Fundamentals Of Nursing 9th Edition By Potter Perry Stockert And Hall Test Bank 146f55
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Chapter 06: Health and Wellness
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information
a. b. c. d.
should the nurse include in the teaching session? Eliminate health disparities in America. Eliminate health behaviors in America. Eliminate quality of life in America. Eliminate healthy life in America.
ANS: A The nurse should include eliminating health disparities in America. Healthy People 2020 promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. There are four overarching goals: (1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; (2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups; (3) create social and physical environments that promote good health for all; and (4) promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 66
OBJ: List the four general Healthy People 2020 public health goals for Americans. TOP: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
2. A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which
a. b. c. d.
action should the nurse take? Allow people to continue current behaviors to reduce the stress of change. Focus only on health changes that will lead to better local communities. Create social and physical environments that promote good health. Focus on illness treatment to provide fast recuperation.
ANS: C Healthy People 2020 includes four goals, one of which is to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. The goals do not include continuing current behaviors to reduce stress, focusing only on health changes for communities, or focusing on fast recuperation.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 66
OBJ: List the four general Healthy People 2020 public health goals for Americans. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. A nurse is using the World Health Organization definition of health to provide
a. b. c. d.
care. Which area will the nurse focus on while providing care? Making sure the patients are disease free Making sure to involve the whole person Making sure care is strictly personal in nature Making sure to focus only on the pathological state
ANS: B The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Therefore, nurses’ attitudes toward health and illness should consider the total person, as well as the environment in which the person lives. All people free of disease are not necessarily healthy. Strictly personal and a focus only on pathological states do not correlate to WHO’s definition.
DIF:
Apply (application)
OBJ: Discuss the definition of health.
REF: 66 TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
4. The nurse is preparing a smoking cessation class for family of patients
a. b. c. d.
with lung cancer. The nurse believes that the class will convert many smokers to nonsmokers once they realize the benefits of not smoking. Which health care model is the nurse following? Health belief model Holistic health model Health promotion model Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
ANS: A The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors. The holistic health model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporates complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy. The health promotion model focuses on the following three areas: (1) individual characteristics and experiences, (2) behavior-specific knowledge and affect, and (3) behavioral outcomes, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior. Maslow’s’ hierarchy of needs is based on the theory that all people share basic human needs, and the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person’s level of health.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 66
OBJ: Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models to understand the relationship between patients’ attitudes toward health and health practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
5. A nurse is using Maslow’s hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient that
is not eating and will not see family . Which area should the nurse address first? a. Anxiety b. Not eating
c. Mental health d. Not seeing family
ANS: B According to Maslow, in all cases an emergent physiological need takes precedence over a higher-level need. Nutrition is a physiological need and should be addressed first. Anxiety, mental health, and not seeing family are all higher-level needs.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 67-68
OBJ: Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models to understand the relationship between patients’ attitudes toward health and health practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
6. The patient is reporting moderate incisional pain that was not relieved by the last
a. b. c. d.
dose of pain medication. The patient is not due for another dose of medication for another 2 1/2 hours. The nurse repositions the patient, asks what type of music the patient likes, and sets the television to the channel playing that type of music. Which health care model is the nurse using? Health belief model Holistic health model Health promotion model Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
ANS: B The holistic health model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporates complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy. The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors. The health promotion model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The basic human needs
model believes that the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person’s level of health. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a model that nurses use to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 68-69
OBJ: Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models to understand the relationship between patients’ attitudes toward health and health practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
7. A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient’s health
a. b. c. d.
status. Which area should the nurse assess? Perception of functioning Socioeconomic factors Cultural background Family practices
ANS: A Internal variables include a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors. External variables influencing a person’s health beliefs and practices include family practices, socioeconomic factors, and cultural background.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 69 | 74
OBJ: Describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices. TOP: Assessment
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
8. The nurse is itting a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is the
fourth time the patient is being itted in the last 6 months for high blood
a. b. c. d.
sugars. During the ission process, the nurse asks the patient about employment status and displays a nonjudgmental attitude. What is the rationale for the nurse’s actions? External variables have little effect on compliance. A person’s compliance is affected by economic status. Employment status is an internal variable that impacts compliance. Noncompliant patients thrive on the disapproval of authority figures.
ANS: B A person’s compliance with treatment is affected by economic status. A person tends to give a higher priority to food and shelter than to costly drugs or treatments. External variables can have a major impact on compliance. Employment status is an external variable, not an internal variable. A person generally seeks approval and from social networks, and this desire for approval affects health beliefs and practices; noncompliance does not occur from thriving on disapproval of authority figures.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 69-70 | 74
OBJ: Describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
9. The nurse is working on a committee to evaluate the need for increasing the
a. b. c. d.
levels of fluoride in the drinking water of the community. Which concept is the nurse fostering? Illness prevention Wellness education Active health promotion ive health promotion
ANS: D
Fluoridation of municipal drinking water and fortification of homogenized milk with vitamin D are examples of ive health promotion strategies. With active strategies of health promotion, individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs such as weight reduction and smoking cessation programs. Illness prevention activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health. Wellness education teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 71
OBJ: Describe health promotion, wellness, and illness prevention activities. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
10. The nurse is working in a clinic that is designed to provide health education and
a. b. c. d.
immunizations. Which type of preventive care is the nurse providing? Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Risk factor prevention
ANS: A Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Primary prevention includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. While risk factor modification is an integral component of health promotion, it is not a type of preventive care.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 71
OBJ: Discuss the three levels of preventive care.
TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
11. The patient is itted to the emergency department of the local hospital from
a. b. c. d.
home with reports of chest discomfort and shortness of breath. The patient is placed on oxygen, has labs and blood gases drawn, and is given an electrocardiogram and breathing treatments. Which level of preventive care is this patient receiving? Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Health promotion
ANS: B Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities for healthy people. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 71
OBJ: Discuss the three levels of preventive care.
TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Management of Care
12. A patient is itted to a rehabilitation facility following a stroke. The patient has
right-sided paralysis and is unable to speak. The patient will be receiving physical therapy and speech therapy. Which level of preventive care is the patient receiving? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention d. Health promotion
ANS: C Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 72
OBJ: Discuss the three levels of preventive care.
TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Management of Care
13. Upon completing a history, the nurse finds that a patient has risk factors for lung
a. b. c. d.
disease. How should the nurse interpret this finding? A person with the risk factor will get the disease. The chances of getting the disease are increased. Risk modification will have no effect on disease prevention. The disease is guaranteed not to develop if the risk factor is controlled.
ANS: B The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction. Control of risk factors does not guarantee that a disease will not develop.
However, risk factor modification can assist patients in adopting activities to promote health and decrease risks of illness.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 72
OBJ: Describe four types of risk factors affecting health.
TOP: Assessment
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
14. The nurse is caring for a patient who has been trying to quit smoking. The patient
a. b. c. d.
has been smoke free for 2 weeks but had two cigarettes last night and at least two this morning. What should the nurse anticipate? The patient does not want to and will never quit smoking. The patient must pick up the attempt right where the patient left off. The patient will return to the contemplation or precontemplation phase. The patient will need to adopt a new lifestyle for change to be effective.
ANS: C When relapse occurs, the person will return to the contemplation or precontemplation stage before attempting the change again. The patient cannot pick up the attempt where left off. It is believed that change involves movement through a series of stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance). Anticipating that the patient does not want to and will never quit is premature. While the patient will need to adopt a new lifestyle for change to be effective, it does not correlate to this scenario since the patient relapsed.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Planning
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
15. The nurse is working in a drug rehabilitation clinic and is in the process of
a. b. c. d.
itting a patient for “detox.” What should the nurse do next? Identify the patient’s stage of change. Realize that the patient is ready to change. Teach the patient that choices will have to change. Instruct the patient that relapses will not be tolerated.
ANS: A The nurse should identify the stage of change and assess where the patient is currently in this situation. To be most effective, nursing interventions should match the stage of change. The nurse cannot realize the patient is ready for change because only a minority of people are actually in the action stage of changing. While teaching that choices will have to change, it will follow later after the nurse has determined which stage the person is in. As individuals attempt a change in behavior, relapse followed by recycling through the stages occurs frequently.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
16. A female patient has been overweight for most of her life. She has tried dieting in
a. b. c. d.
the past and has lost weight, only to regain it when she stopped dieting. The patient is visiting the weight loss clinic/health club because she has decided to do it. She states that she will right after the holidays, in 3 months. Which stage is the patient displaying? Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action
ANS: B
This patient is planning to make the change within the next 6 months and is in the contemplation stage. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance).
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
17. Upon completion of the assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has quit
a. b. c. d.
drinking and has been alcohol free for the past 2 years. Which stage best describes the nurse’s assessment finding? Contemplation Maintenance Preparation Action
ANS: B Because the patient has been alcohol free for 2 years, the patient is in the maintenance stage. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance).
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
18. The patient had a colostomy placed 1 week ago. When approached by the nurse,
a. b. c. d.
the patient and spouse refuse to talk about it and refuse to be taught about how to care for it. How will the nurse evaluate this couple’s stage of adjustment? Shock Withdrawal Acceptance Rehabilitation
ANS: B As the patient and family recognize the reality of a change, they become anxious and may withdraw, refusing to discuss it. This is an adaptive coping mechanism that assists the patient in making the adjustment. Initially, the patient may be shocked by the change. This is followed by withdrawal, acknowledgment, acceptance, and rehabilitation (ready to adapt to the change through use of colostomy bag).
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 75
OBJ: Describe the effect of illness on patients and families.
TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity
19. A patient has had emphysema (lung disease) for many years. When approached
a. b. c. d.
by the nurse, the patient states “I would be better off dead.” The patient s the family, and now because of oxygen dependency the patient must quit work. The patient’s spouse will have to go to work. Which action should the nurse take? Develop a plan of care for the family. psychiatric services for a referral. Assure the patient that things will work out. Focus the plan of care solely on maximizing patient function.
ANS: A
Because of the effects of chronic illness, family dynamics often change. The nurse must view the whole family as a patient under stress, planning care to help the family regain its maximal level of functioning and well-being. Psychiatric services may be a part of that plan but do not represent the entire plan. Offering false assurance is never acceptable. Focusing only on the patient will not help the family adjust.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 75
OBJ: Describe the effect of illness on patients and families.
TOP: Implementation
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity
20. A nurse is teaching about the transtheoretical model of change. In which order
a. b. c. d.
will the nurse place the progression of the stages from beginning to end? 21. Action 22. Preparation 23. Maintenance 24. Contemplation 25. Precontemplation 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 2, 5, 4, 3, 1 4, 5, 3, 1, 2 1, 5, 2, 3, 4
ANS: A The stages of change in the transtheoretical model of change include five stages. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), making small changes (preparation), and actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance stage).
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 73
OBJ: Describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices.
TOP: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which areas should the nurse assess to determine the effects of external
a. b. c. d. e.
variables on a patient’s illness? (Select all that apply.) Patient’s perception of the illness Patient’s coping skills Socioeconomic status Cultural background Social
ANS: C, D, E External variables influencing a patient’s illness behavior include the visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility of the health care system, and social . Internal variables include the patient’s perceptions of symptoms and the nature of the illness, as well as the patient’s coping skills and locus of control.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 69 | 74
OBJ: Describe variables influencing illness behavior.
TOP: Assessment
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity
2. A nurse meets the following goals: helps a patient maintain health and helps a
a. b. c. d. e.
patient with an illness. Which factors assist the nurse in achieving these goals? (Select all that apply.) Understands the challenges of today’s health care system Identifies actual and potential risk factors Has coined the term “illness behavior” Minimizes the effects of illnesses Experiences comion fatigue
ANS: A, B, D Nurses are in a unique position to assist patients in achieving and maintaining optimal levels of health. Nurses understand the challenges of today’s health care system. Nurses can identify actual and potential risk factors that predispose a person or group to illness. Nurses who understand how patients react to illness can minimize the effects of illness and assist patients and their families in maintaining or returning to the highest level of functioning. Nurses did not coin the phrase “illness behavior.” While nurses can experience comion fatigue, it does not help in meeting patient goals.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information
a. b. c. d.
should the nurse include in the teaching session? Eliminate health disparities in America. Eliminate health behaviors in America. Eliminate quality of life in America. Eliminate healthy life in America.
ANS: A The nurse should include eliminating health disparities in America. Healthy People 2020 promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. There are four overarching goals: (1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; (2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups; (3) create social and physical environments that promote good health for all; and (4) promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 66
OBJ: List the four general Healthy People 2020 public health goals for Americans. TOP: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
2. A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which
a. b. c. d.
action should the nurse take? Allow people to continue current behaviors to reduce the stress of change. Focus only on health changes that will lead to better local communities. Create social and physical environments that promote good health. Focus on illness treatment to provide fast recuperation.
ANS: C Healthy People 2020 includes four goals, one of which is to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. The goals do not include continuing current behaviors to reduce stress, focusing only on health changes for communities, or focusing on fast recuperation.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 66
OBJ: List the four general Healthy People 2020 public health goals for Americans. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. A nurse is using the World Health Organization definition of health to provide
a. b. c. d.
care. Which area will the nurse focus on while providing care? Making sure the patients are disease free Making sure to involve the whole person Making sure care is strictly personal in nature Making sure to focus only on the pathological state
ANS: B The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Therefore, nurses’ attitudes toward health and illness should consider the total person, as well as the environment in which the person lives. All people free of disease are not necessarily healthy. Strictly personal and a focus only on pathological states do not correlate to WHO’s definition.
DIF:
Apply (application)
OBJ: Discuss the definition of health.
REF: 66 TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
4. The nurse is preparing a smoking cessation class for family of patients
a. b. c. d.
with lung cancer. The nurse believes that the class will convert many smokers to nonsmokers once they realize the benefits of not smoking. Which health care model is the nurse following? Health belief model Holistic health model Health promotion model Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
ANS: A The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors. The holistic health model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporates complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy. The health promotion model focuses on the following three areas: (1) individual characteristics and experiences, (2) behavior-specific knowledge and affect, and (3) behavioral outcomes, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior. Maslow’s’ hierarchy of needs is based on the theory that all people share basic human needs, and the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person’s level of health.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 66
OBJ: Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models to understand the relationship between patients’ attitudes toward health and health practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
5. A nurse is using Maslow’s hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient that
is not eating and will not see family . Which area should the nurse address first? a. Anxiety b. Not eating
c. Mental health d. Not seeing family
ANS: B According to Maslow, in all cases an emergent physiological need takes precedence over a higher-level need. Nutrition is a physiological need and should be addressed first. Anxiety, mental health, and not seeing family are all higher-level needs.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 67-68
OBJ: Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models to understand the relationship between patients’ attitudes toward health and health practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
6. The patient is reporting moderate incisional pain that was not relieved by the last
a. b. c. d.
dose of pain medication. The patient is not due for another dose of medication for another 2 1/2 hours. The nurse repositions the patient, asks what type of music the patient likes, and sets the television to the channel playing that type of music. Which health care model is the nurse using? Health belief model Holistic health model Health promotion model Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
ANS: B The holistic health model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporates complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy. The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors. The health promotion model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The basic human needs
model believes that the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person’s level of health. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a model that nurses use to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 68-69
OBJ: Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models to understand the relationship between patients’ attitudes toward health and health practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
7. A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient’s health
a. b. c. d.
status. Which area should the nurse assess? Perception of functioning Socioeconomic factors Cultural background Family practices
ANS: A Internal variables include a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors. External variables influencing a person’s health beliefs and practices include family practices, socioeconomic factors, and cultural background.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 69 | 74
OBJ: Describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices. TOP: Assessment
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
8. The nurse is itting a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is the
fourth time the patient is being itted in the last 6 months for high blood
a. b. c. d.
sugars. During the ission process, the nurse asks the patient about employment status and displays a nonjudgmental attitude. What is the rationale for the nurse’s actions? External variables have little effect on compliance. A person’s compliance is affected by economic status. Employment status is an internal variable that impacts compliance. Noncompliant patients thrive on the disapproval of authority figures.
ANS: B A person’s compliance with treatment is affected by economic status. A person tends to give a higher priority to food and shelter than to costly drugs or treatments. External variables can have a major impact on compliance. Employment status is an external variable, not an internal variable. A person generally seeks approval and from social networks, and this desire for approval affects health beliefs and practices; noncompliance does not occur from thriving on disapproval of authority figures.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 69-70 | 74
OBJ: Describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
9. The nurse is working on a committee to evaluate the need for increasing the
a. b. c. d.
levels of fluoride in the drinking water of the community. Which concept is the nurse fostering? Illness prevention Wellness education Active health promotion ive health promotion
ANS: D
Fluoridation of municipal drinking water and fortification of homogenized milk with vitamin D are examples of ive health promotion strategies. With active strategies of health promotion, individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs such as weight reduction and smoking cessation programs. Illness prevention activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health. Wellness education teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 71
OBJ: Describe health promotion, wellness, and illness prevention activities. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
10. The nurse is working in a clinic that is designed to provide health education and
a. b. c. d.
immunizations. Which type of preventive care is the nurse providing? Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Risk factor prevention
ANS: A Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Primary prevention includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. While risk factor modification is an integral component of health promotion, it is not a type of preventive care.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 71
OBJ: Discuss the three levels of preventive care.
TOP: Implementation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
11. The patient is itted to the emergency department of the local hospital from
a. b. c. d.
home with reports of chest discomfort and shortness of breath. The patient is placed on oxygen, has labs and blood gases drawn, and is given an electrocardiogram and breathing treatments. Which level of preventive care is this patient receiving? Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Health promotion
ANS: B Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities for healthy people. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 71
OBJ: Discuss the three levels of preventive care.
TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Management of Care
12. A patient is itted to a rehabilitation facility following a stroke. The patient has
right-sided paralysis and is unable to speak. The patient will be receiving physical therapy and speech therapy. Which level of preventive care is the patient receiving? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention d. Health promotion
ANS: C Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 72
OBJ: Discuss the three levels of preventive care.
TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Management of Care
13. Upon completing a history, the nurse finds that a patient has risk factors for lung
a. b. c. d.
disease. How should the nurse interpret this finding? A person with the risk factor will get the disease. The chances of getting the disease are increased. Risk modification will have no effect on disease prevention. The disease is guaranteed not to develop if the risk factor is controlled.
ANS: B The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction. Control of risk factors does not guarantee that a disease will not develop.
However, risk factor modification can assist patients in adopting activities to promote health and decrease risks of illness.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 72
OBJ: Describe four types of risk factors affecting health.
TOP: Assessment
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
14. The nurse is caring for a patient who has been trying to quit smoking. The patient
a. b. c. d.
has been smoke free for 2 weeks but had two cigarettes last night and at least two this morning. What should the nurse anticipate? The patient does not want to and will never quit smoking. The patient must pick up the attempt right where the patient left off. The patient will return to the contemplation or precontemplation phase. The patient will need to adopt a new lifestyle for change to be effective.
ANS: C When relapse occurs, the person will return to the contemplation or precontemplation stage before attempting the change again. The patient cannot pick up the attempt where left off. It is believed that change involves movement through a series of stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance). Anticipating that the patient does not want to and will never quit is premature. While the patient will need to adopt a new lifestyle for change to be effective, it does not correlate to this scenario since the patient relapsed.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Planning
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
15. The nurse is working in a drug rehabilitation clinic and is in the process of
a. b. c. d.
itting a patient for “detox.” What should the nurse do next? Identify the patient’s stage of change. Realize that the patient is ready to change. Teach the patient that choices will have to change. Instruct the patient that relapses will not be tolerated.
ANS: A The nurse should identify the stage of change and assess where the patient is currently in this situation. To be most effective, nursing interventions should match the stage of change. The nurse cannot realize the patient is ready for change because only a minority of people are actually in the action stage of changing. While teaching that choices will have to change, it will follow later after the nurse has determined which stage the person is in. As individuals attempt a change in behavior, relapse followed by recycling through the stages occurs frequently.
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Implementation
MSC: Management of Care
16. A female patient has been overweight for most of her life. She has tried dieting in
a. b. c. d.
the past and has lost weight, only to regain it when she stopped dieting. The patient is visiting the weight loss clinic/health club because she has decided to do it. She states that she will right after the holidays, in 3 months. Which stage is the patient displaying? Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action
ANS: B
This patient is planning to make the change within the next 6 months and is in the contemplation stage. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance).
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
17. Upon completion of the assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has quit
a. b. c. d.
drinking and has been alcohol free for the past 2 years. Which stage best describes the nurse’s assessment finding? Contemplation Maintenance Preparation Action
ANS: B Because the patient has been alcohol free for 2 years, the patient is in the maintenance stage. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance).
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 73
OBJ: Discuss risk factor modification and changing health behaviors. TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
18. The patient had a colostomy placed 1 week ago. When approached by the nurse,
a. b. c. d.
the patient and spouse refuse to talk about it and refuse to be taught about how to care for it. How will the nurse evaluate this couple’s stage of adjustment? Shock Withdrawal Acceptance Rehabilitation
ANS: B As the patient and family recognize the reality of a change, they become anxious and may withdraw, refusing to discuss it. This is an adaptive coping mechanism that assists the patient in making the adjustment. Initially, the patient may be shocked by the change. This is followed by withdrawal, acknowledgment, acceptance, and rehabilitation (ready to adapt to the change through use of colostomy bag).
DIF:
Analyze (analysis)
REF: 75
OBJ: Describe the effect of illness on patients and families.
TOP: Evaluation
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity
19. A patient has had emphysema (lung disease) for many years. When approached
a. b. c. d.
by the nurse, the patient states “I would be better off dead.” The patient s the family, and now because of oxygen dependency the patient must quit work. The patient’s spouse will have to go to work. Which action should the nurse take? Develop a plan of care for the family. psychiatric services for a referral. Assure the patient that things will work out. Focus the plan of care solely on maximizing patient function.
ANS: A
Because of the effects of chronic illness, family dynamics often change. The nurse must view the whole family as a patient under stress, planning care to help the family regain its maximal level of functioning and well-being. Psychiatric services may be a part of that plan but do not represent the entire plan. Offering false assurance is never acceptable. Focusing only on the patient will not help the family adjust.
DIF:
Apply (application)
REF: 75
OBJ: Describe the effect of illness on patients and families.
TOP: Implementation
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity
20. A nurse is teaching about the transtheoretical model of change. In which order
a. b. c. d.
will the nurse place the progression of the stages from beginning to end? 21. Action 22. Preparation 23. Maintenance 24. Contemplation 25. Precontemplation 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 2, 5, 4, 3, 1 4, 5, 3, 1, 2 1, 5, 2, 3, 4
ANS: A The stages of change in the transtheoretical model of change include five stages. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), making small changes (preparation), and actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance stage).
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 73
OBJ: Describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices.
TOP: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which areas should the nurse assess to determine the effects of external
a. b. c. d. e.
variables on a patient’s illness? (Select all that apply.) Patient’s perception of the illness Patient’s coping skills Socioeconomic status Cultural background Social
ANS: C, D, E External variables influencing a patient’s illness behavior include the visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility of the health care system, and social . Internal variables include the patient’s perceptions of symptoms and the nature of the illness, as well as the patient’s coping skills and locus of control.
DIF:
Understand (comprehension)
REF: 69 | 74
OBJ: Describe variables influencing illness behavior.
TOP: Assessment
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity
2. A nurse meets the following goals: helps a patient maintain health and helps a
a. b. c. d. e.
patient with an illness. Which factors assist the nurse in achieving these goals? (Select all that apply.) Understands the challenges of today’s health care system Identifies actual and potential risk factors Has coined the term “illness behavior” Minimizes the effects of illnesses Experiences comion fatigue
ANS: A, B, D Nurses are in a unique position to assist patients in achieving and maintaining optimal levels of health. Nurses understand the challenges of today’s health care system. Nurses can identify actual and potential risk factors that predispose a person or group to illness. Nurses who understand how patients react to illness can minimize the effects of illness and assist patients and their families in maintaining or returning to the highest level of functioning. Nurses did not coin the phrase “illness behavior.” While nurses can experience comion fatigue, it does not help in meeting patient goals.
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