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SECTION 2 Time

-

25 minutes

35 Questions

Turn to Section 2 (page 4) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given

and

fill

in the corresponding

circle on the answer sheet.

The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select one of the other choices.

2. Although there are more electric vehicles available to

drivers than ever before, traditional gasoline-powered vehicles are the ones that remain much more common.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

are the ones that remain much more common are what remain much more common

remain much more common remain more commoner remain most commonest

In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence-clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.

3. By midnight a heavy snow has began to fall, enveloping the city in a soft, white silence.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

EXAMPLE:

has began

that began begun had begun having begun

Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book and she was sixty-five years old then.

4. After looking at the subway map, Vincent has realized that he took the wrong train.

(A) and she was sixty-five years old then (B) when she was sixty-five (C) at age sixty-five years old (D) upon the reaching of sixty-five years (E) at the time when she was sixty-five

(A) has rcalized that he took (B) rcalizes his having taken (C) rcalized that he has taken (D) rcalized that he had took (E) rcalized that he had taken

oto@@

1.

Candice was teaching herself to make risotto, &n Italian rice dish required time and patience.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

required that requires requires does require

which requiring

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8. The reason politicians should study classical rhetorical principles is that it offers rules and techniques for effective public speaking.

A synthetic fiber developed in the 1930s as a substitute for silk, the uses of nylon include clothing. seat belts. and even oarachutes.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E)

(A) is that it offers (B) is that it offered (C) is that they offer (D) are because they offer (E) are because these offer

the uses of nylon include clothing, seat belts, and even parachutes included in the uses of nylon are: clothing, seat belts, and even Parachutes clothing, seat belts, and even parachutes are included in the uses of nYlon they use nylon to make clothing, seat belts, and even parachutes nylon is used to make clothing, seat belts, and even parachutes

9. Despite the increasing acceptance of new automotive technologies, the growth of hybrid car sales in the United States were not as strong as many analysts had exoected. #

(A) were not as strong (B) were not as strong

6. Women first competed alongside men in Olympic

equestrian events in 1952. they have since won many medals in these competitions.

(A) (B)

(D) was not as strong

1952, they have since won many medals 1952, they had since won many medals

(E) was not

many analysts had expected many analysts have

many analysts expected many analysts expect many analysts had expected

as

as as strong as

10. When painting buildings near power lines,

a metal

ladder should not be used, as accidental between the ladder and the lines could cause an electrical shock.

1952 and winning many medals since then

will generally humans. biting by confronted when attempt to flee

7. Reclusive by nature. coral snakes

(A) a metal ladder should not be used (B) a metal ladder should not be in use (C) a metal ladder that should not be used (D) there should not be a metal ladder in use (E) one should not use a metal ladder

only as a last resort.

(A)

as as

expected

(c) were not as strong

(C) !952, they have won many medals since then (D) 1952 and have since won many medals

(E)

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Reclusive by nature, coral snakes will generally attempt to flee when confronted by humans,

biting

Reclusive by nature, coral snakes, who will generally attempt to flee when confronted by humans, biting (C) Coral snakes, who are reclusive by nature, will generally attempt to flee when confronted by humans, they bite (D) Coral snakes, reclusive by nature, they will generally attempt to flee when confronted by humans and bite (E) Generally attempting to flee when confronted by humans are coral snakes: it is reclusive by

(B)

11. The computer industry occasionally undergoes upheavals during which an aging technology is replaced by something newer, cheaper, and better.

(A) upheavals during which (B) upheavals that (C) upheavals, which (D) upheavals, where (E) upheavals,

nature and bites

'5'

The following sentences test your ability to reco gnize grammar and usage errors. Each sentence contains either a single effor or no error at all. No sentence contains more than one error. The error, if there is one, is underlined and lettered. If the sentence contains an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence coffect. If the sentence is correct, select choice E. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English

15. Because of A

him

Cmonth will be postponed until after our new season started. No error D E

16. Although the freeway system

immediately

by

in

A=-

ABC accepted the resolution drafted

to the league rules,

the games scheduled to be played at the end of this

EXAMPLE: The other delegates and

unforeseen changes B

the

the city

is quite

complex, traffic usually moves speedy even during D

T

D neutral states. No error

rush hours. No error E

@too@

17. Located in California's White Mountains are

A

12. Thinking that customers might prefer jade earrings

AB

a

to those made of turquoise, the jeweler placing them C D

bristlecone pine tree that started growing

T

around the

T

in the front of the window display. No error

time the Great Pyramid of Giza

was completed in the third millennium B.C.E.

E

D 1"3.

Tourists which want to explore the forested areas

No error

AB

E

of the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary in India must ride 18. The belief that

C

if you eat food containing garlic,

-e--

elephants to do so. No error

DE

one

will be healthy was long judged superstitious

-B14. In 1919 Alice Hamilton, by then a leading expert

but is now thought to have scientific merit. No error

A on lead poisoning and one of only a handful B

C

D

of 19. The plastic trash can

has

become perhaps the

A

industrial safety specialists, were invited to teach

CD

more familiar of the hundreds of products that

BC

at Harvard. No error E

Charles Harrison d.rign.d

for

DE

-6'

home use. No error

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25. For cryptographers-experts

20. Although the old penny-farthing bicycle, with its

---A-B

who decipher messages

AB

in secret code-shorter codes are often more difficult

high front wheel and small back one, was not

C

fast, it must

very

have been fun to

than solving longer ones. No error

ride. No elror

DE 26. According to the recipe,

21. With startling suddenness, a reef loomed before the

T

A

suppose to use buttermilk, but since he had none,

weary sailors, which were cautiously rowing their

--C

B

Francisco was

BC

D

he substituted regular milk soured with lemon juice. D

baffered boat through a thick fog. No error E

No error 22. The term "Anasazi," sometimes mistakenly used

E

l-

27. Though

to refer to the ancestors of modern Pueblo Indians, B

the left and right side of the brain share

AB

r

is in fact Navajo in origin and means "ancient

information, language is typically processed on

enemies." No error

the left side,

CD

while spatial abilities

are generally

D

E

concentrated on the right side. No error

E

23. Although both soldier beetles and Asian longhorn beetles are insects that can feed

28. Some political candidates do not expect to be elected,

on trees, an important

A

A

running for office simply in the hope to generate

difference between these two species is that it is

B

C

publicity for issues that otherwise might be ignored. D

much more harmful to living trees. No error

c

D

No error E

24. Although many domesticated rabbits become

l-

alarmed when they are

29. Even after lowering the volume, Suzanne found that

lifted off the ground

l-B

B

-e-be

and therefore do not enjoy to

her electric guitar so annoyed her neighbors that they

held, some

TD

complained to the building's manager. No error

tolerate such handling quite well. No error

E

D

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30. In context, which is best to add at the very beginning

age is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the age need to be rewritten.

Directions: The following

of sentence 2 (reproduced below)

?

Over 374 trillion sticks of gum are now produced annually, a number so huge that if they were stacked on top of each other, the resulting tower would soar more than two million miles high.

Read the age and select the best answers for the questions that follow. Some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you to consider organrzation and development. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

English. Questions 30-35 refer to the following age.

Because of it, In fact, Nevertheless,

Likewise, On the other hand,

31. In context, which is the best version of the underlined

(1) Since its invention in the mid-nineteenth century, chewing gum has become one of the world's most popular confections. (2) Over 374 trillion sticks of gum are now produced annually, a number so huge that if they were stacked on top of each other, the resulting tower would soar more than two million miles high. (3) That's a lot of guffi, and the corresponding increase in chewing-gum litter creates a very sticky issue for cities that want to keep their

portion of sentence 3 (reproduced below)

?

That's a lot of guffi, and the corresponding increase

in chewing-gum litter creates a very sticlqt issue cities that want to keep their sidewalks clean.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

sidewalks clean. (4) Recommended methods for getting rid of gum stuck to the sole of a shoe include scraping, chilling the gum with ice so that it is easier to peel off, and applying various kinds of oils to make the gum more pliable. (5) Imagine, then, the challenge faced by municipalities that have been trying to remove millions of pieces of carelessly discarded gum from sidewalks. (6) Like the methods people use to remove chewing gum from shoes, large-scale gum-removal techniques are only partly effective. (7) Not only that, but they are quite expensive. (8) People who do not chew gum cannot understand why anyone would want to. (9) Removing gum from the sidewalk through scraping, sandblasting, or the use of solvents can cost as much as three dollars per piece of gum. (10) Taking a different approach, some local governments are engaging in experiments. (11) They have to do with chewing-gum recycling programs and getting cittzens to them. (12) Yes, gum can be recyclednot, thankfully, to make new chewing gum but to manufacture a rubberlike substance for use in construction. (13) To encourage this, cities are installing gumball-colored recycling containers, each capable of holding up to a thousand pieces of guffi, in public places. (14) The hope is that anyone who has ever stepped on a freshly discarded wad of gum will be eager to use the recycling bin.

fo,

(as it is now) had literally been sticky prolongs the debate is more of a nuisance than a serious problem would, however, be a challenge

32. Which of the following sentences, if inserted immediately before sentence 4, would most effectively introduce the second paragraph and link it to the first paragraph?

(A) (B)

Removing chewing gum is notoriously difficult. As we all know, there is more than one way to remove chewing gum from the bottom of one's

(C)

Many people who chew gum throw it on the

shoes.

ground

(D) You should,

therefore, never underestimate the power of chewing gum.

(E)':#:ijHffiil?

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33. In context, which of the following would

way to revise and combine sentences 10 and (reproduced below)

34. In context, which of the following phrases would most effectively replace the word "this" in sentence 13 (reproduced below) ?

be the best 11

?

To encourage tfu cities are installing gumballcolored recycling containers, each capable of holding up to a thousand pieces of gum, in public places.

Taking a dffirent approach, some local Sovernments are engaging in experiments. They have to do with chewing-gum recycling programs and getting citizens to them.

(A)

(A) removal efforts (B) gum chewing (C) such things (D) new construction (E) crttzenparticipation

Taking a different approach, unfortunately, some local governments are engaging in experiments

with recycling programs and getting citizens to them.

(B)

Taking a different approach, they have been

35. Which of the following sentences should be deleted because it does not contribute to the logical

:l'ff;l?;ffix,1'3Ti.,H1x;i:x;1fi ?:*

development of the age?

them.

(C)

(D)

(E)

Taking a different approach, some local governments are experimenting with chewing-gum recycling programs and getting cttrzens to these efforts. Some local governments took a different approach; their experiments had to do with recycling programs and getting crttzens to these efforts. Experimenting with chewing-gum recycling

(A) Sentence 1 (B) Sentence 5 (C) Sentence 8 (D) Sentence 9 (E) Sentence 12

programs and getting citizens to them, some local governments are nonetheless taking a different approach.

STOP

lf you finish before time is call€d, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to anY other section in the test.

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SECTION 4 Time

25 minutes

-

20 Questions

Turn to Section 4 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For this section, solve

each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratch work.

L The use of a calculator is permitted.

All

2.

.l 8l ZI -|

numbers used are real numbers.

3. Figures that accompany pmblems in this test are intended to provide information useful in solving the problems.

They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a specific problem that the figure is not drawn to scale. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 4. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function ./ is assumed to be the set of all real numbers ./(-r) is a real number.

A ffir

F l*

h

|i.-

() "J {.) ,

.() ()

*

finfirz f= Znr

fir

f-w

A=|tn

{:

{ = {:w,h

a

ll x nrZh

C2=a2+bz

x\5

r

for which

s'

Special Right Triangles

The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The $um of the measures in degrees of the irngles of a triangle is 180.

3x+!=12 1. In the equation value

(A) (B)

(c)

(D) (E)

above,

if x = 2, what is the

of y ?

2 3

4 s 2.

6

ln the figure above, point value of t ?

(A) 1s (B) 24

(c)

30

(D) 36 (E) 60

-16-

P is on line (.. What is the

4 n I n SALES OF COMPANIES

[:l'?lxli:iff'$?#3j'l':?:r"'t]

f (*) - x + 3 s(x) -2x-1

X AND Y

Sales (millions of dollars)

Year

X

5. Functions f

Y

the value

2002

3

3

2003

4

3

2004

5

4

2005

4

4

2006

4

1

[ t] t] 4

(A) (B) (c) (D)

and g are defined above. What of f (3) - s(3) ?

is

1

3

s 6

(E) 11

3. The chart above shows the sales made by two

companies for the years 2002 through 2006. In what year were the combined sales made by both companies the least?

(A) 2002 (B) 2003

(c)

(D) (E)

2004 200s 2006

a

I a

Figure I

aa

Figure 2

at aaa

Figure

3

1. Figure 1 above consists of one dot. Each figure after the first adds a column of dots that has one dot more

line (, above, the slope is greatest between which two of the consecutive labeled points?

6. On

than the highest column of dots in the previous figure, as shown. How many dots would be in Figure 5 ?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(A) R and S (B) S and T (C) T and U (D) U and V (E) The slope is the same between

Ten

Twelve Fourteen

Fifteen

labeled points.

Sixteen

-17'

each pair

of

4 [ UU -1

Uxffi*?rnn$?r:%.llru?""'U 9.

1

H: ll

(c)

Let the "sum-time" for this clock be defined to be the number of hours plus the number of minutes of the time shown. For example, the sum-time of the time shown is 19. How many minutes will before the sum-time is next equal to 19 ?

(A) (B)

(c)

Samantha babysat 20 different times in December. The lowest amount she earned for babysitting was $10, and the highest amount she earned was $22. Of the following, which could be the total amount she earned for babysitting during December?

(A) (B)

7. The figure above shows an accurate digital clock.

UU[ 4

(D) (E)

$1e0 $200 $320 $440 $640

4e se ee

(D) 118 (E) 177

L0. An equilateral triangle and a square have the

same

perimeter. If the sum of the lengths of two sides of the triangle is 16, what is the length of one side of the square

w-3km x

8. If w and x

are

3

(B)

4 6

(c) (D)

- t2 (* - 1)

(E)

defined by the equations above, which

of the following represents (w, x) when k =

(A)

4 and

m -l?

(A) (0, t2) (B) (r2,0)

(c) (r2, 16)

(D) (t2,32) (E) (16, 0)

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8 10

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the least 11.. The product of six consecutive integers,

sets of numbers is the sum of any two numbers in the set also in the set?

L3. For which of the following

of which is 5, is how many times the product of five consecutive integers, the least of which is 5 ?

(A) (B)

t] t] [ t] I

I. The set of even integers II. The set of odd integers

e

ilI. The set of negative (A) I onlY (B) II onlY

10

(c) 11

(D) 2s (E) 30

integers

(C) I and II onlY (D) I and III onlY (E) I, II, and III

are 12. In the figure above, two circles of the same size points tangent to each other and to the rectangle at the shJwn. If the areaof the rectangle is 72, what is the diameter of each circle?

(A) (B)

(c)

(D) (E)

4

NotP: Figure not drawn to scale"

6 8

e

14. In the figure above, two sides of the triangle have been extend"O. If y = 70, what is the value of z ?

12

(A)

70

(c)

110 130

(B)

(D) (E)

'19-

r40 1s0

4 t] [ t] [ 15.

rf a = 23000, b = 32a00, and c -

71000,

vfi?x*?x?fr,s?J:y.lil?'"i:"

t] t] t] tl 4

whichof the

following is true?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

a>b>c a>c>b b>o>c b>c>a c>a>b

17. In the figure above, O is the center of the circle of radius 2. What is the length of the darkened arc?

(A) (B)

(c)

+ 7t

+

(D) 2n (E) 4n

16. Henry used and

+4

?5

of the length of

a board

to make a box

of the original length of the board to repair

step. The remaining piece of the board was

a

2 feetlong.

How many feet long was the original board?

(A)

8

(c)

12 18

(B) (D) (E)

18. If the ratio of r

22 24

10

to 1, what is

(A) t0t (B) t6t (C)

40t

(D) \/t

10

40 (E) \/t

-20-

tot

is 4 to 1 and the ratio of 4

r in of

v

r

?

to v

is

4 [ [ [ 19. The graph of

a

t] t] t] 4

n:,ffiH:?:fl,:;?Jt1i,t,t?'#"'I i

lll

HEIGHTS AND VOLUMES OF 25 SEQUOIA TREES

function in the xy-plane is a parabola

(r, d). If

50,000

the line (, is tangent to the parabola at its vertex, which of the following must be another point on line (. ?

48,000

that opens upward and has its vertex at point

{-)

a

46,000

a

C)

(c)

a

() 44,000

(A) (-s,d.) (B) (-s, -d)

(a-{

()

. ti1

I

a

o

42,000

() 40,000

(0,o)

()

-

l-{ r{

(D) (t,-5) (E) (-5, -c)

a

38,000

D

o

36,000

O

a'

34,000

a

32,000 30,000

220

a

a

a

230 240 250 260 270 280 Height (feet)

20. The graph above shows the heights and volumes of 25 different giant sequoia trees. Which of the following pairs could be the median height and the median volume of these trees?

(A)

244

ft and 37,000 ft3

(B) 244ft (C) 248ft

(D) (E)

and 39,000ft3 and 38,000ft3

251ft and 37,000ft3 251ft and 39,000ft3

#

STOP

!f you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.

Do not turn to any other section in the test.

'21-

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SECTION Time

-

5

25 minutes

25 Questions

Turn to Section 5 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. 4. Stress can weaken defenses and the onset of illness, but small amounts of stress may have the opposite effect and the body.

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the

Bxample: Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both labor and management.

circumvent . . immunize

was also one of the first naturalists to observe that a lichen results from an interdependent relationship between two different organisms.

(A) parity (B) autonomy (C) symbiosis (D) similitude (E) synchronicity

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Jerry's praise of his own business ------was clearly : so many inexperienced entrepreneurs who followed his advice failed.

The debate between Ron and Victor was ------- yet -------; in other words, it was heated but adequately courteous.

(A) expertise . . pertinent (B) supremacy. . sincere (C) ineptitude . . illusory (D) acumen . . unwarranted (E) background . . authoritative

(A) emotional . . vigorous (B) moderate..polite (C) intense..civil (D) restrained . . friendly (E) charged . . explosive

7. Frida Kahlo's haunting and often brutal self-portraits have such effect that, once seen, they become

Arctic animals have adapted to the cold, Arctic climate in exceptional ways, but humans have them in one respect: the ability to use fire.

(A) sured (B) resisted (C) (D) assisted (E) undermined

impossible to forget.

(A) a sporadic (B) a hermetic (C) a mirthful (D) an indelible (E) an insipid

appreciated

8. Physician and researcher Lewis Mehl-Madrona traditional and modern medicine, thereby combining techniques of each form of medicine.

3. Because the accused

persisted in explaining his actions through an absurd stor/, he ------ his own creating difficulties for lawyers trying to clear his

(A) redresses (B) castigates (C) proffers (D) amalgamates (E) abjures

name.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(E)

- Best known for her children's books, Beatrix Potter 5.

(A) enforce..useful (B) end..divisive

l.

mitigate . . incapacitate

promote..weaken facilitate . . fortify (D) jeopardize. . cure

sentence as a whole.

(C) overcome . . unattractive (D) extend . . satisfactory (E) resolve..acceptable

(A) (B) (C)

restored . . reputation exceeded . . situation prevented . . downfall itted . . innocence

hindered..defense

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pair of related ages may also The ages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a of what is stated or implied in the the basis questions on the ages. Answer paired ihe be based on the relationJip b"t*""n provided. be may that material introductory ages and in any

10. The authors of both ages would most likely

Questions 9-13 are based on the following ages. age

agree that

(A)

I

social issues

(E)

11,. The author of age 1 indicates that Austen's novels cannot be considered "miniatures" (line 4) because they

(A) treat broad philosophical themes (B) trace characters' lives over years (C) develop highly complex Plots (D) do not convey a sense of the world at large (E) do not distinguish between social classes

basis of her standards or indicate that she calls on us to ire the standards of that society? I would maintain, on the contrary , thather standards, her moral values, have no class basis whatsoever. She values honesty, deceocy, clear-sightedness, emotional responsiveness in whatever class they occur; her most contemptible characters-Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Sir Walter Elliot, General Tilneyare often the highest in the scale of wealth and social prestige.

12. The author of age 2 would most likely consider the statement about Austen's "vision" (line 10, a!;e 1) to be

(A) contradicted by examples from Austen's fiction (B) accepted by most critics of Austen's novels (C) uned by recently revealed evidence (D) confirmed by Austen's basic sense of values (E) reinforced by facts about Austen's biography

Which statement best describes the relationship between the two ages?

13. In line 2L,"scale" most nearly means

;?:tt;1#:H,:J.T;i:l:

(A) number (B) balance (C) size (D) ratio (E) ranking

author of age 1.

(B)

The author of age 2 refutes an argument

(c)'fl:'ilil:l 3i'Jl1il3;:?1"::::',;J

hi s,orica,

context of a situation described by the author

of age

(D)

(E)

a world with which she

T5?#1?,:about

How does the fact that Jane Austen depicts in her novels the "class society" that she lived in demonstrate the class

A)'ffii,'};i"":

Austen did not understand a lot about current

in her novels

age 2

(

(D)

(B)

The novelist Jane Austen (1175-1817) wrote about what she understood. But did she understand enough? Her world was not merely small but narrow. Her novels are sometimes referred to as miniatures, but the analogy is not apt. We do not get from Emma a condensed and refined sense of a larger entity, nor does the work suggest references far beyond its surface. The limitation and the naffowness of the small English rural towns her novels are often set in is the limitation of class society. And the one important criticism of Jane Austen is that her vision is limited by her unquestioning acceptance of that society.

g.

(C)

Austen's view of the politics of her time was not influenced by her place in society Austen's upper-class characters ale generally portrayed symPatheticallY Austen depicted important historical events

1.

The author of age 2 provides data to a claim made by the author of age 1. The author of age 2 evaluates a recommendation offered by the author of age I .

'23'

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

Questions 14-25 are based on the following age. This age, adapted from the introduction to a 2004 book, refers to the famous violinmaker Antonio Stradivari ( 1644- r737).

Line

5

t0

t5

20

25

30

35

40

4s

I gave up the violin when I left school. In the twenty years since, I have come to understand as a listener what I never did as a mediocre player-that the of the violin family (principally the violin itself, the viola, and the cello) are indisputably the kings of all the instruments. The violin, so deceptively simple, can both portray and inspire every emotion imaginable, imitating the braying of a donkey or delivering a tune of heart-rending beauty. Lyrtcal and expressive, or harsh and violent, it is the master of adaptability; only the human voice can match it. By comparison, the piano's eighty-odd notes a semi-tone apart may make it a mechanical marvel of polyphonlo but where is the ability to thrill with almost imperceptible changes in pitch or volume? As for the other of the orchestra brass, percussion-the very names hint at -woodwind, the paucity of their tonal range. Not only do the violin and its sister instruments

dominate the orchestra, there remains no question of who is their most famous maker-perhaps the most celebrated craftsman in history. From Melbourne to Milwaukee, the bus driver will ask you, as you struggle with your violin case, "Is that a Stradivarius?" His reputation for excellence is ubiquitous. This reputation stems from the players themselves. To anyone, but most of all those lucky enough to perform on them, Strads are far more than just instruments. They are works of art, bringing together utility and aesthetics in a way that no other object can quite match. The British cellist Steven Isserlis borrows his Stradivarius from the Nippon Music Foundation: "My heart leaps every day when I take it out of the case. Its beautiful color glows." Maxim Vengerov, a Russian who is probably the most ired of the younger generation of violinists, is even more direct about his relationship with his Strad: "It is a marriage." The violin is such a feminine instrument that

50

Finally, there is the most obvious and concrete way in which violinists put a value on their instruments. Vengerov's Strad-the Kreutzer-set an auction record of $1.6 million when it was bought for him in 1998. Even that figure is put in the shade by private deals. Scarcity and the need for age have combined to drive a seemingly unstoppable rise in the prices of string instruments. What other profession faces a situation where the tools of its trade have become so expensive as to be almost unobtainable? Every maker has his price-the violin says something about its player's status, even before bow is put to string-but none commands more respect than Antonio

Stradivari.

65

70

Fame, beauty, history, value, the peculiar devotion that Strads inspire: it is a heady mix. And it all results from their most remarkable characteristic. More than 250 years after his death, Stradivari's violins and cellos remain the best in the world. On song and in the right hands they are magnificent, projecting glorious tone to the back of the largest concert hall. A violinist who is attuned to his Strad, and knows that it will do everything required of it, can relax into playing, confident that he will not have to force to be heard. Strads are the ultimate rebuke to the arrogance of the modern age: science does not have all the answers; Renaissance technology still cannot be bettered. *

Th, KGB was the national security agency of the Soviet Union that monitored dissent and controlled the activities of Soviet citizens, even entertainers on tour.

From Stradivari's Genius by Toby Faber, copyright @ 2005 by Toby Faber. Used by Permission of Random House, Inc.

14. The age is best described

as

(A) an explanation of a recent discovery (B) an analysis of an enigmatic condition (C) an investigation of a controversial claim (D) a consideration of a remarkable artifact (E) a presentation of a personal narrative 15. In line 10, the author compares

the metaphor seems almost inescapable, at least for men. Women are more likely to regard their violins as an extension of themselves. One friend told me this is why she does not use a shoulder-rest. The German virtuosa AnneSophie Mutter rests her Stradivarius on her bare shoulder: even clothes are too great a barrier. The exception only seems to prove the rule. When the young Soviet violinist Viktoria Mullova took a taxi across the border from Finland into Sweden in 1983, she left her governmentowned Strad on the hotel-room bed. As a result her KGB* minders wasted valuable hours on the assumption that she could not possibly be defecting.

'othe human

(A) a flawless design (B) a musical instrument (C) a familiar presence (D) an enduring achievement (E) an unforgettable performance

'24-

voice" to

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

20. Which hypothetical statement by a violinist who plays a Stradivarius would most directly the point made in lines 37 -41 ("Women . . . barrier") ?

16. Which best describes the effect of the question in lines l2-I4 ("but . . . volume") ?

(A) It expresses (B) (C)

the author's view about a particular subject. It establishes the of a puzzle to be solved. It highlights the inadequacy of available

(A) "I wish I owned a dozen of these violins." (B) "I needed some time to adjust to my violin's peculiarities."

(C) "I prefer to play my violin only for small

information.

(D) It challenges

the author's opinion about a current

audiences.o'

(D) "I think my violin has a will of its own." (E) "I feel incomplete without my violin.'

topic.

(E)

It reveals the author's lack of knowledge about a

17

. Which

particular phenomenon.

best describes the role of line s presenting the author's argument?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E)

17

21. Why does the author consider Mullova an "exception" (line 4l) to the rule?

-23 in

(A)

They shift the focus of the age from instruments to performers. They introduce an alternative interpretation of information in the openin g paragraph. They provide atransition from a broad overview to a specific topic They question the assumptions underlying earlier

(C)

Mullova was able to leave her violin behind when she left Finland. Mullova did not know the full commercial value of her Stradivarius. Mullova was one of the few Soviet women who

(D)

played a Stradivarius. The Soviet government was unable to prevent

(B)

Mullova from escaping her KGB minders.

(E)

assertions. They offer examples in of previously made claims.

The Soviet government did not restrict other violinists from using Mullova's instrument.

22. In line 61, the authoruses alist ("Fame. . . devotion") primarily to

18. Which best describes how "the players themselves" (line 24) determine the reputation of Stradivarius

(A) reveal the complexity of a proposal (B) convey the scope of an international dilemma (C) identify the components of an invention (D) suggest the richness of a popular reputation (E) indicate the predictability of an emotional

violins?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

They publicize their desire to own one of the violins. They ensure the preservation of the violins. They treat the violins as exceptional objects. They play as many concerts as possible. They lecture audiences before performing.

response

23. In line 62, "heady" most nearly means

(A) rash (B) violent (C) intoxicating (D) intellectual (E) shrewd

19. In lines 32-47, the author refers to Vengerov, Mutter, and Mullova to

(A)

explore ways that Stradivarius players relate to their violins (B) illustrate advantages that Stradivarius players gain from their violins (c) reveal innovations that shaped performance styles for Stradivarius players (D) cite cases that document the effect of Stradivarius violins on history (E) correct misconceptions that have arisen about Stradivarius violins

-25-

s@s

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

s@s

25. The author's point of view in the age is that of

24. In linesT0-72 ("Strads . . . better"d"), the author characterizes the spirit of the modern age as being

(A) a meticulous analyst (B) an experienced arbiter (C) a knowledgeable fan (D) an aspiring scholar (E) a disappointed reviewer

(A) incomprehensible (B) overbearing (C) ominous (D) logical (E) belligerent

STOP lf you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.

'26-

+6

6+

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

SECTION 6 25 minutes 18 Questions

Time

-

Turn to Section 6 (page 6) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: This section contains two types of questions. You have 25 minutes to complete both types. For questions 1-8, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. use any available space for scratch work.

*l EI Zl

1.

The use of a calculator is permitted.

2.

All numbers

Fill in the coffesponding circle on the answer

used are real numbers.

3. Figures that accompany problems in this test are intended to provide information useful in solving the problems.

They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a specific problem that the figure is not drawn to scale. AII figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 4. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function "f(x)

# *.4 F

t-(

q-i

{{

H

{) c) E

4)

k

o

'.{-(

(.)

d,

l.

sheet. You may

/ is assumed

to be the set of all real numbers

r

for which

is a real number.

Gr:,,4ffi: m,,N m.'k rt=nrx

( =?nr rt: t'w

a

s=*ur

ll = (wlr

c2*a2+h2

l/ - rrzh

,{5

s

Special Right Triangles

The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.

The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is I 80.

2. If z is 10 greater than

To rent a meeting room, the charge is $75 per hour plus $7 per person for refreshments. Which of the following functions represents the charge, in dollars, to rent the meeting room for 3 hours with refreshments

greater than x

(A)

0

(B) s (c) 10

for n people?

(D)

(A) f(") -82n (B) f(")-225n

(E)

(C) f(") -225n+7 (D) f(")=225*7n

(E) f(") -225+7n

-28-

20 100

?

x, then e

-

10 is how much

+ 6

6+

:'*ffr..?H?f,,iiH:Y,'i,r?'r?."

5. lf D digit

and

E

are nonzero digits and

zero, which of the following numbers is

equalto Dx103

+Ex10?

(A) DEO (B) DOE (c) D,EOO

P

(D) (E)

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

3.

O is the

D,OEO

D,OOE

In the figure above, PQRS is a parallelogram. Which of the following must be true?

(A)

x=!

(B)

x=z

(c)

l=z

(D) (E)

x+y-120 y+z-120 6. Let @ x

be defined

bv uxI x

-

360

x * 0. What is the value of e

(A) (B)

4. In a basket of 13 apples, there arc 3 Mclntosh apples, 4 Gala apples, and 6 Red Delicious apples. If Juanita selects an apple at random, what is the probability that she will not select a Gala apple?

(A) (B)

(c)

(D)

1

B 3

4

r3 9 13

(E)

180

(D) s40 (E) 720

13

(c)

60 e0

10 13

-29-

I2

Z

for all

x such that

+6 7. In a circle, AB

and

CO

are diameters.

1,8,18,.

Which of the

following must be true?

I. The length of arc ffi of arc

il.

6+

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

8.

In the sequence above, the first term of the first

is equal to the length

ffi.

..

n

is equal

is the fourth term in the sequence?

,qA is perpendicular to CO

(A) (B)

III. A CBD is a square.

(c)

(A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III

27 3L

s4

(D) s8 (E) 81

ONTOTHE -30-

is

1

and the sum

to 3n for all n >

l.

What

+ 6

ffiHffif;,:;i!!1r,i,t?:?:"

6+

Directions: For Student-Produced Response questions 9-18, use the grids at the bottom of the answer sheet page on which you have answered questions 1-8. iach of the remaining 10 questions requires you to solve the problem and enler your answer by marking the circles Each inn the special grid, as shown in the examples below. You may use any available space for scratch work.

anrru"r' Ansruerr

fr fr 12

Answer:

7t/tlt2

xil"^:I-*

ooo tl8l8l8l8l G)

M<-Decima, ffi c c (D lolololol lolololol lolololol ooo o ril a c @ lolol@l@l l@lol@l@l lol@l@l@l o ccc rn o c o ocoa @| o 19 @ lA @ lA lA cI o o o lA lA lA lA @ o @ @ o (D o o

lBlBlglgl \_7

Because the answer sheet

r

will be machineirthe

circres

scored, you wm receive credit onry

correctly.

you

u""urur"ly.

Someproblems may have morethanonecorrect answer. In such cases, grid only one

answer.

o

No question has e negative answer.

I

Mixed numbers such as 3{ *urt

;,.9i*'notneededihou'Idberert

Decimal Apswers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate'

il,]'#"Hlf;;[H"j.nfrJ:,?5:'"tJi#,f*' an answer such as 0.6666..,, you shoutd record

Arrhough nor required, it is sussested that write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in the circles

o

tslEtB8l tssreiqr

Not., You may start your answers i, ary column, space iermitting.

l8l8l8l8l

o Mark no more than one circle in any column.

r

M M

lr*lli ,.:'ffi#:ri:i#xi#,i, iii#lii :r

I

201

"nn"rtlXij;3oJ;rr""r.

iiii{X,lHiffi;$rff# ii!irilii,iil

are filled in

Answer:

Either position is correct.

l2l .15

Q) a) (9 fffi<--Fraction rn o a o I lolol.lol I lolol@lol o@@a oooo c@c@ s:$r:*1 lBlglBlgl oo@o @I @ lA @ @ lA I lA 19 o c o o 1 ? lA lA lA o @ @ @I

.

2.5 2.5

l;Xi'iilllT;:ff ;1,,fl*1trffi:rr"'#* Acceptable ways to erid I me:

7W l3 MMMMI

S.

I

6Ge

kwk*km@

I 61 617 kmk&mkffikffi

a.

cCeo ocoo t e@ @@eo coca oooo co@@ ooo@ @ o c o o@o@

be gridded as

@ 3.5 or t /2.

is gridded, ir

$r

interpreted as

, not

will

be

I 3*;)

o

10. If 2x + 5 < value of x

x 9. In the figure above,

Xn

t

w = 55, ru

D

L XC, and

XD. What is the value of y

?

'31'

?

a

13,

what is the greatest possible integer

+6

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

13. Angie planned to take a train scheduled to leave at 3:04 p.u. When Angie arrived at the train station,

EXPENDITURES BY A CHARITY Fund-raising

her watch read 2:45 P.M., but her watch always reads 7 minutes ahead of the correct time. If the train left on time, how many minutes did Angie arrive before the train left the station?

Management Rehab Services

Advertising

6+

20Vo

Comrnunity

11. The circle graph above shows the distribution of $100,000 in expenditures by a charity. Based on the graph, how much, in dollars, of the $100,000 was spent

on fund-raising? (Disregard the $ sign when gridding your answer.) B

12.

If 3 <8

and

{ v

=

!, where y is an odd integer,

what is one possible value of x

?

T 14. Triangles ABC and RSf are shown in the figures above. What is the value of Rf + Sf ?

-32-

+ 6

Y'i':[*i:r?ffi?J!1.T'l?x?1 "'

6+

15. Two servings of juice X and one serving of juice Y together contain 550 milligrams of vitamin C. One serving ofjuice X and two servings of juice Y together contain 410 milligrams of vitamin C. How many milligrams of vitamin C are in one serving of juice X together with one serving of juice Y ?

y

17. The graphs of functions

f

=/(x)

and h are shown

in the xy-plane above, where

f (*) = *2

and

h(*) = 8x - 12. If s is a function such that f (*) < s(r) < h(*) in rhe intervat Z < x < 6, what is one possible value of g(5) ?

16. A sphere of radius

r fits exactly into a right circular

cylinder. If the height of the cylinder is equal to the diameter of the sphere, then the volume of the sphere

is what fraction of the volume of the cylinder? (The volume of a sphere with

4 ?' r ls 5or".) radius n

-

100n0421003...1020

18. The integer n above is formed by writing consecutive integers, starting with 1001 and ending with 1020. What is the sum of the digits

of n ?

STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.

Do not turn to any other section in the test.

'33-

7@

@ Z

Y'1ru*!1i?ff'$YJln*"i'l?1''1"'

SECTION Time

-

7

25 minutes

23 Questions

-

-

Turn to Section 7 (page 6) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given

and

fill in the corresponding

circle on the answer sheet. 2. Writer Paule Marshall often creates characters who

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the

experience

moments of revelation in which self-understandin g dawns.

(A) triumphs (B) indignities (C) (D) tribulations (E) contingencies

epiphanies

sentence as a whole. 3. Manfred's attitude was one of -------, but his classmates

Example:

refused to pay any attention to his airs of superiority.

Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both labor and management.

(A) enforce..useful (B) end..divisive (C) overcome . . unattractive (D) extend . . satisfactory (E) resolve..acceptable

l.

(A) severity (B) solicitousness (C) frivolity (D) condescension (E) contrition 4. Although often -------, Carmen was nonetheless -------;

for instance, while disinclined to talk about her goals, she pursued them relentlessly.

(A) unabashed . . resolute (B) diffident . . dilatory (C) pretentious . . unswerving (D) succinct . . impetuous (E) taciturn . . tenacious

@@@Oa

people with a wide By authorizing programs that range of interests, the city council has managed to ------- the long-neglected downtown area.

- The electronic-media entrepreneur maintained that 5. traditional newspapers, books, and magazines are : not quite dead, but in rapid decline.

(A) engage . . revitalize (B) deter . . consolidate (C) fascinate . . dismantle (D) occupy . .marginalize (E) offend..refurbish

(A) moribund (B) defunct (C) redundant (D) improvident (E) tendentious

'34-

The ages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related ages may also be based on the relationship between the paired ages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the ages and in any introductory material that may be provided.

Questions 6-7 are based on the following age. The initial exhibition of quilts by the women of Gee's Bend exploded into the world of modern art with great fanfare, rocking critics who generally dismiss cloth art. The Line quilts are made by descendants of slaves, who live in the i small rural community in Alabama called Gee's Bend, once the site of cotton plantations. These women spend their spare time splicing scraps of old cloth to make robust objects of refined, abstract designs. The best of them, unusually minimalist and spare, are so gorgeous that it is t0 hard to know how to begin to for them. But then, good art can never be fully ed for, just described.

Questions 8-9 are based on the following age.

How do children learn so much? Through experience, experimentation, and observation: tasting, smelling, hearing, touching. It is the real-life lessons-the climbing Line over and scooting under, putting one cup inside another, 5 and chasing grapes around the kitchen floor-that teach children how the world and their bodies work. Pushing a computer key to make an animated monkey dance does not have the same effect. "Two-dimension play is not as good as three-dimension play," says Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, director t0 of the Infant Laboratory at a Philadelphia university. "For young children, seeing circles and squares is not as good as manipulating circles and squares."

6. The primary purpose of the age is to (A) describe the accomplishments of a famous artist (B) recount the historical origins of a rural community (C) explain the technique of quilt making to beginners (D) call attention to a set of impressive works of art (E) argue for a greater appreciation of cloth art 7.

8.

The quote from Kathy Hirsh-Pasek (lines 8-12) functions primarily as a

(A) detailed example (B) contrasting argument (C) flippant reply (D) speculative interpretation (E) ing statement

In line 3, "rocking" most nearly means

(A) infuriating (B) amusing (C) swaying (D) astonishing (E) lulling

9. The age

suggests that Kathy Hirsh-Pasek would most likely DISAGREE with which claim about young

children?

(A) (B) (C)

They need to spend more time creating their own stories. They appreciate being encouraged to explore their surroundings. They learn best when engaging their primary SENSES.

(D)

(E)

-3S

They benefit greatly from extensive exposure to computers. They benefit from active play with one another.

Questions 10-15 are based on the following age. The age is

adaptedfrom a 1998 nonfiction book about

orchids in Florida.

so

You have to want something very badly to go looking for it in the Fakahatchee Strand. For ffie, it was the Polyrrhiza lindenii, the ghost orchid, the only really pretty Line orchid in the Fakahatchee. The ghost orchid usually grows

5

t0

ts

20

2s

30

3s

40

4s

what they did when they got there. It was religion. I wanted to want something as much as these people wanted these plants. I wanted to know what it feels like to care about something so ionately.

10. The age is best characterized as an of

(A) a personal quest (B) a business enterprise (C) a disastrous misadventure (D) a particular ecosystem (E) an unexpected discovery

around the trunks of pop ash and pond apple and custard apple trees. It normally blooms no more than once a year. It has no foliage. It is nothing but roots, a tangle of flat green roots about the width of linguine wrapped around a tree. The roots are chlorophyllous; that is, they serve as both roots and leaves. The flower is a lovely papery white. It has the intricate lip that is characteristic of all orchids, but its lip is especially pronounced and pouty, and each corner tapers into a long, fluttery tail. These tails are so delicate that they tremble in a light breeze. The whiteness of the flower is as startling as a spotlight in the grayness and greenness of a swamp. Because the plant has no foliage and its roots are almost invisible against tree bark, the flower looks like it is magically suspended in midair. People say a ghost orchid in bloom looks like a flying white frog-an ethereal and beautiful flying white frog. Carlyle Luer, the author of The Native Orchids of Florida, once wrote of the ghost orchid, "Should one be lucky enough to see this flower, all else will seem eclipsed." Near a large sinkhole, Tony, my guide, pointed out some little green straps on a tree and said they were ghost orchids that were done blooming for the year. We walked for another hour, and he pointed out more green ghost-orchid roots on more trees. The light was flattening out, and I was muddy and scratched and scorched. Finally we turned around and walked 5,000 miles back to Tony's Jeep. It had been a hard day, and I hadn't seen what I had come to see. I kept my mind busy as we walked out by wondering if the hard-to-find, briefly seen, irresistibly beautiful ghost orchid was just a fable and not a real flower at all. Yet if the ghost orchid was really only a phantom, it was still such a bewitching one that it could seduce people to pursue it year after year and mile after miserable mile. If it was a real flower, I wanted to keep coming back to Florida until I could see one. The reason was not that I love orchids. I don't even especially like orchids. What I wanted was to see this thing that people were drawn to in such a singular and powerful way. Everyone I was meeting connected to orchids had circled their lives around some great desire, a desire that then answered questions for them about how to spend their time and their money and who their friends would be and where they would travel and

11. The discussion in lines 14-20 ("The whiteness . . . frog") creates an impression of the ghost orchid by using

(A) broad generalizations (B) evocative comparisons (C) hypothetical statements (D) authoritative sources (E) scientific data 12. Lines 28-31 ("The light . . . see") present the author

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

morose

dispirited dismissive incredulous acrimonious

13. In line 30, the author's

use of "5,000 miles" is best

described as

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

-36-

blunt conjecture careful euphemism dramatic speculation humorous exaggeration

objective reporting

as

7@

15. The author refers to "religion" (line 41) in order to

14. Which statement best summarizes the perspective presented in lines 39-42 ("The reason . . . way") ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E)

@ Z

YffiI:?:iif':iulYJ'l'lixi"'

(A) show that orchid collecting

The author finds orchids objectionable. The author wants to meet people who have successfully cultivated orchids. The author regrets having decided to search for the ghost orchid. The ghost orchid is less important to the author than the state of mind it sometimes inspires. The ghost orchid is more important to the author than its ecology.

(B)

-

(C) (D)

(E)

involves a certain set of rituals suggest that an attraction to orchids automatically involves a set of shared beliefs indicate that orchid enthusiasts routinely

-

organized societies underscore how people connected to orchids are especially devoted to environmental causes emphasize the importance of orchids in some

people's lives

-37-

7@

Questions 1,6-23 are based on the following ages. As part of the Apollo program, twelve United States astronauts walked on the Moon between 1969 and 1972.

No Moon landings have occurred since, as robotic spaceflight has become the leading mode of space exploration for all nations. The following ages discuss the issues related to human spaceflight.

-

age 1

Line

s

@ Z

H,ruliiiffff'$x'J:YJr;&:?'"'

Not only is robotic spaceflight cheaper and safer than human spaceflight, it is more scientifically productive. As of 2010, robotic rovers have provided us with more than thirteen years of scientific observations from Mars; combined, the Apollo missions spent less than a month on the Moon. Humans can travel much faster across extraterrestrial surfaces than robots can, but we cannot compete with robots in of the total amount of data

collected. Astronomer James Van Allen went so far as to say, "Almost all of the space program's important advances in scientific knowledge have been accomplished by hundreds of robotic spac ecraft." Yet why do all of us old enough to July 20, 1969, recall where we were that day, when Neil Armstrong 15 and Buzz Aldrin became the first human beings to set foot on the Moon, but nobody except those involved and a handful of space diehards re July 4, 1997, January 4,2004, or January 25,2004, the dates the rovers Sojourner, Spirit, and Opportunity landed on Mars? Why 20 are there more than a dozen schools named after Neil Armstrong but no Sojourner Middle School or Spirit Elementary? Robotic spaceflight fails to captivate us because it lacks human drama. Rovers are magnificent technical 25 accomplishments, but that's what they are-technical. The sight of human beings speaking to us from the Moon is soul stirring, &tr expression of the greatest dreams and abilities of our species; the Mars rovers look like toys puttering around a rocky desert. Van Allen dismissively said, "the 30 only surviving motivation for continuing human spaceflight is the ideology of adventute," but surely this spirit of adventure is a worthwhile motivation. It took us to space in the first place, after all. It is the rocket booster powering the whole history of human exploration. 35 Yes, human spaceflight is expensive. And unless we keep trying and thus find more efficient ways to take people into space, it will remain expensive. But robotic spaceflight enthusiasts who want a o'cost-effective" space program use ruthless calculators. Even if there's no place 40 for it on a budgetary balance sheet, there is immense value in sending humans into space to expand our frontiers and inspire future generations to soar into the unknown.

age 2

45

50

55

60

10

65

In any assessment of performance, overall effectiveness is influenced by cost. In that respect, human flight does not do well. The United States Congress provided $820 million for the mission that placed the rovers Spirit and Opportunity on the surface of Mars in 2004. The cost of the expeditions that landed humans on the Moon, expressed in 2004 dollars, totaled approximately $150 billion. The Apollo astronauts may have driven five times as far in just nine days on the lunar surface, but they required 180 times as much money to do so. Advocates of human flight note that in spite of the disadvantages imposed by their high cost, human missions still remain cost-effective because they can accomplish more work. To a certain extent, this is true. Although the human lunar and Mars rover missions lack perfect equivalency, a statistical comparison that equalizes the relative costs of the two missions suggests that the Apollo astronauts still covered more ground in less time than the

-

rovers. Based on the achievements of Apollo astronauts, advocates of human flight continued to argue that a civil space program uniting people and machines would outperform one relying on robots alone. The high cost of moving humans through space sobered everyone up. No factor inhibits the future of human space travel more than the contemplation of its cost. The persistent inability of spaceflight engineers to reduce the high cost of building spacecraft capable of housing human beings and launching them through space significantly retarded that enterprise in the late twentieth century and continues to impose the principal challenge to human endeavors in the twenty-first.

16. Which statement best describes the relationship between the ages?

(A)

age 1 advances a position that a ge 2

(B)

age 1 describes a problem for which age 2 provides a solution. ag e L argues against a reform that age 2 insists is necessary. age 1 explains a phenomenon that age 2 presents as mysterious. age t questions the accuracy of data that ag e 2 presents as definitive.

(C) (D)

(E)

presents as impractical.

17. Both authors indicate that robotic rovers are

(A) more slow-moving than humans (B) more vulnerable than humans (C) difficult to operate (D) costly to design (E) easy to replace

-38-

age 1 would rnost likely say that the assessment that "human flight does not do well" (lines 44-45, age 2) is

21. The author of

L8. James Van Allen's comments (lines 10-12 and29-3l, age 1) suggest that he would most likely consider the "endeavors" (line T3,age 2) to be

(A)

(A) unpopular (B) unjustifiable (C) risky (D) manageable (E) overdue

(B) (C)

incomplete because it ignores the speed of human explorers inadequate because it focuses solely on issues related to cost faulty because it ignores the scientific benefits

of

spaceflight

(D)

19. In the context of age 1, lines 13-22 serve to i

I

(A) signal a shift in persPective (B) challenge a decision (C) recollect an earlier era (D) point out an injustice (E) introduce a digression

(E)

comprehensive because it considers both human and robotic spaceflight accurate because it emphasizes the value of

robotic spaceflight

22. Lines 62-66 ("Based . . . upo')

suggest that human

spaceflight is

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

20. Lines 35-37 ("Yes, . . . expensive") suggest that the author of age 1 regards the "inability" mentioned in line 68, age 2, as

(A) inevitable (B) surprising (C) negligible (D) incomprehensible (E) surmountable

more politically popular than it once was more expensive per mission than it once was less strongly ed than it once was less productive per day than robotic spaceflight less technically difficult than robotic spaceflight

23. Lines 68-73 ("The persistent . . . twenty-first") imply that if the cost fell, human spaceflight would likely become

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

STOP

less rewarding less productive less inspirational

more common more complex

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.

'39-

40

BO O 3. Sheng

bought

n

Or*ftxii:iir*?vJ:Y*'&xi:'O

notebooks that cost $1.88 each,

change, in dollars,

of n, what

B

OPERATING COSTS PER HOUR

where n < 10, and paid for the notebooks with a 20-do11ar bill. In

O O

was Sheng's

Airline

Expense Category

A

B

C

D

Crew

$370

$740

$s 12

$703

Fuel

$137

$7s6

$81

1

$137

Maintenance

$378

$

$s03

$8s8

Ownership

$422

$430

$3s

1

$438

$e2

$80

136

$6e

1,999

$2,1 65

$2,3 13

$2,805

if no tax was charged?

(A) 0.12n (B) 1.88n (C) 20 - 1.88n (D) 20n - 1.88 (E) (20n - 1.88)n

Other Total

$

1s9

$

l

5. The chart above shows four airlines' average operating

costs per hour for a plane traveling along a certain route. Which expense category contributes most toward B's total operating costs per hour being higher than A's?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(:X;) = (A)

0

(B)

1

2 (c) r 2

,s

2

(D) (E)

,s

r2 2r 2s

-41-

Crew Fuel Maintenance

Ownership Other

BO O 6. The sides of

OvffiN*,1",trwd:**;:?:'O l._

AA BC have different lengths. Side AB

is the longest side of the triangle, and side

OO 10

B

_>l

AC is the

shortest side. The perimeter of the triangle is 14, and

AB = 6. Which of the following could be the length of side eC

I

(A) (B) 2 1

(c)

(D) (E)

3

In the figure above, the square with sides of length

4

(A) s (B) 10 (c) 2s (D) (E)

3,

7.

10

is diyided into 4 congruent squares. A quarter circle is drawn in each of these small squares, as shown. What is the sum of the areas of the shaded regions?

s

12,39,...

In the sequence above, the first term is 3 and each term after the first term is three times the value of one more than the preceding term. For example, the value of the third term is 39 since 3(12 + t) = 39. The number 1,092 is a term in this sequence. What is the value of the term that comes immediately before 1,092

?

(A) tt7 (B) r20 (c) 3s 1

(D) 360 (E) 363

-42'

s0 100

BO O s. rf -3 of x is equal to (A)

1

8

O#;Hriin','u:%*&:i:'O

@B

NUMBEROFPETS OWNED BY STUDENTS

of y, what is y in of x ?

a7

r)

1

E6

1*

rdF

=) ?4 r-

(B)

(C)

1

31

,*

o)

€2 F{ FT

E,

2x

1

0

(D)

(E)

11..

l,

(c)

2

(D) 3 (E) 4

10. The height, h, in inches, of each person in a certain

lryl

=

t.

Which of the following CANNOT be the height, in inches, of a person in this population?

(A) (B)

(c)

4

5

The histogram above shows the number of pets owned by the 27 students in a class. What is the median number of pets owned by the students?

(A) 0 (B) 1

population satisfies the inequatity

0123

Number of Pets

3x

6s 66 68 70

(D) (E) 7t

'43'

BO O

Ovfiru*tiiflr",'rJ:1r,t:"n:',:"'O

12. In the xy-plane, point A has coordinates (2 and

point B

has coordinates (8 +

r-coordinate of the midpoint

(A)

(B) (c) (D) (E)

-

O O

B

k,3)

k,3). What is the Y = g(-r)

of eA t

3

s 6 7 10

=

J'{x)

14. The graphs of two quadratic functions, f and g, are shown in the xy-plane above. How many other quadratic functions have graphs with the same two x-intercepts as f and g ?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 13.

If ax*ay=o2

and

a)l,then x+y

None One

Two Three

More than three

isequal

to which of the following?

(A) -a (B) 0

(c) (D) (E)

1

a o2

ONTOTHE

'44'

BO O Ls.

ff

Ov*ffxiit*rru#*fi:i:'O

O O

B

ry - ^m, which of the following could

be true?

I. a < 0 II. a - 0 m. a >0

5x-L3

(A) II only (B) III only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III

16. In the triangle above, what is the length of

(A) (B) (c)

?

2.s 6

t7

(D) 30 (E) It cannot be determined

from the information

given.

STOP lf you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test. -45'

-AC

A A

y,,,ruH';l?ff?xt!YJ,t,t?xi."'

A

SECTION 9 20 minutes 19 Questions

Time

Dir""tior,r,

-

For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding

circle on the answer sheet. 3. In contrast to those authors who describe only the triumphs of science, Chang offers a ------- view that to subsequent also emphasizes the importance of

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the i

scientific advances.

(A) pessimistic . . breakthroughs (B) lopsided . . setbacks (C) balanced..results (D) revisionist . . accomplishments (E) tempered . . failures

sentence as a whole.

Example: Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both labor and management.

: she penalized for severely because she felt that every breach of the law was an affront to society.

4. The judge was not known

each

(A) enforce..useful (B) end..divisive (C) overcome . . unattractive (D) extend . . satisfactorY (E) resolve..accePtable 1. Though Mich ael' s arrival affectionately: she

was

(A) empathy . .portent (B) mercy..verdict (C) rigor..infraction (D) leniency . . transgression (E) vigilance . . misdemeanor

@@O@l

was

Gina greeted him to unexpectedly see her

5. The division that the issue sparked within

the scientific community was so pronounced that it nearly amounted to -------.

favorite uncle.

(A) surprising . . delighted (B) convenient..irked (C) unannounced . . mortified (D) exciting . .thrilled (E) predictable . . startled

(A) a hiatus (B) a chimera (C) (D) a schism (E) a disParitY

6.

2. A prepublication review of Zora and Me ------- the 192-page mystery novel by calling it "absolutely outstanding."

(A) quoted (B) revised (C) (D) hailed (E) renewed

an edict

Only three minutes long, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address achieved more through its oration that preceded it.

than did the two-hour

(A) pedantry (B) impertinence (C) (D) precocity (E) preeminence

Printed

-47-

pithiness

The age below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the age and in any introductory material that may be provided.

Questions The

in

7 -19

are based on the following age.

following age

is

from a short

stonl; first

published

45

1998. Mrs. Dutta has recently moved to the United States

to live with her son Sagar, his wift Shyamoli, and their children.

Line

5

10

ts

It is 9:00 A.M. and the house, after the flurry of departures, of frantic "I can't find my socks," and 'oMom, he took my lunch money," and "I swear I'll leave you kids behind if you're not in the car in exactly one minute," has settled into its placid daytime rhythms. Busy in the kitchen, Mrs. Dutta has recovered her spirits. It is too exhausting to hold on to grudges, and, besides, the kitchen-sunlight sliding across its countertops while the refrigerator hums reassuringlyis her favorite place Mrs. Dutta hums too as she fries potatoes for alu dum. Her voice is rusty and slightly off-key. In India she would never have ventured to sing, but with everyone gone, the house is too quiet, all that silence pressing down on her like the heel of agianthand, and the TV voices, with their unreal accents, are no help at all. As the potatoes turn

golden-brown, she permits herself a moment of nostalgia for her Calcutta kitchen-the new gas stove bought with the birthday money Sagar sent, the scoured brass pots 20 stacked by the meat safe, the window with the lotus-pattern grille through which she could look down on children playing cricket after school. The mouth-watering smell of ginger and chili paste. ground fresh by Reba the maid, and, in the evening, strong black Assam cha brewing in 2s the kettle when Mrs. Basu came by to visit. In her mind she writes to Mrs. Basu, Oh, Roma, I miss it all so much, sometimes I feel that someone has reached in and torn out a hondful of my chest. But only fools indulge in nostalgia, so Mrs. Dutta shakes 30 her head clear of images and straightens up the kitchen. She pours the half-drunk glasses of milk down the sink, though Shyamoli has told her to save them in the refrigerator. But surely Shyamoli, a girl from a good Hindu family, doesn't expect her to put contaminated jutha* things in with the 3s rest of the food? She washes the breakfast dishes by hand instead of letting them wait inside the dishwater till night, breeding germs. With practiced fingers, she throws an assortment of spices into the blender: coriander, cumin, cloves, black pepper, a few red chilies for vigor. No stale 40 bottled cuffy powder for her! At least the family's eating well since I arrived, she writes in her mind, proper Indian food, rutis that puff up the way they should, fish curry in

50

55

60

mustard sauce, and real pulao with raisins and cashews and ghee-the way you taught ffi€, Roma-instead of Ricea-roni. She would like to add, They love it,but thinking of Shyamoli she hesitates. At first Shyamoli had been happy enough to have someone take over the cooking. It's wonderful to come home to a hot dinner, she'd say, or Mother, what crispy papads, and your fish gravy is out of this world. But recently she's taken to picking at her food, and once or twice from the kitchen, Mrs. Dutta has caught wisps of words, intensely whispered: cholesterol, all putting on weight, she's spoiling you. And though Shyamoli always refuses when the children ask if they can have burritos from the freezer instead, Mrs. Dutta suspects that she would really like to say yes. The children. A heaviness pulls at Mrs. Dutta's entire body when she thinks of them. Like so much in this country they have turned out to be-yeS, she might as well it it disappointment.

-aFor this she blames, in part, the Olan Mills portrait. 65

7A

75

80

Perhaps it had been impractical of her to set so much store on a photograph, especially one taken years ago. But it was such a charming scene-Mrinalini in a ruffled white dress with her arm around her brother, Pradeep chubby and dimpled in a suit and bow tie, a glorious autumn forest blazing red and yellow behind them. (Later Mrs. Dutta would learn, with a sense of having been betrayed, that the forest was merely a backdrop in a studio in California, where real trees did not turn such colors.) The picture had arrived, silver-framed and wrapped in a plastic sheet filled with bubbles, with a note from Shyamoli explaining that it was a Mother's Day gift. (A strange concept, a day set aside to honor mothers.) For a week Mrs. Dutta could not decide where it should be hung. If she put it in the drawing room, visitors would be able to ire her grandchildren, but if she put it on the bedroom wall, she would be able to see the photo, last thing, before she fell asleep. She had finally opted for the bedroom, and later, when she was too ill with pneumonia to leave her bed for a month, she'd been glad of it. *

l"ftou",

From "The Unknown Errors of Our Lives" by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, copyright @ 1998 and 2001 by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. First publishedinThe Atlantic Monthly. llsed by permission of author, Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc., and the Sandra Djkstra Literary Agency.

-49-

9 7.

7\y#ff?r??f;,;;?'JtYJ,t,t?x?""'A

o'wisps

of words" (lines 52-53)

primarily refers to

conveying a character's introspections examining a conflict between two characters representing a disquieting scene revealing the differences between two cultures exploring the reasons behind a decision

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

pragmatic suggestions hateful reproofs furtive complaints imaginary conversations vacuous statements

Lines 1-5 depict a transition from L4. The main point of lines 58-61 is that

(A) chaos to tranquillity (B) openness to secrecy (C) certainty to doubt (D) routine to novelty (E) simplicity to complexity 9. Lines 6-10 indicate that Mrs. "the kitchen"

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(A) (B) (C) (D) Dutta views

(E)

as

cheerless

cramped

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

11)

because she

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

prefers practicing her singing when alone enjoys cooking more when singing aims to continue a practice from her past needs to counter a feeling of loneliness wants to fit in with her new sulroundings

The description of Mrs. Dutta in lines 37 -45 ("With . Rice-a-roni ") emphasizes her

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Mrs. Dutta is overwhelmed by her duties in America Mrs. Dutta's feelings are easily hurt by others Mrs. Dutta is unhappy with American culture Mrs. Dutta's expectations about her grandchildren have not been realized Mrs. Dutta is upset that her grandchildren do not enjoy spending time with her

15. The statement in line 60 ("yes, . . . it") conveys a sense of

disorganrzed comforting stylish

10. The narrator suggests that Mrs. Dutta o'hums" (line

ll".

A

13. In context, the phrase

The age is primarily concerned with

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 8.

A

resignation

incredulity perplexity denial outrage

16. The narrator implies that Mrs. Dutta ultimately finds the background in the "Olan Mills portrait" (line 62) to be

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

.

optimism self-assurance

curiosity

quaint arresting deceptive

enigmatic endearing

L7. In line 63, "store" most nearly

bravery

(A) supply (B) preparation (C) accumulation

comion

L2. Lines 47-50 ("At . . . world") suggest that Shyamoli's attitude toward Mrs. Dutta's doing the family cooking

(D) (E)

was initially one of

(A) suspicion (B) curiosity (C) ambivalence (D) surprise (E) appreciation

'49'

enlightenment value

means

9 @ A

l\:ffixrixit*$?J:Y':i*,:r*75

18. In the age as a whole, the relationship between Mrs. Dutta and Shyamoli is best described

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

A @ g

L9. The narrator suggests that Mrs. Dutta's move to America is

as

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

respectful strained

vindictive manipulative

volatile

STOP

an unforeseen pleasure a stimulating undertaking an overwhelming ordeal a frightening affair an unsatisfying experience

lf you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.

'50-

10@

@10

Unauthorized copying or reuse ol any part of this page is illegal.

SECTION 10 10 minutes 14 Questions

Time

-

Turn to Section 10 (page 7) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given

and

fill

in the corresponding

circle on the answer sheet.

)

The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasirg; the other four choices are different. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select one of the other choices.

aa

(A) often possesses (B) often possess (C) often possessing (D) they often possess (E) it often possesses

In making your selection, follow the requirements of

3. Before being appointed secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs in 2009, retired general Eric K. Shinseki has served as army chief of staff from 1999

standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar,

choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence-clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.

until 2003.

(A) has served (B) who served (C) having served (D) serving (E) served

EXAMPLE: Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book and she was sixty-five years old then.

4. At the botanical gardens, visitors can see many varieties of plants and flowers walking alons the paths.

(A) and she was sixty-five years old then (B) when she was sixty-five (C) at age sixty-five years old (D) upon the reaching of sixty-five years (E) at the time when she was sixty-five

(A) visitors can see many varieties of plants and flowers walking along the paths (B) visitors walking along the paths, who can see

@lo@o

1.

Plants of the onion family, including onions, leeks, scallions, and garlic, often possesses bright flowers.

many varieties of plants and flowers

(c) visitors who walk along the paths can see many varieties of plants and flowers

The brochure promised that the tour would enable travelers to expand their horizons, have fun, and new friends will be made.

(D) many varieties of plants and flowers walking along the paths can be seen by visitors (E) many varieties of plants and flowers seen by visitors who walk along the paths

(A) new friends will be made (B) new friends will have been made (C) it says they will make new friends (D) making new friends (E) make new friends

-52-

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

- When one develops an immunity to mosquito bites, 5. as sometimes happens, it no longer caused swelling and itching of the skin.

9.

beneficial to the human immune system.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(A) it no longer caused (B) (C) (D) (E)

In addition to being a good source of protein and calcium, )zogurt contains bacteria that are good for and

swelling and itching of skin the they no longer cause one's skin to swell and itch they no longer cause your skin to swell and itch no longer causing one's skin to swell and itch no longer causing swelling and itching of the skin

yogurt contains bacteria that are good for and yogurt contains bacteria not only good for but also yogurt contains bacteria that are yogurt, it contains bacteria that are yogurt's bacteria are good for and

L0. One of the most charming fishing villages on Galway Bay. Kinvara's appeal lies in its sheltered harbor and

6. Although the Linnaean system remains the most common method of classifying plants, but some scientists are beginning to use a new classification system based on DNA studies.

traditional seafaring atmosphere.

8.

(E)

(C) (D)

(E)

iiilil?,"# s:,'*:r; L:HT#:J;'.TI'

11. The harsh conditions in which bristlecone pine trees live may help to explain their exceptional longevity,

and for other entertainers as well and also for other entertainers and other entertainers as well as for other entertainers other entertainers as well

because those same conditions are also inhospitable to the pests that can attack the trees.

(A)

because those same conditions are also

(B)

because those same conditions were inhospitable

inhospitable to also for

(C) the same conditions being also inhospitable with (D) since those conditions that are also inhospitable to (E) those conditions are also inhospitable to

with timekeeping.

(B)

One of Galway Bay's most charming fishing villages, the appeal of Kinvara The appeal of Kinvara, one of the most charming fishing villages on Galway BaY, The appeal of Kinyara, one of the most charming fishing villages on Galway Bay, it

(D)

Beekeeping was important in medieval times: honey was used to sweeten food. while candles made from beeswax illuminated religious ceremonies and helped

(A)

(B) (C)

For decades, nightclubs at popular summer resorts in the Catskill Mountains of New York State served as training grounds for aspiring comedians, singers, and for other entertainers as well.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

One of the most charming fishing villages on

Galway Bay, Kinvara's aPPeal

(A) but some scientists are beginning (B) however, some scientists have begun (C) some scientists are beginning (D) some scientists, beginning (E) some scientists had began 7.

(A)

to sweeten food, while candles made from beeswax illuminated when they sweetened food, meanwhile candles made from beeswax illuminated in sweetening food, with candles made from beeswax, theY illuminated when sweetening food, with candles made from beeswax to illuminate in sweetening food, meanwhile candles made from beeswax would illuminate

12. After servicing every vehicle in the fleet, the alarming grinding noises that had been coming from many of the trucks disappeared.

(A) servicing every vehicle in the fleet (B) servicing all the vehicles in the fleet (C) every vehicle in the fleet has been serviced (D) all the vehicles in the fleet had been serviced (E) servicing all the fleet's vehicles

-53-

10@ 13. Some Mexican American fiction writers

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

14. What distinguishes the paintings of this artist from her contemporaries are the combination of vibrant colors with striking patterns.

use a

technique called code-switching. they shift back and fonh between Spanish and English to represent the bilingual experience of their characters.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

@to

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

code-switching, they shift code-switching, where it shifts code-switching, shifting code-switching: he or she shifts code-switching; which is shifting

her contemporaries are her contemporaries is those of her contemporaries are those of her contemporaries is that of her contemporaries are

STOP lf you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.

'54'

阅读答案

数学答案

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1

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1

A

1

E

1

D

1

C

2

A

2

C

2

D

2

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2

A

2

A

3

E

3

D

3

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3

E

3

B

3

C

4

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4

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4

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4

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4

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4

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5

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5

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5

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7

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7

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7

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8

D

8

E

8

A

8

B

8

C

8

D

9

B

9

D

9

D

9

C

9

55

9

D

10

E

10

A

10

D

10

C

10

3

10

A

11

D

11

B

11

B

11

B

11

5000

11

C

12

A

12

B

12

E

12

B

12

25,or 49

12

B

13

E

13

D

13

C

13

D

13

26

13

D

14

D

14

D

14

D

14

E

14

16.5

14

E

15

B

15

B

15

A

15

C

15

320

15

D

16

A

16

A

16

C

16

E

16

2/3

16

C

17

A

17

A

17

E

17

B

17

25 <28

18

C

18

B

18

B

18

A

18

122

19

A

19

A

19

E

19

A

20

E

20

E

20

D

21

A

21

B

22

D

22

C

23

C

23

D

24

B

25

C

语法答案 编号

S2

编号

S2

编号

S10

1

B

21

B

1

E

2

C

22

E

2

B

3

D

23

C

3

E

4

E

24

C

4

C

5

E

25

D

5

B

6

D

26

B

6

C

7

A

27

B

7

C

8

C

28

B

8

A

9

E

29

E

9

C

10

E

30

B

10

C

11

A

31

A

11

A

12

D

32

A

12

D

13

A

33

C

13

C

14

C

34

E

14

D

15

D

35

C

16

C

17

A

18

B

19

B

20

E