand the limitations of the personal protective equipment. The employer is expected to require workers to use their equipment whenever it is needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of protection.

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

6.4 Method in Deploying Portable Fire Extinguisher / Hose Reel

Before using your fire extinguisher, be sure to read the instructions before it's too late. Although there are many different types of fire extinguishers, all of them operate in a similar manner. Use this acronym as a quick reference (it is a good idea to print this reference and pin it next to your fire extinguisher): P

A

S

S

Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin releases a locking mechanism and will allow you to discharge the extinguisher. Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames. This is important - in order to put out the fire, you must extinguish the fuel. Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing agent in the extinguisher. If the handle is released, the discharge will stop. Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the fire extinguisher back and forth until the fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a safe distance, several feet away, and then move towards the fire once it starts to diminish. Be sure to read the instructions on your fire extinguisher - different fire extinguishers recommend operating them from different distances. : Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames!!!! A typical fire extinguisher contains 10 seconds of extinguishing power. This could be less if it has already been partially discharged. Always read the instructions that come with the fire extinguisher beforehand and become familiarized with its parts. It is highly recommended by fire prevention experts that you get hands-on training before operating a fire extinguisher. Most local fire departments offer this service. Once the fire is out, don't walk away! Watch the area for a few minutes in case it reignites. Recharge the extinguisher immediately after use.

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

Types Of Fire Extingusher

Fire extinguishers are divided into four categories, based on different types of fires. Each fire extinguisher also has a numerical rating that serves as a guide for the amount of fire the extinguisher can handle. The higher the number, the more fire-fighting power. The following is a quick guide to help choose the right type of extinguisher. Class A extinguishers are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most plastics. The numerical rating on these types of extinguishers indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire it can extinguish. Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil. The numerical rating for class B extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can extinguish. Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. Never use water to extinguish class C fires - the risk of electrical shock is far too great! Class C extinguishers do not have a numerical rating. The C classification means the extinguishing agent is non-conductive. Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in a chemical laboratory. They are for fires that involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of extinguishers also have no numerical rating, nor are they given a multi-purpose rating - they are designed for class D fires only. Some fires may involve a combination of these classifications. Your fire extinguishers should have ABC ratings on them.

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

Here are the most common types of fire extinguishers: Water extinguishers or APW extinguishers (air-pressurized water) are suitable for class A fires only. Never use a water extinguisher on grease fires, electrical fires or class D fires - the flames will spread and make the fire bigger! Water extinguishers are filled with water and are typically pressurized with air. Again - water extinguishers can be very dangerous in the wrong type of situation. Only fight the fire if you're certain it contains ordinary combustible materials only. Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types and are suitable for a combination of class A, B and C fires. These are filled with foam or powder and pressurized with nitrogen. o BC - This is the regular type of dry chemical extinguisher. It is filled with sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate. The BC variety leaves a mildly corrosive residue which must be cleaned immediately to prevent any damage to materials. o ABC - This is the multipurpose dry chemical extinguisher. The ABC type is filled with monoammonium phosphate, a yellow powder that leaves a sticky residue that may be damaging to electrical appliances such as a computer

HOSE REEL

Fire hose reels are located to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water to combat a potential fire risk. The length of a fully extended fire hose is 36 meters with a diameter of 19mm (outside diameter). These appliances are designed to deliver, as a minimum, 0.33L of water per second. A control nozzle attached to the end of the hose enables the operator to control the direction and flow of water to the fire. All fire hose reels come with a unique ball valve shut-off device, a plastic or solid brass hose reel nozzle and mounting bracket.

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

ACTIVITES AND EXERCISE

SECTION A :OBJECTIVE

1. The following are types of hazard, EXCEPT:a. Psychological Hazard b. Physical Hazard c. Ergonomic Hazard d. Working Hazard 2. istrative control is one of the classification in hierarchy control. Which of the following are not include in the istrative control? a. Safe work procedure b. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance program. c. Dilution d. Hygiene 3. HIRARC is an acronym of a. Hazard identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control b. Hazard Identification, Risk Control, and Risk Assessment c. Hazard Implementation, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control d. Hazard Implementation, Risk Control and Risk Assessment. 4. Which of these are TRUE about the Hierarchy Of Control. i. Elimination ii. Substitution iii. PPE iv. Isolation v. istrative Control vi. Engineering Control a. b. c. d.

I, ii, iv, vi, v & iii I, ii, iii, iv, v & vi I, ii, iv, v, iii & v I, ii, iii, vi, v & iv

5. Which of these are not include in Engineering Control? a. Redesign b. Dilution c. Absorption d. Job rotation

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

6. Fire extinguisher are divided into FOUR (4) categories base on different types of fire. The following are TRUE EXCEPT:a. Class A – wood, paper, cloth and trash b. Class B – metal & combustible metal alloy c. Class C – live electrical equipment d. Class D - metal & combustible metal alloy 7. Those are basically causing stress to a worker. Troubles an individual very much to an extent that his/her general being affected This statement is about the…. a. Chemical Hazard b. Psychological Hazard c. Ergonomic Hazard d. Physical Hazard 8. Can affected body Include radiation and excessive noise level Falls or poorly communicated evacuation routes This statement is about the…. a. Chemical Hazard b. Ergonomic Hazard c. Biological Hazard d. Physical Hazard 9. PPE is an acronym of a. Personal Protection Equipment b. Personal Protective Equipment c. Professional Protection Equipment d. Professional Protective Equipment 10. (i) Pull the pin (ii) Squeeze the lever slowly (iii) Aim the base of fire (iv) Sweep from side to side Organize the steps on how to use the fire extinguisher. a. b. c. d.

I, iii, iv & ii I, iii, ii & iv I, ii, iii & iv I, ii, iv & iii

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

SECTION B: TRUE/FALSE

a. Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in of human injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these. (TRUE/FALSE) b. Biological hazards come from working with people, animals or infectious plant material. (TRUE/FALSE) c. Chemical hazards are present when you are exposed to any chemical preparation (solid, liquid or gas) in the workplace. (TRUE/FALSE) d. Hierarchy of controls are elimination, substitution, isolation, istrative control, engineering control, and personal protective equipment. (TRUE/FALSE) e. istrative Control are include Safe work procedures, Supervision and training, Job rotations, Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs and Hygiene. (TRUE/FALSE) f. Class A fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil. The numerical rating for class B extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can extinguish. (TRUE/FALSE) g. Class B extinguishers are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most plastics. The numerical rating on these types of extinguishers indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire it can extinguish. (TRUE/FALSE) h. Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in a chemical laboratory. They are for fires that involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of extinguishers also have no numerical rating, nor are they given a multi-purpose rating - they are designed for class D fires only. (TRUE/FALSE) i.

Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types and are suitable for a combination of class A, B and C fires. These are filled with foam or powder and pressurized with nitrogen. (TRUE/FALSE)

j.

The length of a fully extended fire hose is 29 meters with a diameter of 10mm (outside diameter). (TRUE/FALSE) 12

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AW 101 – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Chap 6

SECTION C : SUBJECTIVE a. Define hazard, risk and danger b. Explain briefly with an example about types of hazard c. State SIX (6) classification of Hierarchy of Control d. Explain briefly about Engineering Control and istrative Control. e. There are a few types of fire extinguisher. However they are operating in similar manner. Explain briefly on how to use the fire extinguisher.

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